Îles Saint-Marcouf
Îles Saint-Marcouf | |
---|---|
Location in Normandy | |
Coordinates: 49°29′45″N 1°09′00″W / 49.49583°N 1.15000°W | |
Country | France |
Region | Normandy |
Îles Saint-Marcouf comprise two small uninhabited islands off the coast of
The larger island, île du Large, is 500 m (1,600 ft) east of the smaller île de Terre. They have a total area of 1,400 ha (3,500 acres) and a maximum altitude of 10 m (33 ft).
The islands take their name from
British occupation
During the
The islands served as a forward base for the blockade of Le Havre, a launching point for intercepting coastal shipping, and as a transit point for French émigrés. The British repelled a major attack on 7 May 1798 by French troops at the battle of the Îles Saint-Marcouf, with minimal British but heavy French casualties.
The islands almost made naval history in late 1800. On 12 September Robert Fulton sailed his submarine Nautilus to Growan, near Isigny-sur-Mer, a small harbour near the islands. His objective was to use his submarine to attack the gunvessels protecting the islands. He made two attempts, but each time his targets sailed before he could reach them. Increasingly poor weather as winter approached prevented any further attempts.[1] Although Fulton continued work on his concept, he never again threatened the islands.
French control
The British returned the islands to France under the terms of Article 3 of the 1802 Treaty of Amiens; the last British forces left the islands in May 1802. Napoleon ordered the islands fortified and the work began in 1803. The primary defences consisted of a fort on Île du Large, 170 meters in diameter. The main structure is a circular fort with a diameter of 53 meters, with 48 firing ports for cannon on two levels of 24 casemates each. This work was completed by 1812. There are seven underground chambers and a cistern. The fort could accommodate 500 troops.
In 1840 a lighthouse was constructed within the fort. German forces destroyed it during World War II.
Later construction, between 1860 and 1867, added a quay, a powder magazine, and a semaphore station, the whole encircled with moats carved into the rock. The total complex covers 2.5 hectares. The quay has since disappeared, reclaimed by the ocean. In 1871, 200 Communards from the Paris Commune were incarcerated here in deplorable conditions.
On Île de Terre, the fortifications date to between 1849 and 1858. They consist of a shore battery and a guard house capable of housing some 60 troops. Neither island was attacked again until the 20th century.
World War II
In
Nature reserve
The French government directly administers the islands, which have the status of a protected nature reserve with restricted access. Île de Terre has been a designated nature preserve since 1967. Île du Large has been off-limits since 1991 for reasons of safety. The primary bird species are seagulls and cormorants. In winter tens of thousands of seagulls shelter on the islands. Although access to the islands is forbidden, anchoring between them is permissible.
Currently, the fortifications are falling into ruins. Since 2003, the association "Les amis de l'île du large Saint-Marcouf" (Friends of Saint-Marcouf), together with students from the Collège de Carentan, have initiated a campaign to convince the authorities once again to permit recreational access to the Île du Large. In 2009 the Friends of Saint-Marcouf received permission to commence preservation work on the fortifications and they have been working there since then. (See: [1] Website, in French, of "les Amis de l'île du Large Saint-Marcouf".)
Citations
- ^ Flexner (1993), p.273.
- ^ "Harvey Olson, American Soldier". warchronicle.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
- ^ "THE SEABORNE ASSAULT: Task Force U Moves In". UTAH Beach to Cherbourg. Department of the U.S. Army, Historical Division. 1 October 1947. Archived from the original on 2008-04-18. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
References
- Flexner, James Thomas (1993) Steamboats come true: American inventors in action. (Fordham Univ Press).
- Laws, Lt. Col. M.E.S. "The Defence of St. Marcouf", Journal of the Royal Artillery, Vol. 75, No. 4, pp. 298–307.(Pdf version)
- James, William (1837). The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by France in 1793, to the Accession of George IV. Vol. 2. R. Bentley. pp. 114–8. ([2])
Further reading
- Gérard Morizot — Histoire des îles Saint-Marcouf en Cotentin, jusqu'au XIXe siècle ISBN 2-9516531-0-7
External links
- Îles Saint-Marcouf nature reserve
- Aerial photos Archived 2007-05-17 at the Wayback Machine