Árpád dynasty

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Árpád dynasty
Álmos
Final rulerAndrew III
Titles
Estate(s)Kingdom of Hungary
Dissolution1301

The Árpád dynasty consisted of the members of the royal House of Árpád (

Hungarian Grand Prince Árpád who was the head of the Hungarian tribal federation during the conquest of the Carpathian Basin, c. 895. Previously, it was referred to as the Turul
dynasty or kindred.

Both the first Grand Prince of the Hungarians (Álmos) and the first king of Hungary (Saint Stephen) were members of the dynasty. Christianity was adopted as the state religion for the Kingdom of Hungary by the dynasty, and the Árpád's kings used the title of the apostolic king, the descendants of the dynasty gave the world the highest number of saints and blesseds from one family.[1] The Árpád dynasty ruled the Carpathian Basin for four hundred years, influencing almost all of Europe through its extensive dynastic connections.[2] Eight members of the dynasty were canonized or beatified by the Catholic Church; therefore, since the 13th century the dynasty has often been referred to as the "Kindred of the Holy Kings". Two Árpáds were recognized as Saints by the Eastern Orthodox Church.

The dynasty came to end in 1301 with the death of King

Hungarian kings
: Géza II and Andrew I, respectively.

Origin

Carpathian Basin
.

According to recent

R1a rare subclade R-Z2125 > R-Z2123 > R-Y2632 > R-Y2633 > R1a-SUR51. The subclade was also found in nearest contemporary matches of 48 Bashkirs from the Burzyansky and Abzelilovsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Volga-Ural region, and 1 individual from the region of Vojvodina, Serbia. The Árpád members and one individual from Serbia share additional private SNPs making a novel subclade R1a-SUR51 > R-ARP, and as the mentioned individual has additional private SNPs it branches from the medieval Árpáds forming R-ARP > R-UVD.[5][6]

Based on the data of the distribution, appearance and coalescence estimation of R-Y2633 the dynasty traces ancient origin near Northern Afghanistan about 4500 years ago, with a separation date of R-ARP from the closest kin Bashkirs from the Volga-Ural region to 2000 years ago, while the individual from Serbia (R-UVD) derives from the Árpáds about 900 years ago. As also the separation of haplogroup N-B539 between the Hungarians and Bashkirs is estimated to have occurred 2000 years ago, it implies that the ancestors of Hungarians left the Volga Ural region about 2000 years ago and started a migration that eventually culminated in settlement in the Carpathian Basin.[6][7][8]

9th and 10th centuries

Medieval chroniclers stated that the Árpáds' forefather was Ügyek, whose name derived from the ancient Hungarian word for "holy" (igy).[9] The Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("The Deeds of the Huns and Hungarians") mentioned that the Árpáds descended from the gens (clan) Turul,[10] and the Gesta Hungarorum ("The Deeds of the Hungarians") recorded that the Árpáds' totemic ancestor was a turul (a large bird, probably a falcon).[10][11][12]

And among the captains, Árpád the son of Álmos, son of Előd, son of Ügyek, from the Turul clan, was richer in wealth and more powerful in war.

— Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum[13]

Duke Géza from the Turul clan was the one who, as they say, was the first among the Hungarians who got a summon from heaven in order to receive the Christian faith and baptism.

— Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum[14]

Medieval chroniclers also referred to a tradition that the Árpáds descended from

Attila the Hun – the anonymous author of the Gesta Hungarorum, for example, has Árpád say:

The land stretching between the Danube and the Tisza used to belong to my forefather, the mighty Attila.

— Gesta Hungarorum[15]

The first member of the dynasty mentioned by a nearly contemporary written source was

Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII recorded in his De Administrando Imperio that Álmos was the first Grand Prince of the federation of the seven Magyar tribes (megas Turkias arkhon).[16] Álmos probably accepted the supremacy of the Khagan of the Khazars in the beginning of his rule, but, by 862, the Magyar tribal federation broke free from the Khazar Khaganate.[17] Álmos was either the spiritual leader of the tribal federation (kende) or its military commander (gyula).[18]

The Hungarians took possession of the Carpathian Basin in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862–895.[19][20] Prince Álmos, the sacred leader of the Hungarian Great Principality died before he could reach Pannonia, he was sacrificed in Transylvania.[21][22]

Between 899 and 970, the Magyars frequently conducted raids into the territories of present-day

Otto, King of the Germans destroyed their troops; their raids against the Byzantine Empire ended in 970.[24]

From 917, the Magyars made raids into several territories at the same time, which may have led to the disintegration of their tribal federation.[25] The sources prove the existence of at least three and possibly five groups of tribes within the tribal federation, and only one of them was led directly by the Árpáds.[26]

The list of the Grand Princes of the

Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor in 973.[29]

Géza was baptised in 972, and although he never became a convinced Christian, the new faith started to spread among the Hungarians during his reign.[30] He managed to expand his rule over the territories west of the Danube and the Garam (today Hron in Slovakia), but significant parts of the Carpathian Basin still remained under the rule of local tribal leaders.[31]

Géza was followed by his son

Giselle of Bavaria.[34]

11th century

The Grand Prince Stephen was crowned on 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001, becoming the first

Peter Orseolo as his heir which resulted in a conspiracy led by his cousin, Vazul, who had been living imprisoned in Nyitra (today Nitra in Slovakia). Vazul was blinded on King Stephen's order and his three sons (Levente, Andrew and Béla) were exiled.[40][41]

When King Stephen I died on 15 August 1038,

Samuel Aba (1041–1044).[42] King Peter's rule ended in 1046 when an extensive revolt of the pagan Hungarians broke out and he was captured by them.[43]

With the assistance of the pagans, Duke Vazul's son, Andrew, who had been living in exile in the

one-third of the counties of the kingdom (Tercia pars regni) in appanage to him.[47] This dynastic division of the kingdom, mentioned as the first one in the Chronicon Pictum (prima regni huius divisio), was followed by several similar divisions during the 11th through 13th centuries, when parts of the kingdom were governed by members of the Árpád dynasty.[48] In the 11th century, the counties entrusted to the members of the ruling dynasty did not form a separate province within the kingdom, but they were organized around two or three centers.[47] The dukes governing the Tercia pars regni accepted the supremacy of the kings of Hungary, but some of them (Béla, Géza and Álmos) rebelled against the king in order to acquire the crown and allied themselves with the rulers of the neighboring countries.[49]

Ladislaus I of Hungary

King Andrew I was the first king who had his son,

Solomon crowned during his life in order to ensure his son's succession (1057).[50] However, the principle of agnatic primogeniture was not able to overcome the tradition of seniority, and following King Andrew I, his brother, King Béla I (1060–1063) acquired the throne despite the claims of the young Solomon.[51] From 1063 until 1080 there were frequent conflicts between King Solomon (1057–1080) and his cousins, Géza, Ladislaus and Lampert who governed the Tercia pars regni.[52] Duke Géza rebelled against his cousin in 1074 and was proclaimed king by his partisans in accordance with the principle of seniority.[53] When King Géza I died (25 April 1077) his partisans, disregarding his young sons, proclaimed his brother Ladislaus king.[54][47]
King Ladislaus I (1077–1095) managed to persuade King Solomon, who had been ruling in some western counties, to abdicate the throne.[55] During his reign, the Kingdom of Hungary strengthened and Ladislaus I was able to expand his rule over neighboring Kingdom of Croatia (1091).[56] He entrusted the government of the newly occupied territories to his younger nephew, Álmos.[57]

On 20 August 1083, two members of the dynasty, King Stephen I and his son, Duke Emeric, were canonized in

Eirene, the wife of the Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos, is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church.[60]

When King Ladislaus I died, his elder nephew

King of Croatia and Dalmatia
in 1102 in Biograd.

12th century

King

Eufemia bore a son, named Boris in Kiev, but King Coloman refused to accept him as his son.[64] Around 1115, the king had Duke Álmos and his son, King Béla, blinded in order to ensure the succession of his own son, King Stephen II (1116–1131).[47]

King Stephen II did not father any sons, and his sister's son Saul was proclaimed heir to his throne instead of the blind Duke Béla.[65] When King Stephen II died on 1 March 1131, his blind cousin managed nevertheless to acquire the throne.[66] King Béla II (1131–1141) strengthened his rule by defeating King Coloman's alleged son, Boris, who endeavoured to deprive him of the throne with foreign military assistance.[67] King Béla II occupied some territories in Bosnia, and he conceded the new territory in appanage to his younger son, Ladislaus.[68] Henceforward, members of the Árpád dynasty governed southern or eastern provinces (i.e., Slavonia, and Transylvania) of the kingdom instead of the Tercia pars regni.[47]

King Saint Stephen – a flag with the "double cross" (Chronicon Pictum, c. 1370)

During the reign of King Géza II (1141–1162), the Bishop Otto of Freising recorded that all the Hungarians "are so obedient to the monarch that not only irritating him by open opposition but even offending him by concealed whispers would be considered a felony by them".[69] His son, King Stephen III (1162–1172) had to struggle for his throne against his uncles, Kings Ladislaus II (1162–1163) and Stephen IV (1163–1165), who rebelled against him with the assistance of the Byzantine Empire.[70] During his reign, the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos occupied the southern provinces of the kingdom on the pretext that the king's brother, Béla (the Despotes Alexius) lived in his court.[71] As the fiancé of the Emperor's only daughter, Despotes Alexius was the heir presumptive to the Emperor for a short period (1165–1169).[72]

The coat of arms of Halych (attributed arms)[year needed][citation needed]

Following the death of King Stephen III, King

Géza in order to secure his rule.[73] King Béla III, who had been educated in the Byzantine Empire, was the first king who used the "double cross" as the symbol of the Kingdom of Hungary.[74]
In 1188, Béla occupied Halych, whose prince had been dethroned by his boyars, and granted the principality to his second son Andrew, but his rule became unpopular and the Hungarian troops were expelled from Halych in 1189.[75]

On 27 June 1192 the third member of the dynasty, King Ladislaus I was canonized in Várad (today Oradea in Romania).[76]

King

Emeric (1196–1204), but the new king had to concede Croatia and Dalmatia in appanage to his brother Andrew, who had rebelled against him.[77]

13th century

Flag of the Árpád dynasty (9th century[citation needed] – 1301)
Golden Bull of Andrew II
there were only seven lions facing each other, with linden leaves at the center.

King Emeric married

barry of eight Gules and Argent).[78] His son and successor, King Ladislaus III (1204–1205) died in childhood and was followed by his uncle, King Andrew II (1205–1235).[79]

His reign was characterized by permanent internal conflicts: a group of conspirators

Coloman or Andrew) in the neighboring country.[81] One of his daughters, Elizabeth was canonized during his lifetime (1 July 1235) and thus became the fourth saint of the Árpáds.[82] King Andrew's elder sons disowned his posthumous son, Stephen, who would be educated in Ferrara.[83]

Members of the family reigned occasionally in the Principality (later Kingdom) of

Halych (1188–1189, 1208–1209, 1214–1219, 1227–1229, 1231–1234) and in the Duchy of Styria
(1254–1260).

The coat-of-arms of Styria

King

Margaret and Kinga were canonized (in 1943 and 1999 respectively) and a third daughter of his, Yolanda was beatified (in 1827).[88][89] His fourth daughter, Constance was also venerated in Lviv.[90]

When King

nomadic and semi-pagan Cumans; therefore, he was excommunicated several times, but he was murdered by Cuman assassins.[93] The disintegration of the kingdom started during his reign when several aristocrats endeavoured to acquire possessions on the account of the royal domains.[94]

When King

Csák and Kőszegi families).[97] The male line of the Árpáds ended with his death (14 January 1301); one of his contemporaries mentioned him as "the last golden twig".[98] His daughter, Elizabeth, the last member of the family, died on 6 May 1338; she is venerated by the Roman Catholic Church.[99]

Following the death of King Andrew III, several claimants started to struggle for the throne; finally, King Charles I (the grandson of King Stephen V's daughter) managed to strengthen his position around 1310.[100] Henceforward, all the kings of Hungary (with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus) were matrilineal or cognate descendants of the Árpáds. Although the agnatic Árpáds have died out, their cognatic descendants live everywhere in the aristocratic families of Europe.

Coat of arms of Hungary

Dynasty tree

Álmos
House of Árpád
House of Aba
TaksonyHouse of Orseolo
MichaelGéza
Samuel

1041–1044
Andrew I
1046–1060		Béla I
1060–1063		Peter
1038–1041
1044–1046
Solomon
1063–1074
Géza I
1074–1077		Ladislaus I
1077–1095
Álmos
Stephen II
1116–1131		Béla II
1131–1141
Géza II
1141–1162		Ladislaus II
1162–1163		Stephen IV
1163–1164
Stephen III
1162–1172		Béla III
1172–1196
Emeric
1196–1204
Andrew II
1205–1235
Ladislaus III
1204–1205		Béla IV
1235–1270		Stephen
Stephen V
1270–1272		Andrew III
1290–1301
Ladislaus IV
1272–1290

Saints

Several members of the dynasty were

better source needed] The Árpád dynasty gave the world the most saints and blessed from a single family.[1]

In the 819th year of Our Lord’s incarnation, Ügyek, who, as we said above, being of the family of King Magog became a long time later the most noble prince of Scythia, took to wife in Dentumoger the daughter of Duke Eunedubelian, called Emese, from whom he sired a son, who was named Álmos. But he is called Álmos from a divine event, because when she was pregnant a divine vision appeared to his mother in a dream in the form of a falcon that, as if coming to her, impregnated her and made known to her that from her womb a torrent would come forth and from her loins glorious kings be generated, but that they would not increase in their land. Because, therefore, a dream is called "álom" in the Hungarian language and his birth was predicted in a dream, so he was called Álmos. Or he is thus called Álmos, that is holy, because holy kings and dukes were born of his line.

— Anonymus: Gesta Hungarorum[102]

The following members of the Árpád dynasty were canonized or beatified:

Portrait Name Born Died Canonized / Beatified Relationship with the Árpád dynasty
Saint Stephen of Hungary
King of Hungary 		c. 975 15 August 1038 1083
Canonized by the Catholic Church

2000
For the first time ever, the Eastern Orthodox Church canonized a saint of the Roman Catholic Church[103] 		Son of Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians
Saint Emeric of Hungary
Prince of Hungary 		1007 2 September 1031 1083 Son of Saint Stephen I, King of Hungary
Saint Ladislaus of Hungary
King of Hungary 		c. 1040 29 July 1095 27 June 1192 Son of Béla I, King of Hungary
Saint Irene of Hungary
Princess of Hungary
Empress consort of the Byzantine Empire 		1088 13 August 1134 Canonized by the Eastern Orthodox Church Daughter of Ladislaus I, King of Hungary
Saint Elizabeth of Hungary
Princess of Hungary
Landgravine of Thuringia 		7 July 1207 17 November 1231 27 May 1235 Daughter of Andrew II, King of Hungary
Saint Kinga of Hungary
Princess of Hungary
Princess of Poland 		5 March 1224 24 July 1292 11 June 1690
Beatified

16 June 1999
Canonized 		Daughter of Béla IV, King of Hungary
Blessed Yolanda of Hungary
Princess of Hungary
Princess of Poland 		1235 1298 1827 Daughter of Béla IV, King of Hungary
Saint Margaret of Hungary
Princess of Hungary 		27 January 1242 18 January 1270 28 July 1789
Beatified

19 November 1943
Canonized 		Daughter of Béla IV, King of Hungary
Blessed Elizabeth of Hungary
Princess of Hungary
Queen of Serbia 		1255 1322 Daughter of Stephen V, King of Hungary
Blessed Elizabeth of Hungary
Princess of Hungary 		1292 31 October 1336

6 May 1338 		Formally never canonized but venerated locally Daughter of Andrew III, King of Hungary

See also

Citations

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  4. ^ Moravský historický sborník: ročenka Moravského národního kongresu, Moravský národní kongres, 2002, p. 523
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  10. ^ a b Kristó 1994 Korai p. 693.
  11. ^ Dr. Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor (2022). "Feltárulnak a Turul-dinasztia titkai (The secrets of the Turul dynasty are revealed)". Mandiner (in Hungarian).
  12. ^ Dr. Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor (2022). "Küldetésünk: a magyar történelem helyreigazítása". Institute of Hungarian Research.
  13. ^ Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum https://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm
  14. ^ Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum https://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm
  15. ^ Kristó 1996 Hungarian p. 71.
  16. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 13.
  17. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 14.
  18. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 40.
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  20. ^ Szabados, György (May 2022). "Álmostól Szent Istvánig" [From Álmos to Saint Stephen]. Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination) (in Hungarian).
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  24. ^ Bóna 2000 A magyarok pp. 62–65.
  25. ^ Kristó 1995 A magyar állam p. 304.
  26. ^ Kristó 1995 A magyar állam pp. 308–309.
  27. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 22.
  28. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 23.
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  30. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 28.
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  33. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 35.
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  35. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 39.
  36. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 290.
  37. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 40–41, 47.
  38. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai pp. 216, 245.
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  40. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 49–50.
  41. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 721.
  42. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 83–84.
  43. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 85.
  44. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 70–71.
  45. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 42.
  46. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 72.
  47. ^ a b c d e Kristó 1994 Korai.
  48. ^ Kristó 1979 A feudális p. 44.
  49. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 85–100.
  50. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 87.
  51. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 79–81.
  52. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 88–92.
  53. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 90.
  54. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 126.
  55. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 95.
  56. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 112–124.
  57. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 94.
  58. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 119.
  59. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 93.
  60. ^ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 159–160.
  61. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 96.
  62. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 261.
  63. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 102.
  64. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 146.
  65. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 158.
  66. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 105.
  67. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 166–169.
  68. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 106.
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  74. ^ Bertényi 1983 Kis magyar p. 67.
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  82. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 144.
  83. ^ a b Kristó 1994 Korai p. 294.
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  85. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 711.
  86. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai pp. 130, 479, 543, 598, 716–717.
  87. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 154, 157.
  88. ^ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 178–179.
  89. ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Blessed Margaret of Hungary
  90. ^ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 178–192.
  91. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 272.
  92. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 277.
  93. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 278–282.
  94. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 663.
  95. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 282–283.
  96. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 283–284.
  97. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 285–288.
  98. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 288.
  99. ^ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 179.
  100. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 188–192.
  101. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6
    .
  102. ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (chapter 3) https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18975/1/18975.pdf
  103. ^ "Hungary Salutes Best-Loved Saint". AP News. 20 August 2000.

References

External links
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