0-4-0

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0-4-0
Diagram of two wheels, coupled together with a coupling rod
Richard Trevithick's Coalbrookedale
Equivalent classifications
UIC classB
French class020
Turkish class22
Swiss class2/2
Russian class0-2-0
First known tank engine version
First usec. 1850
CountryUnited Kingdom
RailwayCaledonian Railway
DesignerRobert Sinclair
BenefitsTotal engine mass as adhesive weight
DrawbacksInstability at speed
First known tender engine version
First usec. 1802
CountryUnited Kingdom
LocomotiveCoalbrookedale
DesignerRichard Trevithick
BuilderRichard Trevithick

Under the

gear wheel, but from 1825 the wheels were usually connected with coupling rods
to form a single driven set.

The notation 0-4-0T indicates a tank locomotive of this wheel arrangement on which its water and fuel is carried on board the engine itself, rather than in an attached tender.

In Britain, the Whyte notation of wheel arrangement was also often used for the classification of electric and diesel-electric locomotives with side-rod-coupled driving wheels.[1]

Under the

UIC classification
used in Europe and, in more recent years, in simplified form in the United States, a 0-4-0 is classified as B (German and Italian) if the axles are connected by side rods or gearing and 020 (French), independent of axle motoring. The UIC's Bo classification for electric and diesel-electric locomotives indicates that the axles are independently motored, which would be 0-2-2-0 under the Whyte notation.

Overview

0-4-0 locomotives were built as

tank engines
were introduced in the early 1850s. The type was found to be so useful in many locations that they continued to be built for more than a century and existed until the end of the steam era.

Locomotion No. 1

Rainhill Trials in 1829. The latter two locomotives later worked on the Bolton and Leigh Railway
.

A four-wheeled configuration, where all the wheels are

shunter locomotives (United Kingdom). Because of the lack of stability, tender engines
of this type were only built for a few decades in the United Kingdom. They were built for a longer period in the United States.

The possible

, or as shop switchers.

The wheel arrangement was also used on specialised types such as

narrow gauge
railways.

Usage

Australia

In New South Wales, Dorrigo Steam Railway and Museum has preserved twelve 0-4-0 steam locomotives and eight 0-4-0 diesel locomotives, a total of twenty examples, all on the one site.

Austria

Achenseebahn 2

In Tyrol, Achensee Railway operates three 0-4-0 geared steam cog locomotives on their 1 meter narrow gauge tourist railway and has one on display. The locomotives were originally built by Wiener Lokomotivfabrik, but one has been rebuilt from scavenged parts.

Angola

Catumbela Sugar's diesel shunter No. 963, Angola

The Catumbela Sugar Estate in Angola operated a narrow gauge line on the estate. One of their 0-4-0 locomotives, Rührthaler Maschinen-Fabrik 963 of 1929, was later rebuilt with a diesel engine.[2]

Finland

Finnish Class Vk4 locomotive No. 68

Finland had the E1 and Vk4 classes with an 0-4-0 wheel arrangement.

The E1 was a class of only two locomotives, numbered 76 and 77.

The Vk4 was also a class of only two locomotives, built by

Finnish Railways and nicknamed Leena. It became No. 68 and is now the oldest working broad gauge locomotive in Finland, being preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum
.

Indonesia

The Samarang-Cheribon Stoomtram Maatschappij or SCS imported 27

Tanggung and Yogyakarta. They were built by Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz, Germany. They were a modern locomotive design for the time, equipped with a superheater
.

The largest allocation of SCS 100s were in

Tegal, Central Java for services to Purwokerto. Some were later converted to tram engines and worked in Tegal and Purwokerto
.

After Japanese occupation and Indonesian Independence, these locomotives were renumbered to B52 class. All 27 locomotives were in existence at the end of 1960, but by 1970 only 15 units remained. Two locomotives have been preserved, B5212 at the Transportation Museum of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah and B5210 at the Ambarawa Railway Museum.

New Zealand

The NZR A class of 1873 consisted of three engine types of similar specification but differing detail. They were British and New Zealand-built and several were preserved.

Philippines

The only examples of this type in the Philippines were the five Manila class light-duty tank locomotives built by Hunslet Engine Company for the Manila Railway. They were ordered in 1885 for the Tranvía system until they were used on the Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan in the 1890s.[3] After being retired from the Manila Railroad in 1927, Manila was sold to the newly-formed Central Azucarrera de Tarlac, where it was made into a tank-tender locomotive until the 1980s. The locomotive was scrapped by c. 1991.[citation needed]

South Africa

Brunel gauge

East London Harbour's 0-4-0VB construction locomotive

In 1847, the government of the

7 ft 14 in (2,140 mm) Brunel gauge engines which were placed in service on breakwater construction at Table Bay Harbour in 1862 and East London Harbour in 1874.[4][5]

Standard gauge

Blackie, the first locomotive in South Africa, later rebuilt to 0-4-2T

In September 1859 Messrs. E. & J. Pickering, contractors to the Cape Town Railway and Dock Company for the construction of the Cape Town-Wellington railway line, imported a small 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) broad gauge 0-4-0 side-tank steam locomotive from England for use during the construction of the railway. This was the first locomotive in South Africa. In 1874 the locomotive was rebuilt to a 0-4-2T configuration before it was shipped to Port Alfred, where it served as construction locomotive on the banks of the Kowie river and was nicknamed Blackie. It has been declared a heritage object and was plinthed in the main concourse of Cape Town station.[6][10]

Natal plinthed at Durban station

The first railway locomotive to run in revenue earning service in South Africa was a small broad gauge 0-4-0WT well tank engine named Natal, manufactured by Carrett, Marshall and Company of Leeds. It made its inaugural run from Market Square to Point station in Durban during the official opening of the first operating railway in South Africa on Tuesday, 26 June 1860.[6][11][12][13][14]

In 1865, the Natal Railway Company obtained a saddle-tank locomotive with a 0-4-0 wheel arrangement from Kitson and Company. This was the Natal Railway's second locomotive and was named Durban.[6][15]

In 1878, while construction work by the Kowie Harbour Improvement Company was underway at Port Alfred, the Cape Government Railways acquired one broad gauge 0-4-0ST (Saddle Tank) locomotive named Aid from Fox, Walker and Company of Bristol for use as construction locomotive on the east bank of the Kowie river.[6]

Cape gauge

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of 0-4-0

South African Railways (SAR) stock in 1912, but were never classified.[8]

No. M2 Little Bess of 1873
  • In 1873 and 1874, three
    Cape gauge saddle-tank locomotives, built by Manning Wardle, were placed in service by the Cape Government Railways, two on the Midland System in 1873 and the third on the Western System in 1874. They were the first Cape gauge locomotives to enter service in South Africa.[4][8][16]
  • In 1874, a
    Port Elizabeth. The locomotive was of a smaller design than the earlier locomotives of 1873.[16][17]
  • Between 1875 and 1882, six saddle-tank locomotives with domeless boilers and three with domes were placed in service on all three systems of the CGR. They were all designated First Class when a classification system was adopted.[4][8][9][16]
  • In 1881, two Cape gauge saddle tank locomotives with a 0-4-0 wheel arrangement were placed in service by Teague and Company, who operated Teague's Tramway at the Kimberley diamond mine. In 1885 one was sold to the mine and the other to the CGR for use during the construction of a temporary rail bridge across the Orange River at Norvalspont. In the process the CGR locomotive, nicknamed Coffee Pot, became the first locomotive to run across the border between the Cape Colony and the Orange Free State.[4][18]
  • Hawthorn Leslie and Company between 1881 and 1904. Eleven survived to come into SAR stock in 1912, but were not included in the renumbering schedules or classified.[4][8][9]
NZASM 14 Tonner 0-4-0T
Durban Harbour's Congella
  • In 1902 the Harbours Department of the Natal Government placed a single 0-4-0 saddle-tank locomotive in service as harbour shunter in Durban Harbour. It was built by Hudswell, Clarke and named Congella.[4]
  • In 1903, a single 0-4-0ST locomotive, built by New Lowca Engineering, was delivered to the Port Elizabeth Harbour Board.[4]
  • After the Harbour Boards were disbanded, some locomotives entered SAR harbour service as previously owned. Two locomotives named Stormberg and Thebus were originally built by Hudswell Clarke for the South African Public Works Department in 1903. They were acquired by the SAR in 1916, but were named instead of being classified and numbered.[4]
  • The CGR acquired a single self-contained Railmotor with a 0-4-0T+4 wheel arrangement for low-volume passenger service. The railmotor was a 0-4-0 side-tank locomotive with a passenger coach as an integral part of the locomotive itself, with a four-wheeled bogie under the coach end.[20]
Clayton railmotor
  • In 1907, the Central South African Railways also acquired a single self-contained Railmotor with a 0-4-0T+4 wheel arrangement.[21]
  • In 1929, the South African Railways acquired a single self-contained Clayton railmotor with a 0-4-0+4 wheel arrangement for low-volume passenger service. The vehicle was a vertical boilered steam locomotive with a passenger coach which was an integral part of the locomotive itself.[22]
  • In 1941, long after the Harbour Boards had ceased to exist, a contractor's locomotive which had been imported c. 1939 for use on the Foreshore land reclamation project in Cape Town was bought by the SAR for use as dock shunter in Table Bay Harbour. It had been built in 1909 by Orenstein & Koppel and on the SAR it was numbered SAR-H&NW no. 69.[4][23]

Narrow gauges

Cape Copper Company Condenser no. T198 John Taylor

Between 1886 and 1888,

O'okiep in the Cape Colony. They were the first condensing steam locomotives to enter service in South Africa. They were later rebuilt as conventional well-tank locomotives.[24]

In 1899, Rand Mines acquired two narrow gauge tank steam locomotives from Avonside Engine Company and in 1900 a similar locomotive was delivered to Reynolds Brothers Sugar Estates in Natal. In 1915, when an urgent need arose for additional narrow gauge locomotives in German South West Africa during the First World War, these three locomotives were purchased second-hand by the South African Railways.[8][25]

SAR Class NG1 number 40

In 1900 the British War Office placed two Sirdar class 0-4-0T tank steam locomotives in service on a 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge line near Germiston in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, where the Royal Engineers had established a siege park during the Second Boer War. The locomotives were built by Kerr, Stuart and Company. At the end of the war, the two Sirdar locomotives were sold to a farmer, who used them on a firewood line between Pienaarsrivier and Pankop, until the line and locomotives were taken over by the Central South African Railways (CSAR). In 1912, when these locomotives were assimilated into the SAR, they were renumbered with an "NG" prefix to their numbers. When a system of grouping narrow gauge locomotives into classes was eventually introduced by the SAR somewhere between 1928 and 1930, they were designated Class NG1.[8][26]

In 1902, the CGR placed a single narrow gauge tank steam locomotive in service on the Avontuur branch, built by Manning Wardle, classified Type C and named Midget. In 1912, this locomotive was assimilated into the South African Railways and renumbered. It was sold to the West Rand Consolidated Mines near Krugersdorp in 1921.[8][25]

A single

Port Elizabeth.[25][27]

United Kingdom

Tank locomotives

Aveling & Porter Loco, Chatham Dockyard

The tank engine versions of the wheel arrangement began to appear in the United Kingdom in the early 1850s, with the first significant class being six saddle tanks designed by Robert Sinclair for the Caledonian Railway.

Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 0-4-0ST locomotive WREN

By 1860 the type was very popular and it continued to be built in significant numbers for both mainline and industrial railways, almost to the end of steam traction. Hudswell Clarke were supplying industrial saddle tanks until at least 1947,[28] and both Barclay and Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns until 1949.[29]

An interesting variation on this theme were the traction engine-based railway locomotives built by Aveling and Porter.

The last

British Railways 0-4-0ST dock shunters were built by Horwich Works
as late as 1955 and survived until 1966.

A locomotive based on these also appears in one of Mario Kart 8's Rainbow Road tracks.

Tender locomotives

Furness Railway Locomotive No. 20, 1863

During the 1840s, the wheel arrangement was widely used by

North Eastern Railway between 1854 and 1868, the 0-4-0 tender locomotive had been largely superseded on Britain's mainline railways by 1850.[30]

United States

Tank locomotives

An early example of the 0-4-0 vertical boiler type was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Atlantic No. 2, built in 1832 by Phineas Davis and Israel Gartner. In the United States, the 0-4-0 tank locomotive was principally used for industrial railway purposes.

Tender locomotives

0-4-0 United States-built tender locomotive

In the United States, the

South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company by the West Point Foundry
of New York.

The

Camden and Amboy Railroad in New Jersey in 1831, but was later rebuilt as a 2-4-0
.

The

Pennsy
continued to build the type because it had a large amount of confined and tight industrial track, more than most other railroads had.

0-4-0 diesel locomotives

Andrew Barclay 0-4-0 diesel number 579 of 1972

The wheel arrangement was also used on a number of small 0-4-0DM

shunters produced by John Fowler & Co. and other builders in the 1930s and earlier. Similarly, it was perpetuated on a number of diesel-mechanical and 0-4-0DH diesel-hydraulic classes between 1953 and 1960 (see the List of British Rail modern traction locomotive classes
). Many of these were later sold for industrial use.

There are 0-4-0DE

switchers, such as the EMD Model 40
, were of this arrangement.

0-4-0 diesel-mechanical shunters are also Polish PKP class SM02 and PKP class SM03 and narrow gauge WLs40/50.

References

  1. ^ Whyte notation
  2. )
  3. ^ Corpuz, Arturo (May 1989). Railroads and regional development in the Philippines: Views from the colonial iron horse, 1875–1935 (Thesis). Cornell University. Retrieved 25 October 2021.[permanent dead link]
  4. ^ .
  5. ^
    Table Bay Harbour construction locomotives
  6. ^ .
  7. John Middleton on vertical boiler locomotives in South Africa
  8. ^ .
  9. ^ a b c d Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 2, 17. (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)
  10. ^ Blackie, Article by D. Littley, SA Rail September–October 1989, Published by RSSA, p. 133.
  11. ^ The South African Railways - Historical Survey (Editor George Hart, Publisher Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd, Circa 1978, pp. 6-8.)
  12. ^ Natal Society Foundation 2010 - Natalia 40 (2010) p20–31 - The first public railway in South Africa: The Point to Durban railway of 1860
  13. ^ Carrett Marshall & Co., Sun Foundry, Dewsbury Road, Leeds
  14. ^ Grace's Guide – The Best of British Engineering 1750-1960s
  15. ^ It's a Puzzlement, Article by Bruno Martin, SA Rail December 1990, pp. 214-215.
  16. ^ a b c C.G.R. Numbering Revised, Article by Dave Littley, SA Rail May–June 1993, pp. 94-95.
  17. ^ Railway History of South Africa no. 2 - Early Locomotives of the Cape Government Railway, Article by Leith Paxton, The Uloliwe, Vol 4 no 1, January 2013, pp. 62-63.
  18. John Middleton on the Coffee Pot
  19. ^ Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter IV - The N.Z.A.S.M.. South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, October 1944. pp. 761-764.
  20. ^ Metropolitan Amalgamated Railway Carriage and Wagon Company Ltd drawing no. 12640
  21. ^ CSAR General Manager's Reports, Extracts from the CSAR General Manager's Reports for 1906, 1907, 1908 & 1909.
  22. ^ Clayton Steam Rail Coach - From the Dave Rhind Collection, Railway History Group of South Africa, Pinelands, Cape Town.
  23. ^ Railway History Group of Southern Africa, Bulletin no. 114, January 2013: Notes on Cape Town Harbour Extension Contracts, by John Middleton
  24. .
  25. ^ .
  26. ^ Kerr, Stuart and Company works list
  27. ^ Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter II - The Cape Government Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, April 1944. pp. 254-255.
  28. ^ The Industrial Locomotive Society, Steam locomotives in industry, David and Charles, 1967, p.30.
  29. . p.161.
  30. .
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