Shamakhi
Shamakhi
Şamaxı | |
---|---|
City | |
UTC+4 (AZT) | |
Area code | +994 2026 |
Shamakhi (
Eleven major earthquakes have rocked Shamakhi but through multiple reconstructions, it maintained its role as the economic and administrative capital of
History
This article was imported from the CIA's World Factbook. |
Shamakhi was in antiquity part of successive
Shamakhi maintained economic and cultural relations with India and China in the 12th century, and the excavation of pottery containers prove that Shamakhi also had relations with the Central Asian cities at around the same time. Copper coins found in Shamakhi during archaeological excavations, porcelain containers produced in China, caravanserais serving international trade, prove the role of ancient Shamakhi in the Silk Road.[3]
The Catholic friar, missionary and explorer William of Rubruck passed through it on his return journey from the Mongol Great Khan's court.[4] In 1476 Venetian diplomat Giosafat Barbaro, while describing the city, stated: "This [Sammachi] is a good city; it has from four to five thousand houses, it produces silk, cotton as well as other things according to its tradition.".[5]
In 1500–1501, it was taken by the
According to Carmelite monks who visited the city in 1607, its population was made up of Persians and Armenians. Armenians were actively engaged in trade. In addition to ordinary taxes, the Armenian people paid tribute to other religions.
The Russian forces first entered Shirvan in 1723, as they invaded the
The British
Shamakhi was the capital of the
Weaving and rug making in Shamakhi
Historically, Shamakhi was famous for its carpets of which decoration using the buta motif dominate as with other Shirvan carpets. Shirvan carpets are on display at some of the world's famous museums. Example of these are Shirvan (13th century) kept in Istanbul's Turkish and Islamic museum, Shirvan (15th century), kept in the East Region of the Berlin Art Museum, and Shamakhi (17th century) carpets kept in the Pennsylvania Museum of America.[22]
Other artistic products include copper craft, pottery, tailoring, jewellery, woodworking, sculpture, and blacksmithery (blacksmiths were very popular in Alsahab). also developed in Shamakhi.[3]
Geography
Seismicity
The city is located in the most
The
Rivers
Shamakhi is located in the central part of Shirvan, at an altitude of about 749 m (2,457 ft) above sea level, in a favorable geographical position. In the south of Shamakhi flows to Zongalavay, and in the east Pirsaatchay. The city is surrounded by Binasli, Gushhan from the north, Pirdiraki, and Maiden Tower-Georgia from north-west and Meysari Mountains from the west. These mountains can be considered as the city's natural defense fortifications. There are many springs that provide urban population and people of surrounding villages with drinking water because of located at the slopes of the Caucasus Mountains.[3]
Climate
Shamakhi is a relatively humid city to its area, and has a Mediterranean climate. With a nice amount of precipitation throughout most of the year, and two relatively dry summer months.
Climate data for Shamakhi | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.7 (38.7) |
4.1 (39.4) |
8.2 (46.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
21.2 (70.2) |
25.8 (78.4) |
29.8 (85.6) |
28.8 (83.8) |
24.2 (75.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
10.7 (51.3) |
6.4 (43.5) |
16.3 (61.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.1 (31.8) |
0.6 (33.1) |
3.9 (39.0) |
10.8 (51.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
19.9 (67.8) |
23.7 (74.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
6.0 (42.8) |
2.6 (36.7) |
11.3 (52.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.0 (26.6) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
0.8 (33.4) |
6.7 (44.1) |
11.2 (52.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
17.6 (63.7) |
13.7 (56.7) |
8.1 (46.6) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 42 (1.7) |
45 (1.8) |
73 (2.9) |
69 (2.7) |
74 (2.9) |
54 (2.1) |
21 (0.8) |
19 (0.7) |
36 (1.4) |
73 (2.9) |
49 (1.9) |
40 (1.6) |
595 (23.4) |
Average rainy days | 8 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 88 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 103.1 | 92.5 | 112.8 | 179.7 | 211.8 | 258.7 | 279.4 | 252.8 | 211.8 | 152.3 | 110.7 | 113.7 | 2,079.3 |
Source: NOAA[26] |
Demographics
Ethnic groups
From the 16th century up until the 18th century, Armenians in Shamakhi formed the majority of the population.[27][28] According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, Shamakhi—then known as Shemakha—had a population of 27,732 in 1916, including 14,811 men and 12,941 women, 27,259 of whom were the permanent population and 493 were temporary residents. Its ethnoreligous composition was as follows:[29]
Nationality | Number | % |
---|---|---|
Shia Muslims
|
12,522 | 45.12 |
Sunni Muslims
|
8,605 | 31.01 |
Armenians | 4,534 | 16.34 |
Russians | 1,737 | 6.26 |
North Caucasians
|
214 | 0.77 |
Jews | 136 | 0.49 |
Other Europeans
|
4 | 0.01 |
TOTAL | 27,752 | 100.00 |
The majority of the population is Azerbaijani, while Russians, Lezgins and Tats constitute other minorities. They speak the Azerbaijani language, Russian language, Lezgian language and Tat language respectively.[citation needed]
Religion
The
The mosque was restored several times in the Middle Ages Century during the Shamakhi earthquake in 1856 and 1902 was destroyed. First reconstructed was done by Gasim Hajibababayov and later by Iosif Ploško. The last restoration work at the mosque was carried out in 2010–2013.
Economy
After the Decree "On measures to accelerate socio-economic development in the Republic of Azerbaijan", signed by Ilham Aliyev on 24 November 2003 and the "State Program on Socio-Economic Development of the Regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan" approved by the head of state, began to increase living standards in Shamakhi along with other regions.[3]
Thus, at Shamakhi carpet shop where were installed 40 pieces of machine tools, which belongs to "Star" LTD, weave carpets such as "Guba-Shirvan", "Nakhchivan", "Garabagh" and "Tabriz". In 2005, at the Shamakhi TV Production Plant built by "Star" LTD, "Star" branded 37, 54, 72, 74 "LCD", "Plasma", "CV" and digital "Receivers" are produced based on spare parts of Toshiba "VCD".[32]"Star" LTD has invested $10 million in the construction of the AzSamand mini-car production plant.[32][33]
The building of the Historical-Ethnographic Museum named S.Shirvani was renovated and the bust of 12 great figures from the Shamakhi region was laid in the yard of the museum.
Culture
In the 19th century the town became famous due Shamakhi dancers, the principal dancers of the entertainment groups, similarly to tawaifs.[34] The city is home to Shirvan Domes, a 15th-century mausoleum and graveyard located at the foot of Gulistan Fortress.[35][36]
Music and media
One can trace the music scene in Shamakhi back to ancient times and to the villages of Baku, generally revered as the fountainhead of mugham in Azerbaijan.[37]
Education
Shamakhi Humanitarian College
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Shamakhi is
|
Notable residents
The city's notable residents include: philosopher
-
Abbas Sahhat, one of prominent poets in Azerbaijani literature.
-
Gostan Zarian, an Armenian writer and poet.
-
Fuzûlî's traditions in his love-lyrical poems.
-
Mirza Alakbar Sabir, one of the founders of the satirical trend in Azerbaijani literature.
Gallery
-
Şamaxı in 1656. From Adam Olearius book
-
Şamaxı in 1849
-
Şamaxı female dancers by Grigory Gagarin, 1847
-
Young Azeri girl from Şamaxı, 1883
-
Azerbaijani woman from Şamaxı in the 19th century
-
Dancing in Şamaxı by Grigory Gagarin, 1840
-
Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory
-
Şamaxı pass in winter
-
Shamakhi in 19th century
-
Shamakhi in 19th century
See also
- Lankaran
- Qabala
- Ganja, Azerbaijan
- Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory
- Armenians in Shamakhi
- Shamakhi Fortress
Notes
References
- ^ Archived 6 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine[dead link]
- ^ "Soumac". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Şamaxı şəhərinin tarixi". Archived from the original on 3 August 2016.
- ^ Yule, Henry; Beazley, Charles (1911). Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 810–811. . In
- ^ Viaggi fatti da Vinetia, alla Tana, in Persia, in India, et in Costantinopoli: con la descrittione particolare di città, luoghi, siti, costumi et della Porta del gran Turco... (in Italian). nelle case de figlivoli di Aldo. 1543.
- ^ Fisher et al. 1986, pp. 212, 245.
- ^ Извѣстiя Англичанъ о Россiи во второй половинѣ XVI вѣка. Переводъ съ Англiйскаго, съ предисловiемъ С. М. Середонина, p. 63
- ISBN 978-0-14-043073-8.
- ^ E. A Kərimov (1964). "Rus elmində XV — XIX-in birinci rübündə Azərbaycanın etnoqrafiya tədqiqatının tarixindən". Azərbaycan etnoqrafiya toplusu. Bakı: Azərbaycan SSR EA Nəşriyyatı. pp. 202–204, 210, 217.
- ^ [Adam Olearius. Relation du voyage de Adam Olearius en Moscovie, Tartarie et Perse..., vol. 1, traduit de l'allemand par A. de Wicquefort, Paris, 1666, pp. 405–406]
- ^ Efendi, Evliya; Hammer (Translator), Joseph (1850). Narrative of Travels, Europe, Asia and Africa. London. p. 160.
{{cite book}}
:|last2=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Willem Floor and Hasan Javadi, The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran.
- ^ Willem Floor and Hasan Javadi, The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran, стр. 572.
- ^ a b Fisher et al. 1991, p. 316.
- ^ a b Axworthy 2010, p. 42.
- ^ Axworthy 2010, p. 62.
- ^ Matthee 2005, p. 28.
- ^ "Shamaki, reckoned the capital of this province, stands on a river which falls into the Caspian sea, and is about sixty-six miles from Derbent towards the south, and ninety-two from Gangea to the south-east. This city was one of the best and most populous of Persia, before it was destroyed by an earthquake. It is, however, supposed to contain near 60,000 inhabitants, chiefly Armenians and strangers, whom the pleasantness of the country and traffic have invited thither" (An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time, by George Sale, George Psalmanazar, Archibald Bower, George Shelvocke, John Campbell, John Swinton, vol. 43, London, 1765, p. 138)
- ^ The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, vol. XI, London, 1833, pp. 174–175.
- ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 21, Philadelphia, 1894, p. 831, article "Shirvan".
- ^ "Шемаха / Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Эфрона". gatchina3000.ru. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ "The Develpoment of Carpet Weaving in Azerbaijan". 17 April 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ "Shamakhy Outlook". discoverazerbaijan.az. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ "Shamakhi's seismic history". seismology.az. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ "Samaxi Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-14-043073-8.
- ^ "Shamaki, reckoned the capital of this province, stands on a river which falls into the Caspian sea, and is about sixty-six miles from Derbent towards the south, and ninety-two from Gangea to the south-east. This city was one of the best and most populous of Persia, before it was destroyed by an earthquake. It is, however, supposed to contain near 60,000 inhabitants, chiefly Armenians and strangers, whom the pleasantness of the country and traffic have invited thither" (An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time, by George Sale, George Psalmanazar, Archibald Bower, George Shelvocke, John Campbell, John Swinton, vol. 43, London, 1765, p. 138)
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
- ^ "Azərbaycan Prezidenti Şamaxı şəhərindəki Cümə məscidinin bərpası ilə əlaqədar tədbirlər haqqında sərəncam verib". Trend.az. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "Şamaxıdakı Cümə məscidi yenidən qurulur".
- ^ a b ""Evsen" Group of Companies || Official web site". www.evsengroup.az.
- ^ "Iranian official visits Azerbaijan's Shamakhi city". 2 May 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ Ими восхищался Дюма by Emil Karimov and Mehpara Aliyeva. Azeri.ru
- ^ "Shamakhi Travel Guide - Tours, Attractions and Things To Do". www.advantour.com. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ "Tourism in Azerbaijan – Explore Azerbaijan and Cities". Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ "Azerbaijani mugham's history". ocaz.eu. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "Protocol signed about twin cities – Shamakhi and Igdir". www.today.az. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "Azərbaycanın Şamaxı və İsrailin Tirat Karmel şəhərləri qardaşlaşıblar – FOTO". Milli.Az (in Azerbaijani). 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ^ "Məhəmməd Hadi". azerbaijans.com.
Sources
- ISBN 978-0857721938.
- Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1986). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 6. Cambridge: ISBN 978-0521200943.
- Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. Cambridge: ISBN 978-0521200950.
- Matthee, Rudolph P. (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500–1900. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691118550.
Further reading
- Oriental Translation Fund.