Émile Combes
This article may be a rough translation from French. It may have been generated, in whole or in part, by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency. (April 2023) |
Émile Combes | |
---|---|
Prime Minister of France | |
In office 7 June 1902 – 24 January 1905 | |
President | Émile Loubet |
Preceded by | Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau |
Succeeded by | Maurice Rouvier |
Personal details | |
Born | 6 September 1835 Roquecourbe |
Died | 25 May 1921 Pons, Charente-Maritime | (aged 85)
Political party | Radical Party |
Spouse | Angèle-Maria Dussaud |
Émile Justin Louis Combes (French: cabinet from June 1902 to January 1905.
Career
Émile Combes was born on 6 September 1835, in Roquecourbe, Tarn, the sixth child of Jean Combes, a dressmaker, and Marie-Rose Bannesborn.
He first learned Latin from his public schoolteacher and then from his godfather and cousin, a priest named Jean Gaubert. Gabriel Merle, biographer of Émile Combes, describes Jean Gaubert: "He has the prestige and authority of the priesthood and education. He is obeyed. And if he demands sacrifices, he also imposes them on himself. His insistence that one of his younger cousins should become a priest is astonishing. Having failed with Philippe around 1840 and Émile in 1847, he missed his last attempt with Henri around 1860."[4]
Thanks to his knowledge of Latin, twelve-year-old Émile Combes entered the fourth year of the minor seminary in Castres. His godfather supported him financially through his studies, first at the seminary; then at the École des Carmes, an ecclesiastical school where future priests wishing to study at the Sorbonne were trained; and finally at the Grand Séminaire d'Albi, where Émile Combes wore the cassock and was tonsured. Here, his vocation to the priesthood was seen as unserious, and despite initial efforts to persist, he would abandon the idea before ordination.
His
Prime minister
He actively supported the
Combes was vigorously opposed by all the conservative parties, who saw the mass closure of church schools as a persecution of religion. Combes led the anti-clerical coalition on the left, facing opposition primarily organized by the pro-Catholic party Action libérale populaire (ALP). ALP had a stronger popular base, with better financing and a stronger network of newspapers, but had far fewer seats in the Chamber of Deputies.[11]
Among people who looked with favor on his stubborn enforcement of the law, he was familiarly called le petit père.
Finally, the defection of the Radical and Socialist groups induced him to resign on 17 January 1905, although he had not met an adverse vote in the Chamber. His policy was still carried on; and when the
Later life
The campaign for the separation of church and state was the last big political action in his life. While still possessed of great influence over extreme Radicals, Combes took but little public part in politics after his resignation from the premiership in 1905. He joined the Aristide Briand ministry in October 1915 as one of the five Elder Statesmen, but without portfolio.[13]
According to Geoffrey Kurtz, the years of Émile Combes' administration were a period of social reform "without equal" during the era of the Third Republic, which included such reforms as an eight-hour day for miners, a ten-hour day for many workers, the lowering of mandatory military service from 3 to 2 years, the elimination of certain middle-class draft exemptions, and some modest public assistance for the chronically ill, the disabled, and the elderly.[14] In 1903, safety standards were extended to shops and offices.[15] In addition, a 1904 law "pioneered assistance to the children of single mothers, ignoring invidious distinctions between married and single mothers, in order to prevent abandonment."[16]
Combes died on 25 May 1921 in Pons, Charente-Maritime.
Combes's Ministry, 7 June 1902 – 24 January 1905
- Émile Combes – President of the Council and Minister of the Interior and Worship
- Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Minister of War
- Minister of Finance
- Ernest Vallé – Minister of Justice
- Charles Camille Pelletan– Minister of Marine
- Fine Arts
- Minister of Agriculture
- Minister of Colonies
- Émile Maruéjouls – Minister of Public Works
- Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs
Changes
- 15 November 1904 – Minister of War
Notes
- ^ Ce que la France doit aux francs-maçons (Laurent KUPFERMAN and Emmanuel PIERRAT - Grund ed. - 2012)
- ^ Dictionnaire universel de la Franc-Maçonnerie (Monique Cara, Jean-Marc Cara and Marc de Jode - Larousse ed. - 2011)
- ^ Histoire de la Franc-Maçonnerie française (Pierre Chevallier, Fayard ed., 1975)
- ISBN 978-2-213-59386-9.
- ^ Masonic references in the works of Charles Williams Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon 2007
- ^ Burke, Peter The New Cambridge Modern History p. 304 (1979 Cambridge University)
- ^ Bigots united
- ^ a b c public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Combes, Émile". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 751–752. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ "Emile Combes who boasted of taking office for the sole purpose of destroying the religious orders. He closed thousands of what were not then called 'faith schools'" Bigots united in the Guardian, 9 October 2005
- ISBN 0-312-21813-3p. 171
- ^ Benjamin F. Martin, "The Creation of the Action Libérale Populaire: an Example of Party Formation in Third Republic France." French Historical Studies 9.4 (1976): 660–689. online
- ^ Douglas Porch, The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871-1914 (2003) excerpt and text search pp 92–104, is the most thorough account in English
- ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Combes, Justin Louis Émile". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 729.
- ISBN 9780271065823.
- ISBN 9780773562059.
- ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History Volume 1 By Bonnie G. Smith, 2008, P.348
Further reading
- Akan, Murat. The Politics of Secularism: Religion, Diversity, and Institutional Change in France and Turkey (2017).
- Arnal, Oscar L. "Why the French Christian Democrats Were Condemned." Church History 49.2 (1980): 188–202. online
- Coffey, Joan L. "Of Catechisms and Sermons: Church-State Relations in France, 1890–1905." Church history 66.1 (1997): 54–66. online
- McManners, John. Church and State in France, 1870–1914 (Harper & Row, 1972), pp. 125–55.
- Mayeur, Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux. The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914 (1984), pp. 227–44
- Merle, Gabriel. Emile Combes (1995), p. 1, 662 p.; standard biography, in French
- Partin, Malcolm. Waldeck-Rousseau, Combes, and the Church: the Politics of Anticlericalism, 1899–1905 (1969)
- Sabatier, Paul. Disestablishment in France (1906) online