Šokci
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Total population | |
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Overall unknown; 607 in Serbia Roman Catholicism | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Bunjevci, Croats and South Slavs |
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Croats |
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Šokci (
Population
Šokci are considered to be a native population of Slavonia and Syrmia in Croatia.
Ethnonym
The term Šokac (masculine), Šokica and Šokčica (feminine), is used for the part of Croatian
Matija Petar Katančić (1750–1825), the first to theorize on the name,[7] connected the ethnonym with the toponym of Succi or Succus in Thrace, found in the work of Ammianus Marcellinus (fl. 353–378).[8] He also derived it from šljivov sok (plum juice).[5] Ćiro Truhelka derived it from Albanian shoq < Latin sočius, but comparison to Montenegrin surname Šoć makes it dismissive.[5] Others, including Vuk Karadžić, derived it from Italian word sciocco [ˈʃɔkko] ("frenzied, insane").[5][9] F. Kluge (1924) derived it from German schock, "a detachment of 60 men", which was the size of historical border patrols on the Sava.[7] V. Skarić (1932) theorized that it was derived from German der Sachse ("Saxon", sh. Sas), for which there's lack of historical evidence.[5][7] Petar Skok derived it from Turkish-Persian noun šoh ~ suh ("wicked, shameless, unclean") with suffix "-gin, -kin" ("unclean"). In his unfinished etymological dictionary published in 1973, the editors considered most reasonable the Romanian şoacăţ with primary meaning a mouse, and secondary meaning a mockery for Western Europeans (especially Germans) who dressed in urban fashion, from which derives adjective şoacăfesc (German), abstraction įoacăţie.[5] Other assumptions are from Serbo-Croatian word skok or uskok ("to jump, leap, to jump in"),[9] or from folk etymology šaka ("fist"), from the way they make the sign of the cross which is different from Orthodox's sign with three fingers.[9]
Origin
The origin of Šokci people is not completely clear. The prevalent opinion of modern scholars, based on etymology, is that they were Catholics who moved from the south, across the Sava from Bosnia, by the end of the Ottoman wars in Europe, as the Ottomans were retreating.[6] The Šokci in Baranja are considered to be descendants of settlers from a mass migration of Croats from an area near Srebrenica, Bosnia into the region after the Ottoman retreat in the 18th century.[10] Šokci are considered to be an autochthonous population of Slavonia and Syrmia,[11][12] which distinguishes them from the majority of the present-day population of these regions who are descendants of other settlements.[citation needed] The feeling of being indigenous rather than a settler is an important characteristic of the population.[6]
History
17th century
The earliest known
18th century
In the 1702 census of
According to the Austrian census in Bačka from 1715, Serbs, Bunjevci, and Šokci comprised 97.6% of population.[14] The 1720 census in Bačka recorded 72% Serbs and 22% Bunjevci and Šokci.[15] After the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), the first Habsburg census recorded in Banat about 20,000 citizens, mostly Serbs.[16]
19th century
In the old
20th century
According to the 1910 census in Austria-Hungary, there were 88,209 Bunjevci and Šokci in the Hungarian part.[17]
Contemporary
Šokci living in
In general, the number and the percentage of the Šokci has decreased because of an unwritten policy that each family should have only one child, because they did not wish to divide their estate and other riches in each following generation. Unfortunately such a practice worked up until the 19th/20th century, at which point they were practically overwhelmed in number by the immigrants which had a much larger reproduction rate (certainly over two children per family at the time).[citation needed]
Villages with numerous Šokac population in the region of Bačka are: Sonta (Apatin municipality), Bački Breg and Bački Monoštor (Sombor municipality). In 2002 census in Serbia, most of the inhabitants of these villages declared themselves as Croats.
Most of the Hungarian Šokci live in the Baranya region, particularly in the town of Mohács.
Religion
The Šokci are
Language
The Šokci speak an old-
Culture
Traditions
Many of the traditions of the Šokci are influenced by their environment – they live in the fertile
Families often keep poultry, particularly ducks and geese, although the main source of meat are the pigs, which are almost inevitably kept by a Šokac. They enjoy pork-based products such as ham, sausages (particularly
The abundance in which they have traditionally lived has made the Šokci a naturally merry people, who pay a lot of attention to folklore. Each Šokac village inevitably has a cultural society where they cultivate their folk songs and dances. A popular folk custom is the bećarac. They also hold a yearly festivity called the "Šokačko sijelo", held over a nine-day period in February, being the largest traditional event in the area of Posavina near Županja, featuring local culture and traditions.
Music
The most recognisable feature of Šokci culture is their music which is played mostly on the
Folk costumes
The traditional outfit of the Šokci, called the rubina, is made of white linen cloth with lace decorations, and the main part of it is a blouse called oplećak i krila. The women mostly wear the entire outfit only in the summer, replacing it with a wool skirt in the winter. The most esteemed decoration of a Šokac outfit are the gold coins known as dukati (ducats). A rich Šokac girl would have a large number of dukati weaved onto her chest not only as a decoration but as a clear sign that she comes from a wealthy family.
Prominent individuals
- Josip Šokčević, Croatian ban, born in Vinkovci
- Mara Švel-Gamiršek,[citation needed] Croatian writer
- Matija Antun Relković, Croatian writer, born in Davor
- Julijana Matanović,[citation needed] Croatian writer
- Josip Kozarac, Croatian writer, born in Vinkovci
- Ivan Kozarac, Croatian writer, born in Vinkovci
- Ilija Okrugić, Croatian writer, born in Sremski Karlovci
- Martin Novoselac, Croatian football player and coach, born in Vinkovci
- Ivica Olić,[21] Croatian professional footballer, born in Davor
- Ivan Rakitić,[22] Croatian professional footballer, father from Sikirevci
- Goran Vlaović, Croatian professional footballer, born in Nova Gradiška
- Fabijan Šovagović, Croatian actor, born in Ladimirevci
- European Footballer of the Year in 1967, born in Hercegszántó[23]
- Mario Mandžukić,[21] Croatian professional footballer, born in Slavonski Brod
Gallery
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Šokacwine cellars in Draž, Croatia
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Catholic Church in the Šokac village of Bački Monoštor, Serbia
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Catholic Church in the Šokac village of Bački Breg, Serbia
See also
References
- ^ Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији (PDF) (in Serbian). Retrieved 22 April 2017.
- ^ a b Croatian 2001 census, detailed classification by nationality
- ^ a b Ljubica Gligorević (2004). "Etnološke znakovitosti". Vukovarsko-srijemska županija (special ed.). SN Privlačica Vinkovci / Vukovar-Srijem County. pp. 60–69. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- ^ Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: Становништво према националној припадности – „Остали“ етничке заједнице са мање од 2000 припадника и двојако изјашњени
- ^ JAZU. pp. 406–407.
- ^ a b c Pšihistal, 2011, pp. 86–88
- ^ a b c Proceedings for social sciences. Vol. 47. Matica srpska. 1967. pp. 135–137.
- ^ Matija Petar Katančić (1798). De Istro ejusque adcolis commentatio in qua autochthones illyrii ex genere Thracio advenae item apud illyrios a primis rerum publicarum temporibus ad nostram usque aetatem praesertim quod originem, linguam et literaturam eorumdem spectat deducuntur, aucto. typis Universitatis Pestinensis. pp. 109–.
- ^ ISBN 978-963-05-7919-3.
- ^ Hadžihusejnović-Valašek, 1993, p. 182
- ^ Pšihistal 2011, p. 88.
- ^ Pšihistal 2011, p. 106.
- ^ a b c Fine, 2006, p. 481
- ^ "An International Symposium "Southeastern Europe 1918-1995"".
- ^ Jovan Pejin, Velikomađarski kapric, Zrenjanin, 2007, page 28.
- ^ Milan Tutorov, Banatska rapsodija, Novi Sad, 2001, page 261.
- ISBN 978-1-55753-443-9.
- ^ "Methodological explanations" (ZIP/PDF). 2002 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. May 2003. p. 8. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- ^ "Final Results of the Census 2002" (PDF). Republic of Serbia – Republic Statistical Office. 24 December 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- ^ Pšihistal, 2011, p. 105
- ^ a b "Olić za petak najavio svoj klasični angažman: 'Prolit ću znoja i za pet utakmica!'" (in Croatian). Zagreb: Jutarnji.hr.
- ^ "IVAN RAKITIĆ OTKRIO ŽIDAKU 'Igram najbolje u karijeri jer sam uz Raquel najsretniji u životu'" (in Croatian). Zagreb: Jutarnji.hr.
U mojem selu, u Sikirevcima, ima mnoštvo Rakitića, ali samo jedan mi je rođak. A svi se zovu Ivan Rakitić. Šokci smo sto posto...
- ^ (in Croatian) Hrvatski glasnik br.33/2007. Počasni građanin Santova, 16 August 2007, p. 5
Sources
- Ante Sekulić (1989). Bački Bunjevci i Šokci. Školska knj. ISBN 978-86-03-99172-7.
- Ivan Ivanić (1899). Bunjevci i Šokci u Bačkoj, Baranji i Lici. Dr. Dimitrijević.
- Pšihistal, Ružica (June 2011). "The Ethnomyth of Šokci". Narodna Umjetnost: Croatian Journal of Ethnology and Folklore Research. 48 (1). Zagreb, Croatia: Institute of Ethonology and Folklore Research. ISSN 0547-2504. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- Hadžihusejnović-Valašek, Miroslava (March 1993). "Baranja je "tvrd orah". Analiza istraživanja i popularizacije tradicijske baranjske folklorne glazbe" [Baranja is "tough nut". Records and popularisation analysis of traditional Baranja folk music] (PDF). Studia ethnologica Croatica (in Croatian). 4 (1). Department of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology, ISSN 1330-3627. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
- John Van Antwerp Fine (2006). When ethnicity did not matter in the Balkans: a study of identity in pre-nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the medieval and early-modern periods. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11414-6.
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (May 2010) |
- (in Serbian) Mile Nedeljković: Leksikon naroda sveta, Beograd, 2001.
- (in Croatian) Tko su Šokci? (Who are the Šokci?)
- (in Croatian) O porijeklu Šokaca, iz knjige "Zagrebačka Šokadija" (On the origin of Šokci, from the book "Šokadija of Zagreb")
- (in Serbian) "KOLIKO SE POZNAJEMO?" – brochure of the Vojvodina project "AFIRMACIJA MULTIKULTURALIZMA I TOLERANCIJE U VOJVODINI"