11th Airborne Division
11th Airborne Division | |
---|---|
Anchorage, Alaska | |
Nickname(s) | "Arctic Angels"[1] "Angels" (special designation) (hist.)[2] |
Engagements | World War II |
Insignia | |
Division's distinctive unit insignia | |
The division's WWII airborne background trimming (Type 2) | |
Current division trimming; a combination of the WWII and U.S. Army Alaska trimmings |
The 11th Airborne Division ("Arctic Angels"[1]) is a United States Army airborne formation based in Alaska.
First activated on 25 February 1943, during
In the summer of 2022 the
World War II
Formation
Inspired by the pioneering German use of large-scale airborne formations during the
The division initially remained in the United States for training, which in common with all airborne units was extremely arduous to befit their elite status.[10] Training included lengthy forced marches, simulated parachute landings from 34-and-250-foot (10 and 76 m) towers, and practice jumps from transport aircraft; hesitancy in the doorway of an aircraft resulted in an automatic failure for the candidate. The washout rate was high, but there was never a shortage of candidates, especially because in American airborne units the rate of pay was much higher than that of an ordinary infantryman.[10]
Before training was complete a debate developed in the U.S. Army over whether the best use of airborne forces was en masse or as small, compact units. On 9 July 1943, the first large-scale Allied airborne operation was carried out by elements of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division and the British 1st Airborne Division in support of the Allied invasion of Sicily, code-named Operation Husky.[11] The 11th Airborne Division commanding general, Swing, was temporarily transferred to act as airborne advisor to General Dwight D. Eisenhower for the operation and observed the airborne assault which went badly. The 82nd Airborne Division had been inserted by parachute and glider and had suffered high casualties, leading to a perception that it had failed to achieve many of its objectives.[12]
Swing Board
Eisenhower reviewed the airborne role in Operation Husky and concluded that large-scale formations were too difficult to control in combat to be practical.
When Swing returned to the United States to resume command of the 11th Airborne in mid-September 1943, he was given the role of preparing the exercise.[15] McNair ordered him to form a committee—the Swing Board—composed of United States Army Air Forces (USAAF), parachute, glider infantry and artillery officers, whose arrangements for the maneuver would effectively decide the fate of divisional-sized airborne forces.[12] As the 11th Airborne Division was in reserve in the United States and had not yet been earmarked for combat, the Swing Board selected it as the test formation. The maneuver would additionally provide the 11th Airborne and its individual units with further training, as had occurred several months previously in an earlier large-scale exercise conducted by the 101st and the 82nd Airborne Divisions.[16]
"I do not believe in the airborne division. I believe that airborne troops should be reorganized in self-contained units, comprising infantry, artillery, and special services, all about the strength of a regimental combat team [...] To employ at any time and place a whole division would require a dropping over such an extended area that I seriously doubt that a division commander could regain control and operate the scattered forces as one unit."
–The conclusion of General Eisenhower's review of the performance of American airborne forces during Operation Husky[12]
Knollwood Maneuver
The 11th Airborne, as the attacking force, was assigned the objective of capturing
The Knollwood Maneuver took place on the night of 7 December 1943, with the 11th Airborne Division being airlifted to thirteen separate objectives by 200
Leyte
Following the Knollwood Maneuver the 11th Airborne remained in reserve until January 1944, when it was moved by train from Camp Mackall to
Swing ordered the 187th Glider Infantry Regiment (GIR) to guard the rear installations of XXIV Corps, while the 188th GIR was to secure the division's rear and conduct aggressive patrols to eliminate any enemy troops in the area. The 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR) was assigned the task of destroying all Japanese formations in the division's operational area, which it began on 28 November when it relieved the 7th Infantry. The 511th PIR advanced overland with two battalions abreast and the third in reserve,
On 6 December the Japanese tried to disrupt operations on Leyte by conducting two small-scale airborne raids. The first attempted to deploy a small number of Japanese airborne troops to occupy several key American-held airfields at
The 511th PIR was reinforced by the 2nd Battalion, 187th GIR, and continued its slow but steady progress. On 17 December it broke through the Japanese lines and arrived at the western shoreline of Leyte, linking up with elements of the
Luzon
On 22 January the division was placed on alert for an operation on the island of
Following Highway 17 to Tumalin, the regiment began to encounter heavier Japanese resistance.[37] At midnight the 187th took over the lead and the two glider infantry regiments rested briefly before tackling the main Japanese defensive lines. These consisted of trenches linked to bunkers and fortified caves, and were manned by several hundred infantry with numerous artillery pieces in support.[38] At 09:00 on 1 February the glider infantry launched their assault, and by midday had managed to break through the first Japanese position; they spent the rest of the day conducting mopping up operations. On the morning of 2 February the second line was breached, and by midnight the 188th had broken a third. The divisional reconnaissance platoon was now in the vicinity of Tagaytay Ridge, the intended site of the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment's first combat drop.[35][39]
The 511th's airborne operation had originally been scheduled for 2 February, but with Swing's insistence that the drop was only to go ahead if his ground forces were in range to offer support, the dogged Japanese resistance encountered delayed the operation.[39] With only 48 C-47s available, the 511th was forced to deploy in three waves. The regimental staff, the 2nd Battalion and half of the 3rd Battalion would drop first, the rest of the regiment would arrive in the second lift, and the 457th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion would drop in the third.[40]
At 03:00 on 3 February the troops of the first lift entered their transport planes, and at 07:00 the first transports left Mindoro. Protected by an escort of
The 11th Airborne Division was ordered to breach the Genko Line and drive into Manila, where it would link up with other American forces attacking the city from the north. All three regiments were committed to the assault.
On 15 February, the 1st Battalion of the 187th, alongside other American units, launched an attack on Mabato Point. This was an extremely heavily fortified position featuring the same defensive measures as the Genko Line, and it would take six days of hard fighting, multiple airstrikes, and the frequent use of napalm and heavy artillery, before the point was secured.[49] Meanwhile, having taken heavy casualties on its approach to Fort McKinley—particularly when the Japanese detonated a quantity of buried naval depth charges—on 17 February the rest of the 11th Airborne Division assaulted the fort. The 511th led the break-in, and by 18 February the area had been cleared of its defenders.[50] Sporadic fighting continued in Manila until 3 March, when all organized Japanese resistance ended.[49] The commander of the 511th, Colonel Orin D. "Hard Rock" Haugen, died of shrapnel wounds sustained during the battle of Manila on 22 February.[51]
Raid at Los Baños
A large number of civilian prisoners had been detained by the Japanese on Luzon, mostly in internment camps scattered throughout the island. The largest of these was located on the campus of the
On 20 February, Swing was finally able to release sufficient troops for a raid on the Los Baños camp, and a four-phase plan was devised by Vanderpool and the divisional staff officers.[56] The divisional reconnaissance platoon would travel across a nearby lake and move to the outskirts of the camp, securing a large adjacent field as the drop zone for a company of paratroopers. Having landed, the paratroopers would eliminate Japanese resistance in the area, secure the camp, and prepare for its evacuation. Fifty-four amphibious Amtracs would transport two additional companies of paratroopers to the lake shore, where a beachhead would be established while the Amtracs continued to the camp to evacuate its occupants. Simultaneously, a task force consisting of a reinforced infantry battalion, two battalions of heavy artillery and a tank destroyer battalion would advance down Highway 1 towards Los Baños to interdict any Japanese attempts to interfere.[56]
Assisted by a group of guerrillas, on the night of 21 February the divisional reconnaissance platoon made their way to the lake and collected ten canoes. Despite navigational difficulties, the platoon came ashore near Los Baños at 02:00 the following morning, and after securing the paratroopers' drop zone, concealed themselves in the jungle near the camp.[57] During the afternoon B Company of the 1st Battalion, 511th PIR was transferred to the airfield from which they would be deployed, while the rest of the battalion rendezvoused with the Amtrac convoy.[58] At 07:00 on the morning of 23 February, B Company took off in ten C-47s, arriving over their drop zone shortly afterwards.[58] As the first paratroopers landed, the reconnaissance platoon and the supporting guerilla fighters opened fire on the camp's defences, using Bazooka rounds to penetrate the concrete pillboxes, and then entered the camp to engage its garrison. The paratroopers soon joined the battle, and by 07:30 the Japanese guards had been overcome and the internees were being rounded up and readied for evacuation.[59] At the lakeshore the 511th's other two companies had secured their beachhead, and the convoy of Amtracs reached the camp without incident. Priority during loading was given to the women, children and wounded; some of the able-bodied men walked alongside the Amtracs as they returned to the beach. The first evacuation convoy left the camp at approximately 10:00, with B Company, the reconnaissance platoon and the guerrillas remaining behind to provide a rearguard. By 11:30 all of the civilians had been evacuated, and at 13:00 the Amtrac convoy returned for the rearguard, with the last paratroopers leaving the beach at approximately 15:00.[60] Meanwhile, on Highway 1, the taskforce that had been deployed to protect the operation met heavy Japanese resistance and suffered several casualties, but was able to block Japanese forces that advanced on the camp, before retreating back to American lines.[61] The raid had been a complete success, liberating 2,147 civilians.[62]
Southern Luzon and Aparri
On the day that the Los Baños internees were freed, the headquarters of
The 11th Airborne's next operation took place on 23 June in the province of Aparri in northern Luzon.
The 11th Airborne Division was to drop a battalion-sized combat team on Camalaniugan Airfield, approximately ten miles (16 km) south of Aparri. It would then advance southwards, eliminating all Japanese resistance, until it linked up with the leading elements of the 37th Infantry Division.
Casualties
- Total battle casualties: 2,431[74]
- Killed in action: 494[74]
- Died of wounds and injuries: 120[74]
- Wounded in action: 1,926[74]
- Missing in action: 11[74]
Awards
During World War II the division and its members were awarded the following awards:[75]
- Distinguished Unit Citations: 13
- Medal of Honor: 2
- Private Elmer E. Fryar(KIA)
- Private First Class Manuel Perez Jr.(KIA)
- Distinguished Service Cross: 9
- Silver Star: 432
- Legion of Merit: 10
- Soldier's Medal: 56
- Bronze Star Medal: 1,515
- Air Medal: 41
Post-World War II
Occupation of Japan
MacArthur made plans to use the 11th Airborne Division in the
Occupation duties in Japan continued until May 1949, when the 11th Airborne was relieved and recalled to the United States. and remained a combat formation ready to deploy worldwide. During the early 1950s, the Angels conducted several large scale training operations in Alaska, such as Exercise Snowbird. Angels descended near Mt. McKinley on the first day from C-119s over the arctic region. Inactivated at Camp Anza, California, in December 1945, it was reactivated and redesignated as the 503rd Airborne Infantry Regiment in February 1951 and assigned to the 11th Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, following the departure of the 187th Airborne Infantry Regiment to Korea as a separate airborne regimental combat team. In 1956 the 503rd went with the rest of the 11th Airborne Division to posts in southeastern Germany.
Korean War
Training continued until the outbreak of the
Four members of the 187th were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions in the Korean War: Corporal
Operation Gyroscope and First inactivation
The 11th Airborne Division was sent to Germany in early 1956 as part of Operation Gyroscope, to replace the 5th Infantry Division stationed in Augsburg and Munich. As the division was en route, the 187th RCT was relocated to Fort Campbell, taking over the camps that the 11th had recently vacated. In July that year the 187th, along with the 508th ARC, was transferred to the newly reactivated 101st Airborne Division.
As the American Army began to restructure its organization (known as the
11th Air Assault Division (Test)
In 1960, Lt. General
The Howze Board released its findings on August 20, 1962. It proposed huge changes in Army doctrine:[90]: 21
Adoption of the Army of the airmobile concept—however imperfectly it may be described and justified in this report—is necessary and desirable. In some respects the transition is inevitable, just as was that from animal mobility to motor.
To test the concept of
Under the leadership of Major General Charles W. G. Rich, the Test Director, and Brigadier General Harry W. O. Kinnard, the Division Commander, the group developed an organizational structure and plans for a unit that could move one-third of the division's infantry battalions and supporting units in one single helicopter lift.[96]
The 11th Air Assault Division developed and refined air assault tactics and the equipment required to operate effectively in the role. The 187th and 188th tested helicopters during various exercises, ranging from command and control maneuvers to scouting, screening and aerial resupply, to assess their ability to perform as combat aircraft.[97] In September 1963, Air Assault I exercises tested the Airmobility concept at the battalion level at Fort Stewart in Georgia. Air Assault II, a much larger exercise, was conducted across two states in October 1964. The 11th Air Assault Division operated against the 82nd Airborne Division and the 11th thoroughly dominated the exercise.[98] The 11th was not constituted as a full division during the test period. Although the intent was to create three air assault brigades, the test division included an air assault brigade (which was also parachute-qualified), an airmobile brigade, and both ground and a new air artillery element provided by helicopters known as ARA.
When the test was concluded, the assets of the 11th Air Assault Division (Test), the 10th Air Transport Brigade, and the 2nd Infantry Division were merged into a single unit. On 29 June 1965, the colors and subordinate unit designations of the 1st Cavalry Division were transferred from its post in Korea to Fort Benning.[91] On 3 July 1965, the 11th Air Assault Division (Test) was inactivated and its colors cased. The 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile)[99] colors were moved onto the field at in Doughboy Stadium and passed to the commander of the former 11th Air Assault Division, Major General Kinnard.[100] At the same time the personnel and units of the 1st Cavalry Division that remained in Korea were reflagged as a new 2nd Infantry Division. On 29 July 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) to Vietnam.[101]: 30 [98][102][103]
11th Air Assault Division units (original designations) | 1st Cavalry Division units (re-designations) |
HHC , 11th Air Assault Division (Test)
|
HHC, 1st Cavalry Division |
3rd Squadron, 17th Cavalry | 1st Squadron, 9th Cavalry |
HHC, 1st Brigade (Airborne), 11th Air Assault Division | HHC, 1st Brigade (Airborne), 1st Cavalry Division |
1st Battalion (Airborne), 188th Infantry | 1st Battalion (Airborne), 8th Cavalry |
1st Battalion (Airborne), 511th Infantry | 2nd Battalion (Airborne), 8th Cavalry |
1st Battalion (Airborne), 187th Airborne | 1st Battalion (Airborne), 12th Cavalry |
HHB, 11th Air Assault Division Artillery | HHB, 1st Cavalry Division Artillery |
6th Battalion, 81st Artillery (105mm) | 2nd Battalion (Airborne), 19th Artillery (105mm) |
3nd Battalion, 377th Artillery (Aerial Rocket) | 2nd Battalion, 20th Artillery (Aerial Rocket) |
HHC and Band Support Command, 11th Air Assault Division | HHC and Band Support Command, 1st Cavalry Division |
11th Medical Battalion | 15th Medical Battalion |
408th Supply and Services Battalion | 15th Supply and Services Battalion |
- 165th Aerial Equipment Supply Detachment | – Support Company, Aerial Equipment Supply Detachment (Airborne) |
11th Administrative Company | 15th Administrative Company |
711th Maintenance Battalion | 27th Maintenance Battalion |
127th Engineer Battalion | 8th Engineer Battalion |
511th Signal Battalion | 13th Signal Battalion |
611th Aircraft Maintenance and Supply Battalion | 15th Transportation Battalion |
11th Military Police Company | 545th Military Police Company |
11th Military Intelligence Detachment | 191st Military Intelligence Detachment |
Company C, 313th Army Security Agency Battalion | 371st Army Security Agency Company |
Air Assault Badge
An earlier predecessor to the current Air Assault Badge, the original Air Assault Badge was worn by troops of 11th who qualified for it by making three helicopter rappels from 60 feet (18 m) and three from 120 feet (37 m). Soldiers were also required to be knowledgeable of aircraft safety procedures; familiar with aircraft orientation; proficient in hand and arm signals and combat assault operations; able to prepare, inspect and rig equipment for external sling loads; and able to lash down equipment inside helicopters. The badge was first awarded in early 1964 and was authorized for wear by soldiers within the 11th Air Assault Division (Test).[104]
Twenty-first century
On 5 May 2022, during a hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Army Secretary
On June 6, 2022, during separate ceremonies, the 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team and 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), 25th Infantry Division were reflagged to the 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team and 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), 11th Airborne Division respectively. All units from the former U.S. Army Alaska were absorbed under the new division. It was also announced that the 1st Infantry Brigade would divest its Strykers. Following these changes, the brigade would test several new vehicles to include the Cold-Weather All-Terrain Vehicle (CATV) to replace the former Strykers. The division's 2nd Brigade would remain largely unchanged.[107]
According to MG Eifler, the division will take time to be fully realized, but force structure currently consists of the following units:[106][108][109][110][111]
11th Airborne Division "Arctic Angels"
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company
- 11th Airborne Division Band[112]
- Northern Warfare Training Center
- Non-Commissioned Officer's Academy
- 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team "Arctic Wolves" located at Fort Wainwright, Alaska
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company "Dire Wolves"
- Reconnaissance Surveillance and Target Acquisition"Blackhawk"
- 1st Battalion, 5th Infantry Regiment "Bobcat"
- 1st Battalion, 24th Infantry Regiment "Legion"
- 8th Field Artillery Regiment"Automatic"
- 70th Brigade Engineer Battalion "Kodiak"
- 25th Brigade Support Battalion "Opahey"
- 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne) "Spartans" located at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company
- 1st Squadron, 40th Cavalry Regiment "Denali"
- 1st Battalion, 501st Infantry Regiment
- 3rd Battalion, 509th Infantry Regiment
- 377th Field Artillery Regiment
- 6th Brigade Engineer Battalion "Oak"
- 725th Brigade Support Battalion"Centurion"
- 17th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion
Aviation Task Force located at Fort Wainwright, Alaska
- 1st Battalion, 25th Aviation Regiment (Attack Reconnaissance)
- 1st Battalion, 52nd Aviation Regiment (General Support)
Along with the reactivation of the 11th Airborne Division, on 25 April 2022 the G-1 of the U.S. Army authorized the wear of the Arctic Tab by soldiers assigned to organizations in Alaska as a temporary wear tab with specific SSIs.[113] This means 11th Airborne Division soldiers will be the first U.S. Army unit to be authorized two unit designation tabs with their SSI, the Airborne Tab and Arctic Tab.[114][115]
Previous commanders
Division Activated - February 1943
- Joseph M. SwingFebruary 1943 - January 1948
- William MileyJanuary 1948 - January 1950
- Lyman L. LemnitzerJanuary 1950 - November 1951
- Wayne C. Smith November 1951 - January 1952
- Ridgely Gaither January 1952 - April 1953
- Wayne C. Smith April 1953 - May 1955
- Derrill McDaniel May 1955 - September 1956
- Hugh P. Harris October 1956 - April 1958
- Ralph Cooper May 1958 - June 1958
Division Inactivated - June 1958
Division Reactivated as Air Assault Testing Division
- Harry W.O. Kinnard1963 - 1965
U.S. Army Alaska redesignated as 11th Airborne Division - June 2022
- Brian S. Eifler June 2022 - Present
Notable members
- Rod Serling, former 11th Airborne Division paratrooper and creator of The Twilight Zone TV series.
- MACV-SOGmission in Vietnam.
- Darwin Gross, (1928–2008) former 11th Airborne Division soldier who was a former leader of Eckankar
- Vernon Baker, former 11th Airborne Division soldier who fought in WW2 with the 92nd Infantry Division and was recipient of the Medal of Honor
- Charles Napier, served with the 511th Infantry Regiment, 11th Airborne Division, rising to the rank of sergeant.
Footnotes
- ^ a b Babb, Carla (6 June 2022). "Army Resurrects WWII-Era Airborne Division in Alaska". VOA. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
- ^ "Special Unit Designations". United States Army Center of Military History. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/cbtchron/abdcomp.html Archived 13 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine Component Elements of Airborne Divisions in World War II
- ^ "Army Creating Second Paratrooper Division as Service Forges New Identity for Arctic Troops". Military.com. 5 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 6.
- ^ Harclerode, p. 197.
- ^ Harclerode, p. 107.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 31.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 305.
- ^ a b Flanagan, p. 15.
- ^ Devlin, p. 204.
- ^ a b c Devlin, p. 246.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 98.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 99.
- ^ Devlin, pp 212, 246.
- ^ Huston, p. 98.
- ^ "Moore County Airport History". Moore County Airport. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 100.
- ^ Devlin, p. 247.
- ^ a b c d Huston, p. 136.
- ^ Huston, p. 137.
- ^ a b Flanagan, p. 309.
- ^ Harclerode, p. 603.
- ^ Devlin, p. 557.
- ^ Devlin, pp. 557–558.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 310.
- ^ Flanagan, pp. 311–312.
- ^ Tugwell, p. 278.
- ^ Tugwell, p. 279.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 313. Tugwell states that there were 29 transport planes, while Flanagan writes that there were 39.
- ^ a b Flanagan, p. 313.
- ^ Devlin, p. 562.
- ^ United States Army, Centre of Military History (16 July 2007). "Medal of Honor Recipients World War II (A-F)". United States Army. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008.
- ^ Devlin, pp. 563–564.
- ^ a b Flanagan, p. 314.
- ^ Harclerode, pp. 613–614.
- ^ Harclerode, pp. 614–615.
- ^ Harclerode, p. 615.
- ^ a b Harclerode, p. 617.
- ^ a b Flanagan, p. 315.
- ^ Robert Ross Smith (16 July 2007). "Triumph in the Philippines". United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 316.
- ^ Devlin, p. 573.
- ^ Harclerode, p. 620.
- ^ Devlin, p. 574.
- ^ Holm, Jeremy (7 May 2022). "Colonel Irvin R. Schimmelpfennig III". The 511TH Parachute Infantry Regiment.
- ^ Harclerode, p. 621.
- ^ United States Army, Centre of Military History (16 July 2007). "Medal of Honor Recipients World War II (M-S)". United States Army. Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008.
- ^ a b Harclerode, pp. 623–624.
- ^ Harclerode, p. 623.
- ^ Holm, Jeremy (7 May 2022). "Colonel Haugen, Orin D. "Hard Rock"". The 511TH Parachute Infantry Regiment.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 327.
- ^ a b Flanagan, p. 328.
- ^ Devlin, pp. 599–600.
- ^ Devlin, p. 600.
- ^ a b Flanagan, p. 330.
- ^ Harclerode, p. 631.
- ^ a b Harclerode, p. 632.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 332.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 333.
- ^ Devlin, pp. 609–610.
- ^ Devlin, p. 608.
- ^ a b c Devlin, p. 640.
- ^ Harclerode, p. 612.
- ^ Devlin, pp. 640–641.
- ^ a b Flanagan, p. 335.
- ^ Robert Ross Smith (16 July 2007). "Triumph in the Philippines". United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 336.
- ^ Devlin, p. 643.
- ^ Harclerode, p. 635.
- ^ Harclerode, p. 636.
- ^ a b Flanagan, p. 337.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 338.
- ^ a b c d e Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths, Final Report (Statistics and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953), pp. 88–89
- ^ "11th Airborne Division". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ Skate, p. 202.
- ^ Video: Allied Forces Land In Japan (1945). Universal Newsreel. 1945. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- ^ a b c d Flanagan, pp 340–341.
- ^ Huston, p. 230.
- ^ Huston, p. 231.
- ^ Devlin, p. 649.
- ^ a b c d Flanagan, p. 345.
- ^ "US Army Center of Military History. Lineage And Honors Information: 1st Battalion, 187th Infantry". Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
- ^ "US Army Centre of Military History. Lineage And Honors Information: 2nd Battalion, 187th Infantry". Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
- ^ "US Army Centre of Military History. Lineage And Honors Information: 3rd Battalion, 187th Infantry". Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 372.
- ^ Conceptual Underpinnings of the Air Assault Concept, The Hogaboom, Rogers and Howze Boards Archived 2011-02-17 at the Wayback Machine, by Mark A. Olinger, published by the Institute of Land Warfare, Association of the United States Army, 2006, p. 5
- ISBN 978-0-595-36608-8. Archivedfrom the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
- ^ Spiller, Roger J, ed. (1 January 1992). "Combined Arms in Battle Since 1939". United States Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
- ISBN 9780891412595.
- ^ a b c Flanagan, p. 376
- ^ "1st Cavalry Division History - Ft. Benning, Airmobile 1965". www.first-team.us.
- ^ Stanton, Shelby. "Lessons Learned or Lost: Air Cavalry and Airmobility." Military Review, January 1989 (pp 74–86), p. 79.
- ^ "1st Cavalry Division History - Ft. Benning, Airmobile 1965". www.first-team.us.
- ^ "General Orders No. 40" (PDF). U.S. Army. 20 November 2019. p. 4.
- ^ Stockfisch, Jacob A. (1994). The 1962 Howze Board and Army Combat Developments. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.: 22–23
- ^ Flanagan, p. 377.
- ^ a b "11th Air Assault Division (Test)". www.armyaviationmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ "Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion, 1st Cavalry Division | Lineage and Honors | U.S. Army Center of Military History".
- ^ "1st Cavalry Division History - Ft. Benning, Airmobile 1965". www.first-team.us. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- JSTOR 26304086. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ Flanagan, p. 378.
- ^ http://www.first-team.us/tableaux/chapt_07/ Reflagging the Division for Vietnam
- ^ ORIGINAL AIR ASSAULT BADGE, ranger25.com, archived 30 April 2013, last accessed 10 May 2022
- ^ Press Release. "ARMY TO REESTABLISH 11TH AIRBORNE DIVISION, AMERICA'S THIRD, IN ALASKA". sullivan.senate.gov. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ a b How — and why — the 11th Airborne Division is being resurrected in Alaska, ArmyTimes, by Davis Winkie, dated 25 May 2022, last accessed 29 May 2022
- ^ "Army activates Arctic-focused 11th Airborne Division in Alaska, cuts Strykers". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ New Army 11th Airborne Division Gets Stand Up Date, Force Outline, Military.com, Military News, by Steve Beynon, dated 18 May 2022, last accessed 20 May 2022
- ^ Why 11th Airborne Division?, Army.mil, by SSG Christopher Dennis, dated 16 May 2022, last accessed 29 May 2022
- ^ Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson > Units > Army Archived 12 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, last accessed 29 May 2022
- ^ 11th Airborne Division, Units, Official 11th Airborne Division website, last accessed 11 September 2022
- ^ 11th Army Band, official Facebook page, last accessed 6 December 2023
- ^ SUBJECT: United States Army Arctic Tab and SUBJECT: Guidance for Wear of the Arctic Tab with Shoulder Sleeve Insignia; The Institute of Heraldry, Department of the Army; dated 26 April 2022 and 25 April 2022 respectively; last accessed 9 May 2022
- ^ 11th Airborne Division Insignia, Defense Visual Information Distribution Service, by Benjamin Wilson (U.S. Army Alaska), dated 5 May 2022, last accessed 10 May 2022
- ^ First Look at the Army's New Patch for its Newest Airborne Division, Military.com, by Steve Beynon, dated 6 May 2022, last accessed 10 May 2022
References
- ISBN 1-55750-299-4.
- Devlin, Gerard M. (1979). Paratrooper–The Saga Of Parachute And Glider Combat Troops During World War II. Robson Books. ISBN 0-312-59652-9.
- Flanagan, E. M. Jr (2002). Airborne–A Combat History Of American Airborne Forces. The Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 0-89141-688-9.
- Harclerode, Peter (2005). Wings Of War–Airborne Warfare 1918–1945. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-304-36730-3.
- Holm, Jeremy (2019). When Angels Fall: The 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment in World War II. Amazon. ISBN 9781087303185.
- Holm, Jeremy (2022). Down From Heaven: The 11th Airborne Division in World War II - Volume 1 Camp Toccoa Through Leyte Campaign. Amazon. ISBN 9798843435660.
- Huston, James A. (1998). Out Of The Blue–U.S Army Airborne Operations In World War II. Purdue University Press. ISBN 1-55753-148-X.
- Skate, John Ray (1994). The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1-57003-354-4.
- Tugwell, Maurice (1978). Assault From The Sky–The History of Airborne Warfare. Westbridge Books. ISBN 0-7153-9204-2.
- Weeks, John (1971). Airborne To Battle–A History Of Airborne Warfare 1918–1971. William Kimber & Co Ltd. ISBN 0-7183-0262-1.
External links
- Holm, Jeremy. "The 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment". Online Museum.
- Holm, Jeremy. "The 11th Airborne Division Association". Online Museum.
- Murray, Williamson. "Airborne Operations During World War II". World War II magazine. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2008.
- Kocher, Leo. "History of the 11th Airborne Division". 11th History.