Árpád
Árpád | |
---|---|
Grand Prince of the Hungarians | |
Reign | c. 895 – c. 907 |
Predecessor | Álmos |
Successor | Zoltán (uncertain) |
Born | c. 845 |
Died | c. 907 (aged 62) |
Burial | Fehéregyháza (Hungary) (uncertain) |
Issue | Liüntika Tarkatzus Jelek Jutotzas Zoltán |
Dynasty | Árpád dynasty |
Father | Álmos |
Religion | Hungarian paganism |
Árpád (Hungarian pronunciation:
Biography
Early life
Árpád was the son of Álmos who is mentioned as the first head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes by all Hungarian chronicles.[1][2] His mother's name and family are unknown.[3] According to historian Gyula Kristó, Árpád was born around 845.[4] His name derived from the Hungarian word for barley, árpa.[4]
The
The reliability of the Byzantine emperor's report of Árpád's election is debated by modern historians: for instance, Victor Spinei states that it is "rather vague and scarcely credible", but András Róna-Tas writes that its core is reliable.[7][15] The latter historian adds that Árpád's election was promoted by Álmos, who forced Levedi to renounce his position as kende. Accordingly, in Róna-Tas's view, Árpád succeeded Levedi as sacred ruler, or kende, which enabled his father to preserve his own position as the actual leader of the Hungarians, or gyula.[15]
Towards the Hungarian Conquest
The earliest reliable source of Árpád's life is an early 10th-century document, the
The positions held by Árpád and Kurszán at the time of their negotiations with Sclerus are debated by historians. Spinei wrote that Árpád was the gyula, and Kurszán was the kende.[18] In contrast, Kristó said that Kurszán was the gyula and Árpád represented his father, Álmos kende.[17] [20]
At that time, the
The Hungarian army defeated the Bulgarians, but the latter hired the
The
Reign
Árpád's name "is completely unknown" to all sources written in East Francia, which was one of the main powers of the Carpathian Basin at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries.[10] These sources, including the Annales Alamannici and the Annales Eisnidlenses, only mention another Hungarian leader, Kurszán.[10] According to Kristó and other historians, these sources suggest that Kurszán must have been the gyula commanding the Hungarian forces, while Árpád succeeded his murdered father as the sacred kende.[10][32] Proposing a contrasting theory, the Romanian historian Curta wrote that Kurszán was the kende and Árpád gyula only succeeded him when Kurszán was murdered by Bavarians in 902 or 904.[10][33]
In contrast to nearly contemporaneous sources, Hungarian chronicles written centuries after the events—for instance, the
Having crossed the Danube, they encamped beside the Danube as far as Budafelhévíz. Hearing this, all the Romans living throughout the land of Pannonia, saved their lives by flight. Next day, Prince Árpád and all his leading men with all the warriors of Hungary entered the
Anonymous: Gesta Hungarorum[38]
The Gesta Hungarorum says that Árpád took "an oath of the leading men and warriors of Hungary," and "had his son, Prince Zoltán elevated" to prince in his life.[39][40] However, the reliability of this report and the list of the grand princes in the Gesta Hungarorum is dubious.[11] For instance, it ignores Fajsz, who ruled when Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus was completing his De Administrando Imperio around 950.[41]
Death
The date of Árpád's death is debated.[42] The Gesta Hungarorum states that he died in 907.[1][42] However, Kristó wrote that he actually died in 900 or later because the Gesta says 903 is the starting date of the Hungarian "land-taking" instead of its actual date around 895.[42] If the Gesta's report on his funeral is reliable, Árpád was buried "at the head of a small river that flows through a stone culvert to the city of King Attila" where a village, Fehéregyháza, developed near Buda a century later.[39][42]
Legacy
The Hungarians arrived in their new homeland within the Carpathians under Árpád.[40] Árpád is the principal actor in the Gesta Hungarorum, which attributes "almost all memorable events" of the "Hungarian land-taking" to him.[43] Furthermore, until the extinction of the male line of his dynasty in 1301, Hungary was ruled by "a single line of princes", all descending from Árpád.[24] Árpád is known among Hungarians as honalapító or the "founder of our homeland".[40]
Family
Porphyrogenitus says Árpád "had four sons: first, Tarkatzous; second, Ielech; third, Ioutotzas; fourth, Zaltas".[11][40][44] However, he also refers to one "Liuntikas, son of" Árpád; Kristó wrote that Liuntikas (Liüntika) was an alternative name of Tarkatzous (Tarhos).[40][45] The name and family of the mother of Árpád's sons are unknown.[46] The following is a family tree presenting Árpád's ancestors and his descendants to the end of the 10th century:[46]
Ügyek | Eunedubelian | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Előd or Ügyek | Emese | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Álmos | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Árpád | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liüntika* | Tarkatzus* | Jelek | Jutotzas | (unknown) | Zoltán | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Teveli | (unknown) | Ezelekh | Falitzi | Tas** | Taksony | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kings of Hungary *** | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Koppány | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
*Liüntika and Tarkatzus are supposed to have been identical.
**The father of Tas was one of Árpád's four or five sons, but his name is unknown.
***All later
Depictions of Árpád
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Árpád with Turul shield and princely hat in the center among the seven chieftains of the Hungarians (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)
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Árpád, the First Captain (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)
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Árpád tastes the water of the Danube, the Hungarians are shouting the name of God three times (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)
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Árpád, the First Captain (Chronica Hungarorum, 1488)
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Árpád (Nádasdy Mausoleum, 1664)
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Prince Árpád (painting by Árpád Feszty in 1900)
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Árpád on Feszty's Panorama (painting by Árpád Feszty in 1892–1894)
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Árpád's statue at the Heroes' Square (Budapest)
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Árpád, Grand Prince of the Hungarians (Richárd Juha, Nyíradony, 2014)
See also
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e Engel 2001, p. 19.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 11–12, 17, Appendix 1.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 17, Appendix 1.
- ^ a b c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 17.
- ^ a b c Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 38), p. 173.
- ^ a b Kristó 1996, pp. 160–161.
- ^ a b c d Spinei 2003, p. 33.
- ^ Spinei 2003, pp. 33, 40.
- ^ a b Kristó 1996, p. 160.
- ^ a b c d e Kristó 1996, p. 201.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 20.
- ISBN 978-1-60520-134-4. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ISBN 0880334797.
- ^ A MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN - Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333 [1]
- ^ a b Róna-Tas 1999, p. 330.
- ^ Róna-Tas 1999, pp. 54–55.
- ^ a b c d Kristó 1996, p. 183.
- ^ a b c d e Spinei 2003, p. 52.
- ^ Kristó 1996, pp. 183–184.
- ^ Kristó 1996, p. 186.
- ^ The Taktika of Leo VI (18.40), p. 453.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 178.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 11–12.
- ^ a b c Molnár 2001, p. 13.
- ^ a b Róna-Tas 1999, p. 344.
- ^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 28), p. 98.
- ^ Kristó 1996, pp. 191–192.
- ^ Spinei 2009, p. 72.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 15.
- ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 13), p. 37.
- ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians, note 1 on p. 8.
- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 201.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 189.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 18.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 19.
- ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 24), p. 59.
- ^ Madgearu 2005, pp. 91–92.
- ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 46), pp. 100–101.
- ^ a b Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 52), p. 115.
- ^ a b c d e Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 21.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 19–20.
- ^ a b c d Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 20.
- ^ Madgearu 2005, p. 25.
- ^ Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 40), p. 179.
- ^ Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 40), p. 177.
- ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. Appendix 1.
References
Primary sources
- Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; ISBN 978-963-9776-95-1.
- Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 0-88402-021-5.
- The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 0-8008-4015-1.
- The Taktika of Leo VI (Text, translation, and commentary by George T. Dennis) (2010). Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88402-359-3.
Secondary sources
- Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
- Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
- Kristó, Gyula (1996). Hungarian History in the Ninth Century. Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 1-4039-6929-9.
- Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.
- Madgearu, Alexandru (2005). The Romanians in the Anonymous Gesta Hungarorum: Truth and Fiction. Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. ISBN 973-7784-01-4.
- Molnár, Miklós (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4.
- Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky). CEU Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1.
- Spinei, Victor (2003). The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) and Museum of Brăila Istros Publishing House. ISBN 973-85894-5-2.
- Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17536-5.
External links
- Marek, Miroslav. "arpad/arpad1.html". Genealogy.EU.
- Árpád, painting from the 19th century