Ukrainian Ye
| Cyrillic letter Ukrainian Ye | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ꙕ | Ю̂ |  |  | Ꙗ | |||
| Я̈ | Я̂ | Я̨ | Ԙ | Ѥ | Ѧ | Ꙙ | Ѫ |
| Ꙛ | Ѩ | Ꙝ | Ѭ | Ѯ | Ѱ | Ѳ | Ѵ |
| Ѷ | Ꙟ | ||||||
- Church Slavonic, it is considered a variant form of Ye (Е е) (there, the selection of Є and Е is driven by orthography rules). Until the mid-19th century, Є/є was also used in Romanian and Serbian (the letter was eliminated in Vuk Karadžić's alphabet and replaced by digraph је). Other modern Slavonic languages may use Є/є shapes instead of Е/е for decorative purposes. Then, the letter is usually referred to by the older name Yest (which also refers to the conventional Ye). If the two need to be distinguished, the descriptive name Broad E is sometimes used (in contrast with "Narrow E"). It can also be found in the writing of the Khanty language.
In Ukrainian, Є/є commonly represents the sound /je/ or /jɛ/ like the pronunciation of ⟨ye⟩ in "yes". (See usage for more detail.)
Ukrainian Ye is romanized as ⟨je⟩, ⟨ê⟩, or even ⟨e⟩. See scientific transliteration of Cyrillic.
Ukrainian Ye also looks like a backwards version of Э judging by their appearance. (Є/Э)
History
Letter Є/є was derived from one of the variant forms of Cyrillic
Iotated E (Ѥ ѥ) of older monuments. Certain old primers and grammar books of Church Slavonic language had listed Є/є as a letter distinct from Е/е and placed it near the end of the alphabet (the exact alphabet position varies). Among modern-style Cyrillic scripts (known as "civil script" or "Petrine script"), Є/є was first used in Serbian books (end of the 18th century and first half of the 19th century); sometimes, Serbian printers might be using Э/э instead of Є/є due to font availability. For the modern Ukrainian language, Є/є has been used since 1837 (orthography of almanach "Русалка Днѣстровая" (Rusalka Dnistrovaya)). In Cyrillic numerals, Є is always preferred to E to represent 5.Usage
Serbian postage stamp from 1869, cancelled in Kragujevac, with є used to spell "је". Ukrainian and Rusyn
In Ukrainian and Rusyn (as well as in old Serbian orthography), Є/є represents the sound combination /je/ or the vowel sound /e/ after a palatalized consonant.
Khanty
In Khanty, the letter represents the sound /je/.
Old Slavonic, Old East Slavic
In the oldest Slavonic manuscripts, Є was just a graphical variant of Е and thus represents /e/ without palatalization. Later Є replaced
singular).New Church Slavonic
Since the mid-17th century, the Church Slavonic orthography has the following main rules related to the usage of shapes Є and Е:
- in an initial position, always use Є;
- otherwise, use Е with the following exceptions:
- in noun's endings, use -євъ and -ємъ for plural and -евъ, -емъ for singular;
- in other endings, suffixes and roots of nouns, adjectives, participles, numerals and pronouns, use Є for plural/dual, if there exists a homonymous form in the singular (either of the same word or a different one; the actual rule is much more complicated and not well-defined, as there are multiple other ways to eliminate such homonymy);
- publishers from Kyiv also use Є in the genitive case of three pronouns (менє, тебє, себє), and Е in the accusative case (мене, тебе, себе);
- as a numerical sign (with value 5) use Є, not Е (the rule has often been ignored outside of the Russian Empire).
In the modern Church Slavonic alphabet, the 6th letter is typically shown as Єєе (one uppercase accompanied with two variants of lowercase).
The different shapes Є and Е exist only in lowercase; thus in all caps and small caps styles, the distinction between Є and Е disappears.
Old Believers print their books using an older variant of New Church Slavonic language. Its orthography combines the fully formal system described above with the older tradition to use Є phonetically (after vowels, to represent iotated /je/).
Similar characters
The United States
Cambrian Period in geologic history.[1]Є is similar to the symbol for the euro currency ⟨€⟩.
Related letters and other similar characters
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon
- Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter Epsilon
- Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
- Ё ё : Cyrillic letter Yo
- Э э : Cyrillic letter E
- Ԑ ԑ : Cyrillic letter Reversed Ze
- E e : Latin letter E
- Ê ê : Latin letter E with circumflex - a Gagauz, Kurdish, Podlachian, and Vietnamese letter
- Ꞓ ꞓ : Latin letter Ꞓ
- ∈ or ∊: Element (mathematics)
- € : Euro Sign
Computing codes
Character information Preview Є є Unicode name CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER
UKRAINIAN IECYRILLIC SMALL LETTER
UKRAINIAN IEEncodings decimal hex dec hex Unicode 1028 U+0404 1108 U+0454 UTF-8 208 132 D0 84 209 148 D1 94 Numeric character reference Є Є є є Named character reference Є є KOI8-U 180 B4 164 A4 Code page 855 135 87 134 86 Code page 866 242 F2 243 F3 Windows-1251 170 AA 186 BA ISO-8859-5164 A4 244 F4 Macintosh Cyrillic184 B8 185 B9 References
- ^ Federal Geographic Data Committee, ed. (August 2006). FGDC Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization FGDC-STD-013-2006 (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey for the Federal Geographic Data Committee. p. A–32–1. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
Further reading
- Півторак Г. П. Український алфавіт // Українська мова: Енциклопедія. — К.: Українська енциклопедія, 2000. ISBN 966-7492-07-9— С. 679–680. (H. Pivtorak, "Ukrainian Alphabet")
External links
