İbrahim Şinasi
İbrahim Şinasi | |
---|---|
Ottoman Turkish, Turkish | |
Nationality | Ottoman |
Notable works | The Wedding of a Poet (Turkish: Şair Evlenmesi) |
İbrahim Şinasi (5 August 1826 – 13 September 1871) was a pioneering
Şinasi was an early proponent of a constitution for the Empire.
Early life
İbrahim Şinasi was born in Constantinople (modern Istanbul) in 1826 during a period of uncertainty in the Ottoman Empire.[4] Şinasi's father served as an artillery captain in the Ottoman army and died during one of the Russo-Turkish wars. He was raised by his mother and relatives and began his education at a neighborhood school.[5] Şinasi attended elementary school with the intention of becoming a clerk for the military.[6] He took a position with the Müşiriyet Armory, while taking lessons in Arabic, Persian, and French.[5] At a young age, he established a close relationship with the famed reformer Mustafa Reşid Pasha, who helped him earn a government grant to study finance in Paris.[4]
While in Paris, Şinasi also studied mathematics, science, and history, but he began to develop what would become a lifelong affection for literature. There, Şinasi came into contact with French literature and intellectuals; he was impressed by
Government career
Şinasi's brief stint as a government official involved a position on the Educational Committee. This group was responsible for the evaluation and restructuring of Ottoman schools. He served as a member of this organization upon his return from Paris in 1853 until he was dismissed. He would be reinstated only to be removed from the position again in 1863. It is likely that his dismissal was a result of his burgeoning journalist activities criticizing the government and promoting "European" ideas. On the day before Şinasi's second dismissal from the Educational Committee, he had written an article advocating for the tenet "no taxation without representation". After his removal from his government post, Şinasi returned to Paris to focus on his writing and linguistic study.[7] It is speculated that conflicts with some of the Tanzimat reformers, such as Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha and Mehmed Fuad Pasha, encouraged Şinasi to leave the country.[6]
Language
Şinasi's major contributions to reform and to Ottoman and Turkish culture were the result of his use of language. Prior to Şinasi,
Şinasi altered the paradigm of writing within the Ottoman Empire by simplifying the language, intentionally engaging directly with an increasingly literate public, and introducing new, more European, genres to the masses.
Journalism
Şinasi's most notable enterprise in journalism was founding the publication Tasvîr-i Efkâr, or "Interpreter of Ideas", in 1862. It was the first truly influential newspaper in the Ottoman Empire.[10] This publication was the successor to another newspaper called Tercüman-ı Ahvâl that Şinasi had previously founded and edited with his associate Agah Efendi.[11] In these newspapers, he employed a "journalistic Turkish" that was heavily influenced by the coarser language of average Ottoman Turks (kaba Türkçe). He advocated strongly for an increasing Westernization of the Ottoman Empire and also for "encyclopedism"; he believed that the public should be educated in a wide variety of subject areas, so his pieces frequently included references to figures, such as Plato or Newton, and elevated concepts such as natural law.[7]
After joining the reformist secret society Young Ottomans in 1865 and going into exile in Paris, Şinasi transferred the management of the Tasvir-i Efkâr to his employee and colleague Namık Kemal.[12] He then returned to Istanbul and died soon thereafter.
Şinasi, influenced by Enlightenment thought, saw
Literature
In addition to his work as a journalist, Şinasi was a poet, translator, and playwright. In 1853, he published a collection of poems called Divan-i Şinasi. He is frequently labeled the "founder of the modern school of Ottoman literature."[9] He earned this title based on his alteration of the Turkish verse to be more consistent with the French model and his translation of many French poems into Turkish. "He drew attention to European literature, expressed the need to make translations from it, and disseminated his belief—which became a correct prophecy—that a modern Turkish literature would be born on the models of Western literature."[9] His translations of poetry, in addition to his French to Turkish translations of Enlightenment thinkers, encouraged others to translate significant works of European thinkers and contributed to the Westernization of the Ottoman Empire.[15]
The Wedding of a Poet
Arguably, Şinasi's most famous work was the play The Wedding of a Poet (
This play was also novel in Ottoman circles, because it directly and satirically addressed issues of contemporary interest. Şinasi used the play to criticize both traditionalists and the newly-developing class of liberal elite. He targeted traditionalists for continuing to engage in arranged marriages through middlemen.[17] In the play, a poor young man became infatuated with a beautiful woman, but according to Muslim tradition, grooms were unable to see the faces of their brides until after the marriage contract was finalized. The family of the beautiful woman used the stipulation to their advantage, when they secretly replaced the young poet's beloved with her highly unattractive older sister. The young man was eventually reunited with his darling through misdeeds of his own.[16] Throughout the play, Şinasi also took advantage of humor to condemn the frequent arrogance and pretentiousness of the "self-styled intellectuals".[17]
The play is presumed to have been commissioned to be performed at the Dolmabahçe Palace's court theater, but a performance may or may not have taken place at that location.[16] It is believed that the first English translation of the play was published in 1981.[17]
The
Later life and death
Şinasi returned to Istanbul in 1869, where "he lived as a recluse in some financial need."[7] He opened a printing house and began to have his works printed and published. Soon afterwards, on 13 September 1871, he died of a brain tumor at the age of 45.
Works
- Tercüme-i Manzume (1859, translation of poems from the French of La Fontaine, Lamartine, Gilbert, and Racine)
- Şair Evlenmesi (1859, the first Ottoman play, "The Wedding of a Poet")[19]
- Durub-i Emsal-i Osmaniye (1863, the first book of Turkish proverbs)
- Müntahabat-ı Eş'ar (1863, collection of poems)
References
- ^ "турецкий поэт Шинаси". Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
- ^ "Культура Турции". Archived from the original on 16 April 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Berkes, Niyazi. The Development of Secularism in Turkey. Montreal: McGill UP[page needed][ISBN missing]
- ^ a b Somel, Selçuk Akşin., et al. The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2010. Print.
- ^ a b c "İbrahim Şinasi." Biyografi. n.p., 2011. Web. 15 Dec 2013. <http://www.biyografi.info/kisi/ibrahim-sinasi>.
- ^ a b Karabell, Zachary. "Şinasi, İbrahim [1826–1871]." In the Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Ed. Philip Mattar. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2004. 2068–2069. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 16 December 2013.
- ^ a b c "Sinasi, Ibrahim." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Edited by John L. Esposito. Vol 5. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.[ISBN missing]
- ^ Burrill, Kathleen R. F. "Literature: Turkish." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Ed. Philip Mattar. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2004. 1437–1440. Gale Virtual Reference Library. 16 December 2013.
- ^ a b c "Sinasi, Ibrahim." Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1995. Shakespearean Criticism Online. Web. 16 December 2013.
- ^ Between Politics and Literature:Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century, Elisabeth Kendall, Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, 333.
- ^ Between Politics and Literature:Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century, Elisabeth Kendall, Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, ed. Leila Tarazi Fawaz, C. A. Bayly, (Columbia University Press, 2002), 333.
- ^ Between Politics and Literature: Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century, Elisabeth Kendall, Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, 334.
- ^ Nergis Ertürk, Grammatology and Literary Modernity in Turkey. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011.[page needed][ISBN missing]
- ^ Behlül Özkan. From the Abode of Islam to the Turkish Vatan: The Making of a National Homeland in Turkey. New Haven: Yale UP, 2012.[ISBN missing][page needed]
- ^ Kayali, Hasan. "Young Ottomans." In the Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Ed. Philip Mattar. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2004. 2405–2407. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
- ^ a b c Metin And. "Ibrahim Sinasi." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984[ISBN missing][page needed]
- ^ a b c d e İbrahim Sinasi. The Wedding of a Poet: A One-act Comedy (1859). Trans. Edward Allworth. Whitestone, NY: Griffon House Publications, 1981.
- ^ An Overview of Turkish Drama (until 1970), Talat S. Halman, İbrahim the Mad and Other Plays:An Anthology of Turkish Plays, Vol. I, ed. Talât Sait Halman, Jayne L. Warner, (Syracuse University Press, 2008), xviii.
- ^ M. Sükrü Hanioglu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, (Princeton University Press, 2008), 100.
Further reading
- Ceylan, Ebubekir (2011). The Ottoman Origins of Modern Iraq: Political Reform, Modernization and Development in the Nineteenth Century Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1848854253.
- Ergişi, Ayşegül (Fall 2012). "Yeni Türk Edebiyatının Öncüsü Şinasi: Bourdieu'cü Bir Okuma" (PDF). The Journal of International Social Research (in Turkish). 5 (23): 207–214. ISSN 1307-9581. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
External links
- "İbrahim ŞInasi: Information from". Answers.com. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- Entry in Encyclopædia Britannica
- Biographie Literaturca Verlag
- Biography Culture and Tourism Ministry of Turkey