Ådalen shootings
Ådalen shootings | |
---|---|
Part of Swedish military | |
Motive | Suppression of strikers |
The Ådalen shootings (
Background
As a response to a drawn-out industrial conflict over pay reductions at the
Confrontation
On 14 May the unions held another rally, during which the attending workers decided to stop all work in the timber and pulp industries in Ådalen—a general strike.[3] After the meeting, several thousand participants marched to the strike-breakers' quarters in Lunde, where the troops had been ordered to defend the strike-breakers. When they arrived in the village, a patrol of mounted troops tried unsuccessfully to stop them.[1] In the confusion that followed, at least one man fell off his horse and another drew his pistol and fired warning shots while the patrol withdrew. The military commander, Capt. Nils Mesterton, said later that he believed the demonstrators carried weapons since he heard shots as well as seeing some of the mounted patrol bleeding.[4] At a distance of less than 100 metres he, in accordance with orders from the present policeman in charge, ordered his troops to fire, which they did, aiming as planned at the ground halfway between the line and the demonstrators. However, ricochets hit the gathered demonstrators, who scattered, and the captain ordered the machine gun fired. Five people were shot to death: Oskar Berggren, Erik Bergström, Evert Nygren, Sture Larsson and Eira Söderberg, a 20-year-old bystander. Five people were injured. An inquiry later concluded that there was no evidence that the workers were in fact armed.[4]
On that same day the County Administrative Board had decided to prohibit the strike-breakers from working. Their decision did not reach the demonstrators until after the shooting. It is widely believed that the confrontation could have been avoided if the news had reached the marchers earlier. The
Aftermath
The events spawned a raging national debate, deeply divided along political lines. The political left called the shootings "murder", while the right claimed that the military had been forced to open fire to defend themselves and the "willing workers" from the rage of the demonstrators.
The county governor was tried in court but acquitted. Captains Mesterton and Beckman were initially convicted in a
The government, under the liberal Prime Minister Carl Gustaf Ekman, replaced the County Governor and launched an investigation into the event.[6] The investigation, with representatives from both employers and trade unions, later concluded that the military was highly unfit to uphold public order in similar situations.[7] The use of the military against civilians was more strictly regulated, but the legislation was on the books until it was repealed by the 1969 Riksdag. However, there was broad political agreement not to use military force against civilians.[8] The Ådalen shootings were still a concern in the discussions after the 9/11 events in the US, when military support to the police was considered. Therefore, the subsequent legislation that allowed the military to take part in anti-terrorism actions contained several safeguards. The military must be under command of the police, as they were in Ådalen in 1931, and legislation specifically says that the military cannot be used against demonstrations.[7][9] There was still concern that these safeguards would not be enough.[10][11][12]
At the time of the 1931 events, it was not possible to call in police reinforcements from outside the county.[12] Thus, army assistance was the only recourse available to a county governor when the county's police force would be insufficient to deal with large-scale events. The shootings highlighted the inadequacy of this state of affairs. One effect of the Ådalen shootings was the formation of a national police force in 1933.[6]
The worker's movement, in spite of the various factions being divided on exactly how to place the blame for the occurred, held a common funeral for the four victims at the Gudmunrå church in Kramfors, where Rickard Sandler (himself born in Ådalen) was the official representative for both government and Socialdemokratiska Arbetarepartiet. Erik Blomberg wrote the poem on the stone:
Here rests |
Här vilar |
Coverage in film
In 1969 well-known Swedish
The incident is also mentioned several times in the 1979 Swedish comedy film Repmånad.[13]
See also
- Anti-union violence
- Kent State shootings, similar incident involving soldiers shooting at unarmed civilians with fatal consequences
References
- ^ a b c d e Nandorf, Tove (2006-05-13). "75 år sedan skotten i Ådalen" [75 years since the shooting in Ådalen]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ^ Johansson, Roger. "Om strejkbrytarna i Ådalen 1931" [About the strikebreakers in Ådalen 1931] (in Swedish). Arbetetsmarknad.se. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ^ Lidén, Svante (2011-05-14). "Massakern i Ådalen har tonats ner" [The massacre in Ådalen has been toned down]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ^ a b c Lundin, Sara (30 October 2011). "Skotten i Ådalen −31" [Ådalen shootings −31] (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ^ a b c d Hultström, Jonas (14 May 2011). "Skotten i Ådalen förändrade Sverige för alltid" [Ådalen shootings changed Sweden forever]. Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ^ a b "Regeringens proposition 2005/06:111 – Försvarsmaktens stöd till polisen vid terrorismbekämpning" [Government Bill 2005/06: 111 – The Armed Forces support to police in counter-terrorism] (in Swedish). Riksdagsförvaltningen. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ^ Ådalen 1931 Retrieved 9 May 2015
- ^ "Lag (2006:343) om Försvarsmaktens stöd till polisen vid terrorismbekämpning" [Act (2006: 343) of the Armed Forces support to police in counter-terrorism] (in Swedish). Lagen.nu. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ Andersen, Ivar (13 May 2006). "Lagen kan användas mot allt som inte passar sig" [The law can be used against anything that does not fit in]. Stockholms Fria Tidning (in Swedish). Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ Svanebro, Karin (10 May 2006). "Militären föreslås få bruka tvång och våld mot civila" [The military proposes to use force and violence against civilians]. Stockholms Fria Tidning (in Swedish). Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ a b Thurfjell, Karin (14 May 2011). "Skotten som formade Sverige" [The shots that shaped Sweden]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ^ "Repmånad eller Hur man gör pojkar av män (1979)" (in Swedish). Swedish Film Database. Retrieved 9 May 2015.