Ḍād
Ḍād | |
---|---|
Arabic | ﺽ |
Phonemic representation | d̪ˤ~dˤ, d̪ˠ |
Position in alphabet | 26 |
Numerical value | 800 |
Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician |
Ḍād | |
---|---|
ﺽ | |
Usage | |
Writing system | d̪ˠ |
Alphabetical position | 15 |
History | |
Development |
|
Other | |
Writing direction | Right-to-left |
Ḍād (ﺽ) is one of the six letters the
In Modern Standard Arabic and many dialects, it represents an "
Position in word | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glyph form: (Help) |
ض | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ |
Origin
Based on ancient descriptions of this sound, it is clear that in
This is an extremely unusual sound, and led the early Arabic grammarians to describe Arabic as the لغة الضاد lughat aḍ-ḍād "the language of the ḍād", since the sound was thought to be unique to Arabic.[1] The emphatic lateral nature of this sound is possibly inherited from
The reconstruction of
The letter itself is distinguished a derivation, by addition of a
Pronunciation
The standard pronunciation of this letter in
In most Bedouin influenced Arabic vernaculars ض ḍād and ظ ẓāʾ merged quite early;[2] in the varieties where the dental fricatives are preserved such as Bedouin Arabic and Mesopotamian Arabic, both the letters are pronounced /ðˤ/.[2][4][6] However, there are dialects in South Arabia and in Mauritania and the Sahrawi where both the letters are kept different but not in all contexts.[2] In other vernaculars such as Egyptian ض ḍād and ظ ẓāʾ contrast; but Classical Arabic ẓāʾ becomes /zˤ/, e.g. ʿaẓīm [ʕɑˈzˤiːm] (< Classical عظيم ʿaḏ̣īm [ʕɑˈðˤiːm]) "great".[2][4][8]
"De-emphaticized" pronunciation of both letters in the form of the plain /z/ entered into other non-Semitic languages such as Persian, Urdu, and Turkish.
Transliteration
ض is transliterated as ḍ (D with underdot) in romanization. The combination ⟨dh⟩ is also sometimes used colloquially. In varieties where the Ḍād has merged with the Ẓāʾ, the symbol for the latter might be used for both (eg. ⟨ظل⟩ 'to stay' and ⟨ضل⟩ 'to be lost' may both be transcribed as ḏ̣al in Gulf Arabic).
When transliterating Arabic in the Hebrew alphabet, it is either written as
In Judeo-Arabic orthography, it has been written as צׄ/ץׄ(tsade with holam), emulating Arabic orthography, where the letter is created by adding a dot to ṣād ص.
Unicode
Preview | ض | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | ARABIC LETTER DAD | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 1590 | U+0636 |
UTF-8 | 216 182 | D8 B6 |
Numeric character reference | ض |
ض |
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 9780748614363.
- ^ ISBN 9781575060453.
- ^ Alqahtani, Khairiah (June 2015). A sociolinguistic study of the Tihami Qahtani dialect in Asir, Southern Arabia (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Essex. pp. 45, 46.
- ^ ISBN 9004117652.
- JSTOR 410601.
- ^ ISBN 9004105115.
- ^ Roman, André (1983). Étude de la phonologie et de la morphologie de la koiné arabe. Vol. 1. Aix-en-Provence: Université de Provence. pp. 162–206.
- ISBN 978-3-11-025158-6.