10th century
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The 10th century was the period from 901 (represented by the Roman numerals CMI) through 1000 (M) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the last century of the 1st millennium.
In China, the
Lynn White mentions of the period that "to the modern eye, it is very nearly the darkest of the Dark Ages ... if it was dark, it was the darkness of the womb".[1] Caesar Baronius famously described it as the Iron Century, because it was ‘iron in its harshness and in its sterility of goodness', while Lorenzo Valla gave it the similar name "Age of Lead and Iron".[2]
: 2
Events
- c. 950: The beginning of the Medieval Warm Period.[3]
Africa
- The Christian Early history of Sudan).
- c. Kabylie, KutamaTribe.
- c. Nri Kingdom in what is now Southeastern Nigeriastarts.
- Fatimiddynasty.
- c. Fatimiddynasty.
Americas
- Collapse of the central lowland Maya civilization. Post-Classic Maya period begins. Chichen Itza becomes a regional capital on the Yucatán Peninsula
- Rise of the Toltecs in Mexico
- Golden age of the Pueblo II Era)
- The Mississippian culture begins in present-day Southern United States
- 987: Ah Mekat Tutul Xiu unified Uxmal, Mayapan, and Chichen Itza founding The League of Mayapan.
Asia
- Burma
- Seafarers and merchants from Champa had contacts with Brunei and Ma-i.[4]
- Zhu Quanzhong deposes Emperor Ai of Tang and establishes a new Later Liangdynasty.
- 907: Sumbing volcano erupts, according to Rukam inscription.
- 907: King Balitung creates the Mantyasih inscription containing the list of Mataram kings, moves the capital from Mamratipura to Poh Pitu, and expands Prambanan temple.
- ), which he also eventually conquers.
- 914: The Warmadewa dynasty rules Bali.[5]
- Wu fleet. Qian had used flamethrowersignited by gunpowder fuses to burn the Wu fleet.
- 928: Ziyarid dynasty is established in northern Iran.
- 928: During the reign of King Wawa, the capital of Mataram Kingdom in Kewu Plain is devastated, probably by the massive eruption of Mount Merapi.
- Shia Buyid dynasty establishes and controls central and western part of Iran as well as most of Iraq.
- Later Three Kingdoms of Korea.
- 937: Mpu Sindok moves the capital again from Tamwlang to Watugaluh, both near bank of Brantas River in modern Jombang in East Java.
- Zhao Kuangyin establishes Song dynasty.
- 960: Seljuksconvert to Islam.
- Kievan Rus.
- 971: Song dynasty recorded the ancient sovereign state of Ma-i on the list of states conducting trade in the south seas and the government's efforts to regulate and tax this "luxurious" trade.
- Sultanate, was established in Central Asia.
- 979: Song dynasty reunites China.
- Warmadewas.
- Coastal cities on the Malay Peninsula are the seed for the first recorded Malay kingdoms.
- 990: King Dharmawangsa of Mataram kingdom launches a naval invasion on Palembang in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Srivijaya. (to 1006)
- 990: Airlangga, son of King Udayana and Queen Mahendradatta was born in Bali.
- 996: Dharmawangsa commissioned the translation of the Mahabharata into Old Javanese.[7]
- Samanid dynasty was defeated and conquered by Ghaznavids.
Europe
- Vikinggroups settle in northern France.
- The Hungarian army destroys the Bavarian forces under duke Liutpold and king Louis the Child in the Battle of Pressburg. All the German force is annihilated.
- Foundation of Cluny, first federated monastic order.
- Emperor Simeon the Great solidifies the First Bulgarian Empireas one of the most powerful states in Europe.
- Incursions of ).
- Collapse of Great Moravia.
- Lions become extinct in Europe by this date, with the last dying in Caucasus.
- 907: Loire Vikings overrun Brittany; Breton court flees to the England of Edward the Elder.
- .
- Battle of Anchialus, one of the bloodiest battles in the Middle Ages.
- Bulgarian Patriarchate.
Political divisions within England, 10th century. - 927: Kingdom of England becomes a unified state.
- c. 936: Gorm the Old becomes the first recognized king of Denmark, and thus the Danish Monarchy is founded.
- 936: Alan II, with support from Æthelstan, commences the reconquest of Brittany.
- Otto Ithe Great, King of the Germans, over the Hungarian harka Bulcsú and the chieftains Lél (Lehel) and Súr.
- 966: Mieszko I, first duke of Poland, baptised a Christian.
- 968: Battle of Silistra between Kievan Rus and Bulgars.
- Norseman Erik the Red begins the colonisation of Greenland.
- unified kingdom under King Tomislav
- Vladimir I, Prince of Kievan Rus', baptised a Christian
- c. 1000: Establishment of the Eastern Settlement and Western Settlement in Greenland.
- Second half of the 10th century: Page with David the Psalmist, from the Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris.
- Late 10th or early 11th century: The Archangel Michael icon, is made. It is now kept at the Treasury of the Cathedral of Saint Mark, Venice.
Oceania
- c. 950: Formation of the Tu'i Tonga Empire and of the Tuʻi Tonga dynasty in Tonga.
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
- 10th century–12th century: Seated Guaryin Bodhisattva, is made during the Liao dynasty. It is now kept at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
- Construction begins on the Rajaraja Chola I.
- The first canal locksystem.
- Fire arrows are invented by the Chinese.
- Earliest known occurrence in Mexico of Lost-wax casting.
- Three of the Chinese characterseach.
- Hops first mentioned in connection with beer brewing.
- Zhang Sixun of China uses for the first time liquid mercury (element) instead of water to power the escapement mechanism rotating an armillary sphere, since liquid mercury does not freeze easily like water during winter, and does not rust metal parts.
Notes
- ^ Quoted in The Tenth Century: How Dark the Dark Ages?, edited by Robert Sabatino Lopez. Holt, Rinehart and Winston: 1959.
- ^ Barrow, Julia. "Authority and Reform. Historiographical Frameworks for Understanding Tenth and Eleventh-Century Bishops." The Medieval Low Countries 6 (2019): 9-25.
- ^ E. Mann, Michael (2009). "Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly" (PDF). geo.umass.edu. p. 1257. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ "Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE". Maritime Asia.
- ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.52
- ISBN 978-90-04-06196-5.
- ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.51
Further reading
- Heinrich Fichtenau: Living in the Tenth century: Mentalities and Social Orders (transl. Patrick J. Geary; Chicago cool London: 1991).