'Adud al-Dawla
Adud al-Dawla | |
---|---|
House | Buyid |
Father | Rukn al-Dawla |
Mother | Noblewoman of Firuzanids[d] |
Religion | Shia Islam |
Fannā (Panāh) Khusraw (
The son of
When Adud al-Dawla became emir of Iraq, the capital city,
In addition, 'Adud al-Dawla is credited with sponsoring and patronizing other scientific projects during his time. An observatory was built by his orders in
Early life
Fanna Khusraw was born in Isfahan on 24 September 936.[2] He was the son of Rukn al-Dawla, who was the brother of Imad al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla. According to Ibn Isfandiyar, Fanna Khusraw's mother was the daughter of the Daylamite Firuzanid nobleman al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan, who was the cousin of the prominent Daylamite military leader Makan ibn Kaki.[5]
Reign
Rule in Fars
In 948, Fanna Khusraw was chosen by his uncle Imad al-Dawla as his successor because he had no heir. Imad al-Dawla died in December 949, and thus Fanna Khusraw became the new ruler of Fars. However, this appointment was not accepted by a group of Daylamite officers, who shortly rebelled against Fanna Khusraw. Rukn al-Dawla quickly left for southern
After the death of Imad al-Dawla in 949, Adud al-Dawla's father Rukn al-Dawla, who was the most powerful of the Buyid rulers, claimed the title of senior emir, which Mu'izz al-Dawla and Adud al-Dawla recognized. In 955, a Daylamite military officer named Muhammad ibn Makan seized Isfahan from Rukn al-Dawla. Adud al-Dawla then marched towards the city and recaptured it from Muhammad ibn Makan.[9] Another Daylamite military officer named Ruzbahan also shortly rebelled against Mu'izz al-Dawla, while his brother Bullaka rebelled against Adud al-Dawla at Shiraz. Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid, however, managed to suppress the rebellion.[2]
In 966, Adud al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla made a campaign to impose Buyid rule in
Campaigns in eastern Iran
In 967, Adud al-Dawla took advantage of the quarrel between the
In the next year, Adud al-Dawla negotiated peace with the Saffarid ruler Khalaf ibn Ahmad, who agreed to recognize Buyid authority.[9] In 969/970, Sulaiman, the son of Muhammad ibn Ilyas, wanted to regain his kingdom of Kerman, and invaded the region. Adud al-Dawla managed to defeat the army of Sulaiman and continued to expand his domains to the strait of Hormuz.[2] During his campaign in southern Iran, many Iranian tribes converted to Islam and pledged allegiance to him. In August/September 971, Adud al-Dawla launched a punitive expedition against the Baloch tribes who had declared independence. Adud al-Dawla defeated them on 8 January 972, and installed loyal landowners to control the region. Afterwards, Adud al-Dawla and his father Rukn al-Dawla signed a peace treaty with the Samanids by paying them 150,000 dinars. In the same year, Adud al-Dawla conquered most of Oman, including its capital, Sohar.[2]
Rebellion of Sebük-Tegin and aftermath
In 974, Izz al-Dawla was trapped in
In 975 Adud al-Dawla launched an expedition to take Bam and defeated another son of Muhammad ibn Ilyas who sought to reconquer Kerman.[2]
Struggle for power in Iraq and war with the Hamdanids
On 16 September 976, Rukn al-Dawla, the last of the first generation Buyids, died. After his death, Izz al-Dawla prepared to take revenge against Adud al-Dawla. He made an alliance with his brother,
Izz al-Dawla then stopped recognizing the rule of his cousin Adud al-Dawla, and stopped mentioning his name during Friday prayers. Adud al-Dawla, greatly outraged by his cousin, marched towards
Adud al-Dawla then marched to Mosul and captured the city,
Adud al-Dawla, now the ruler of Iraq, then took control of the territories under the control of the
War in northern Iran
During the same period, Bisutun died, and his kingdom was thrown into civil war; his governor of Tabaristan, Dubaj ibn Bani, supported his son as the new Ziyarid ruler, while Bisutun's brother Qabus claimed the throne for himself. Adud al-Dawla quickly sent an army to aid Qabus against Dubaj. Qabus managed to defeat him and capture the son of Bisutun in Simnan. Adud al-Dawla then made the Abbasid caliph give Qabus the title of Shams al-Ma'ali.[20]
In May 979, Adud al-Dawla invaded the territories of his brother Fakhr al-Dawla, who was forced to flee to Qazvin and then to Nishapur, a large part of his troops deserted. Adud al-Dawla then moved to Kerman and later Kermanshah where he set up a governor. In August/September 980, Adud al-Dawla captured Hamadan and occupied the south and east area of the city.[2]
Shortly after, in October/November of the same year, Sahib ibn Abbad, the vizier of Adud al-Dawla's younger brother Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, arrived from Ray to negotiate a transfer of power in the city in favor of his master. Adud al-Dawla recognized his younger brother Mu'ayyad because of his loyalty, and gave him the troops of Fakhr al-Dawla and helped him conquer Tabaristan and Gorgan from Qabus, who had betrayed Adud al-Dawla by giving refuge to Fakhr al-Dawla. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla shortly managed to conquer these two provinces.[2]
Consolidation of the Empire and peace negotiations with the Byzantines
Adud al-Dawla was now the senior ruler of the Buyid Empire, and several rulers such as the Hamdanids, Saffarids, Shahinids, Hasanwayhids and even other lesser rulers who controlled Yemen, including its surrounding regions, acknowledged his authority.[18][2] Other regions, such as Makran, were also under Buyid control.[18]
Adud al-Dawla then returned to Baghdad, where he built and restored several buildings in the city. He also stopped the quarrel between the Daylamites and Turks of the Buyid army.[21] In 980, the Byzantine rebel Bardas Skleros fled to Mayyafariqin. When he arrived, he sent his brother to Baghdad to offer his allegiance to Adud al-Dawla and make an alliance against the Byzantines, which Adud al-Dawla accepted. A Byzantine envoy from Constantinople shortly arrived in Baghdad and tried to persuade Adud al-Dawla to hand over the rebel, but he refused, keeping the rebel and some of his family members in Baghdad for the rest of his reign, thus strengthening his diplomatic position with the Byzantines.[22] In 981, Adud al-Dawla sent Abu Bakr Baqillani to Constantinople to negotiate peace. However, he was most likely sent to spy on the Byzantines and how their military functioned, since Adud al-Dawla was planning to invade Byzantine territory.[22]
In 982, Adud al-Dawla sent another envoy to Constantinople, this time, Abu Ishaq ibn Shahram, who, after spending three months in the city, concluded a 10-year peace treaty with them. One year later, a Byzantine envoy arrived back in Baghdad, but Adud al-Dawla was too ill to bring an end to the negotiations. In the end, the 10-year peace treaty was finally completed, and the Byzantines also agreed to mention Adud al-Dawla's name in the Friday prayer in Constantinople. Sahib ibn Abbad is known to have said the following about this event: "he [Adud al-Dawla] has done what no kings of the Arabs nor any Chosroes [kings] of the Persians could – he has Syria and the two Iraqs, and he is close to the Despot of Byzantium and the Maghribi by his continuous correspondence."[23]
Administration and contributions
Adud al-Dawla kept his court in Shiraz. He visited Baghdad frequently and kept some of his viziers there, one of them being a Christian named Nasir ibn Harun.[2] Furthermore, he had several Zoroastrian statesmen who served him, such as Abu Sahl Sa'id ibn Fadl al-Majusi, who served as his representative in Baghdad before his conquest of Iraq; Abu'l-Faraj Mansur ibn Sahl al-Majusi, who served as his financial minister; and Bahram ibn Ardashir al-Majusi. Adud al-Dawla seems to have greatly respected their religion.[24]
Under him the Buyid kingdom flourished. His policies were liberal so there were no riots during his reign. He embellished Baghdad with numerous public buildings, including the famous
Adud al-Dawla also build caravanserai's and dams. Shiraz particularly benefited from this work: there, he built a palace with three hundred and sixty rooms with advanced wind towers for air conditioning. The population of Shiraz had increased so much during his reign that he built a satellite city nearby for his army, named Kard-i Fannā Khusraw ("made by Fanna Khusraw")--a clear reference to the names that the Sasanians gave their foundations.[2]
There were two annual festivals in the city: the first commemorated the day when water pipes reached the city; the second, the anniversary of the city's foundation. Both celebrations were instituted by Adud al-Dawla on the model of the holiday of Nowruz, the Iranian New Year.[2]
All these activities greatly expanded the economy of Fars so that the tax income was tripled in the 10th century. His contributions to the enrichment of Fars made it a region of relative stability and prosperity for the
Family
Adud al-Dawla, in order to maintain peace, established marriage ties with several rulers:
Ancestry
Ancestors of 'Adud al-Dawla[5][27] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Death and succession
Adud al-Dawla died at Baghdad on 26 March 983,[2] and was buried in Najaf. His son Abu Kalijar Marzuban, who was in Baghdad at the time of his death, first kept his death secret in order to ensure his succession and avoid civil war. When he made the death of his father public, he was given the title of "Samsam al-Dawla". However, Adud al-Dawla's other son, Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris, challenged the authority of Samsam al-Dawla, resulting in a civil war.[28]
Legacy
Adud al-Dawla, like the previous Buyid rulers, maintained the
However, he still preferred Arabic authors to Persian ones. There is very little evidence of his interest in Persian poetry. He spoke Arabic, wrote in Arabic and was proud to be a student of a famous Arab grammarian. He studied science in Arabic, including astronomy and mathematics. Many books written in Arabic were dedicated to him whether religious or secular. Apparently showing interest in
Like many of his contemporaries, he does not seem to have felt that his admiration for the pre-Islamic Iranian civilization conflicted with his
References
- ^ Busse 2004, p. 52.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Bürgel & Mottahedeh 1988, pp. 265–269.
- ^ Clawson & Rubin 2005, p. 19.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 275.
- ^ a b Ibn Isfandiyar 1905, pp. 204–270.
- ^ Peck, Elsie H. (1992). Clothing. Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 263.
- ^ a b Kennedy 2004, p. 230.
- ^ a b c Donohue 2003, pp. 68–69.
- ^ Madelung 1975, p. 214.
- ^ a b Donohue 2003, pp. 86–93.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 266.
- ^ Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921, p. 271.
- ^ Kennedy 2004, p. 224.
- ^ Turner 2006, p. 16.
- ^ Kennedy 2004, pp. 272, 230.
- ^ Kennedy 2004, p. 272.
- ^ a b c Bosworth 1975, p. 270.
- ^ Donohue 2003, p. 158.
- ^ Madelung 1975, p. 215.
- ^ Kennedy 2004, p. 233.
- ^ a b Donohue 2003, pp. 77–79.
- ^ Donohue 2003, pp. 78–79.
- ^ a b Donohue 2003, p. 81.
- ^ Dunlop 1997, p. 39.
- ^ Richter-Bernburg 1993, pp. 837–838.
- ^ Nagel 1990, pp. 578–586.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 289.
- ^ Donohue 2003, p. 85.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 274.
- ^ Donohue 2003, p. 22.
Sources
- Bürgel, Ch.; Mottahedeh, R. (1988). "ʿAżod-al-dawla, Abū Šojāʿ Fannā Ḵosrow". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 3. pp. 265–269.
- Dunlop, D. M. (1997). "EBN MARZOBĀN, ABŪ AḤMAD ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1. p. 39.
- Richter-Bernburg, L. (1993). "ʿALĪ B. ʿABBĀS MAJŪSĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 8. pp. 837–838.
- ISBN 0-7486-0455-3
- ISBN 81-87570-19-9
- ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Donohue, John J. (2003). The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 90-04-12860-3.
- Nagel, Tilman (1990). "BUYIDS". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6. pp. 578–586.
- Turner, John P. (2006). "'Adud al-Dawla". Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. ISBN 9780415966917.
- ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7.
- Clawson, Patrick; Rubin, Michael (2005). Eternal Iran: Continuity and Chaos. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4039-6276-8. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
- ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Ibn Isfandiyar, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan (1905). An Abridged Translation of the History of Tabaristan. University of Michigan: BRILL. pp. 1–356. ISBN 978-90-04-09367-6.
'.
- Amedroz, Henry F.; Margoliouth, David S., eds. (1921). The Eclipse of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Original Chronicles of the Fourth Islamic Century, Vol. V: The concluding portion of The Experiences of Nations by Miskawaihi, Vol. II: Reigns of Muttaqi, Mustakfi, Muti and Ta'i. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Further reading
- Kabir, Mafizullah (1964). The Buwayhid Dynasty of Baghdad, 334/946–447/1055. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
- Busse, Heribert (2004) [1969]. Chalif und Grosskönig - Die Buyiden im Irak (945-1055) [Caliph and Great King - The Buyids in Iraq (945-1055)] (in German). Würzburg: Ergon Verlag. ISBN 3-89913-005-7.
- Kraemer, Joel L. (1992). Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam: The Cultural Revival During the Buyid Age. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09736-0.
- Wilferd Madelung, Wolfgang Felix (1995). "DEYLAMITES". DEYLAMITES – Encyclopaedia Iranica. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. BII, Fasc. 4. pp. 342–347.
Notes
External links
- Donohue, John J. (2011). "ʿAḍud al- Dawla". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.