12th century
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The 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the
Islamic Spain
.
In
Fatimids of Egypt were overtaken by the Ayyubid dynasty. Following the expansions of the Ghaznavids and Ghurid Empire, the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
took place at the end of the century.
Events
1101–1109
- 1101: In July, the Treaty of Alton is signed between Henry I of England and his older brother Robert, Duke of Normandy in which Robert agrees to recognize Henry as king of England in exchange for a yearly stipend and other concessions. The agreement temporarily ends a crisis in the succession of the Anglo-Norman kings.
- Hereti, (now parts of Georgia).
- Hungarian Crown.
- 1102: Muslims conquer Señorio de Valencia
- David the Builder in Urbnisi to reorganize the Georgian Orthodox Church.
- Seljuks.
- Kadiri (on Java) ascends to the throne. [citation needed]
- 1106: Battle of Tinchebray
- Sigurd I of Norway becomes the first Norwegian king to embark on a crusade to the Holy Land. He fights in Lisbon and on various Mediterranean isles and helps the King of Jerusalem to take Sidonfrom the Muslims.
- Alexius I.
- Bertrand of Toulouse captures the County of Tripoli(northern Lebanon/western Syria).
- Pomeraniansand re-establishes Polish access to the sea.
- Boleslaus III Wrymouth defeats Emperor Henry Vof Germany and stops German expansion eastward.
1110s
- 1111: On April 14, during Henry V's first expedition to Rome, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
- 1113: Paramavishnulok is crowned as King Suryavarman II in Cambodia. He expands the Khmer Empire and built Angkor Wat during the first half of the century. He establishes diplomatic relations with China.
- 1115: The Georgian army occupies Rustavi in the war with the Muslims.
- Panji cycle tales, which spread across Southeast Asia.[1]
- 1116: The Byzantine army defeats the Turks at Philomelion.
- 1116: Death of doña Jimena Díaz, governor of Valencia since 1099 to 1102.
- c. 1119: The Knights Templar are founded to protect Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem.
1120s
- 1120: On January 16, the Council of Nablus, a council of ecclesiastic and secular lords in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, establishes the first written laws for the kingdom.
- Normanmonarchy of England.
- Seljuk-led Muslim coalition army.
- Premonstratensian Order.
- 1122: The Battle of Beroia (Modern-day Stara Zagora, Bulgaria) results in the disappearance of the Pechenegs Turkish tribe as an independent force.
- Calixtus II bringing an end to the first phase of the power strugglebetween the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire.
- , ending 400 years of Arab rule.
- 1123: The Jurchen dynasty of China forces Koryo (now Korea) to recognize their suzerainty.
- King of the Scots.
- Seljuk Turks.
- Jin–Song wars.
- Frederick of Swabia, beginning the great struggle between Guelphs and Ghibellines.
- 1127: The Northern Song dynasty loses power over northern China to the Jin dynasty.
- 1128: On June 24, the Kingdom of Portugal gains independence from the Kingdom of León at the Battle of São Mamede; (recognised by León in 1143).
1130s
- 1130–1180: 50-year drought in the American Southwest.
- Papal schism, Pope Innocent II vs. Antipope Anacletus II.
- Sigurd I of Norway dies. A golden era of 95 years comes to an end for Norway as civil wars between the members of Harald Fairhair's family line rage for the remainder of the century.
- Roger II is crowned King of Sicily, the royal title being bestowed on him by Antipope Anacletus II.
- Dinghai.
- 1132–1183: the Chinese navy increases from a mere 3,000 to 52,000 marine soldiers stationed in 20 different squadrons. During this time, hundreds of treadmill-operated paddle wheel craft are assembled for the navy to fight the Jin dynasty in the north.
- Kadiri ascends to the throne.[2]
- 1135–1154: The Anarchy takes place, during a period of civil war in England.
- abbey church at St Denis north of Paris, which is regarded as the first major Gothicbuilding.
- 1137: On July 22, the future King Louis VII of France marries Eleanor, the Duchess of Aquitaine.
- 1138: On October 11, the 1138 Aleppo earthquake devastates much of northern Syria.
- Second Lateran Councilends the papal schism.
- Roger IIas King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia, and Prince of Capua and invests him with his titles.
- Afonso Henriquesis acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers.
1140s
- Chaco Canyon(modern-day New Mexico).
- Southern Song dynasty, legally establishing the boundaries of the two countries and forcing the Song dynasty to renounce all claims to its former territories north of the Huai River. The treaty reduces the Southern Song into a quasi-tributary state of the Jurchen Jin dynasty.
- 1143: Manuel I Komnenos is crowned as Byzantine emperor after the death of John II Komnenos.
- Afonso Henriquesis proclaimed King of Portugal by the cortes.
- 1143: The Treaty of Zamora recognizes Portuguese independence from the Kingdom of León. Portugal also recognizes the suzerainty of the pope.
- Zengi.
- 1145–1148: The Second Crusade is launched in response to the fall of the County of Edessa.
- 1147: On October 25, the four-month-long Siege of Lisbon successfully brings the city under definitive Portuguese control, expelling the Moorish overlords.
- Almoravides and soon invades the Iberian Peninsula. The Almohads began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities.
- 1147: The Wendish Crusade against the Polabian Slavs (or "Wends") in what is now northern and eastern Germany.
1150s
- 1150: Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona marries Petronilla, the Queen of Aragon.
- Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona, recognizing the Aragonese conquests south of the Júcar and the right to expand in and annex the Kingdom of Murcia.
- King Stephen of England fought over the English crown. Stephen acknowledges Matilda's son Henry of Anjouas heir.
- Manuel I Comnenusto reestablish the Byzantine Empire on Italian soil and to assist the pope against his enemies in revolt in Rome.
- 1154: the Moroccan-born Muslim geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi publishes his Geography.
- 1154: On December 27, Henry II is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.
- 1155: Pope Adrian IV grants overlordship of Ireland to Henry II of England in the bull Laudabiliter.
- Roger II in 1139 at Mignanois affirmed and another 400 shift is added for the new lands.
- 1158: The Treaty of Sahagún ends the war between Castile and León.
1160s
- Yangtze River in the Battle of Caishi.
- 1161: Kilij Arslan II, Sultan of Rum, makes peace with the Byzantine Empire, recognizing the emperor's primacy.
- 1161: In the siege of Ani, troops from the Kingdom of Georgia take control over the city, only to have it sold for the second time to the Shaddadids, a Kurdish dynasty.
- 1162: Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, is born as Temüjin in present-day Mongolia.
- 1163: The Norwegian Law of Succession takes effect.
- 1165–1182: Tensions and disputes between the Pagan Empire and the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa causes the Sinhalese under Parakramabahu the Great to raid Burma.
- 1168: King Valdemar I of Denmark conquers Arkona on the Island of Rügen, the strongest pagan fortress and temple in northern Europe.
- 1169: Political disputes within the Pandya Empire sparks the decade-long Pandyan Civil War.
- Norman invasion of Ireland begins. Richard fitzGilbert de Clare ('Strongbow') allies with the exiled Irish chief, Dermot MacMurrough, to help him recover his kingdom of Leinster.
1170s
- 1170: The Treaty of Sahagún is signed by Alfonso VIII of Castile and Alfonso II of Aragon. Based on the terms of the accord, Alfonso VIII agrees to provide Alfonso II with three hostages, to be used as tribute payments owed by Ibn Mardanīš of Valencia and Murcia.
- 1170: On December 29, Thomas Becket is murdered in Canterbury Cathedral.
- Al-'Āḍid and establishes the Ayyubid dynasty.
- 1171: On November 11, Henry II of England lands in Ireland to assert his claim as Lord of Ireland.
- 1172: The Pandyan city of Madurai is sacked by the Sinhalese army due to an attempt to drive off the rival throne claimant, Kulasekara Pandyan.
- 1173: Sinhalese king Parakramabahu the Great gains a decisive victory by invading the Chola Empire as an ally of the Pandyas in the Pandyan Civil War.
- William I of Scotland is captured by the English in the Battle of Alnwick. He accepts the feudal overlordship of the English crown and pays ceremonial allegiance at York.
- Jōdo shū(Pure Land) sect of Buddhism.
- 1175: The Treaty of Windsor is signed by King Henry II of England and the High King of Ireland, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair.
- Frederick Barbarossa's forces are defeated in the Battle of Legnano by the Lombard Leaguewhich results in the emperor's acknowledgment of the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States and Alexander acknowledging the emperor's overlordship of the imperial Church.
- from the Seljuk Turks.
- Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily also participates in negotiations and the treaty thereby determines the political course of all of Italy for the next several years.
- 1178: Chinese writer Zhou Qufei, a Guangzhou customs officer, writes of an island far west in the Indian Ocean (possibly Madagascar), from where people with skin "as black as lacquer" and with frizzy hair were captured and purchased as slaves by Arab merchants.
- 1179: The Treaty of Cazola (Cazorla) is signed by Alfonso II of Aragon and Alfonso VIII of Castile, dividing Andalusia into separate zones of conquest for the two kingdoms, so that the work of the Reconquista would not be stymied by internecine feuding.
1180s
- 1180: The Portuguese Navy defeats a Muslim fleet off the coast of Cape Espichel.
- 1180–1185: the Genpei War in Japan.
- 1181: Parakramabahu the Great conducts a large-scale raid on Burma, after a ship transporting a Sinhalese princess to the Khmer Empire is attacked by Burmese naval fleets.
- 1182: Religious reformations of Theravada Buddhism in Pagan Burma under the patronage of Narapatisithu are continued with the end of the Polonnaruwa-Pagan War.
- Andronicus I Comnenusas co-emperor.
- Frederick Barbarossa, the pope and the Lombard towns is signed, confirming the Peace of Venice of 1177.
- Alexius II Comnenusstrangled.
- King of Georgia, accedes to the throne as sole ruler after reigning with her father, George III, for six years.
- 1184: Diet of Pentecost organised by Emperor Frederick I in Mainz.
- 1185: The Uprising of Asen and Peter against the Byzantine Empire leads to the restoration of the Bulgarian Empire.
- Thessalonika.
- 1185: The cathedral school (Katedralskolan) in Lund, Sweden, is founded. The school is the oldest in northern Europe and one of the oldest in all of Europe.
- 1185: Beginning in this year the Kamakura shogunate deprives the emperor of Japan of political power.
- Constance of Sicily, the heiress to the Sicilian throne.
- 1187: On July 4, in the Battle of Hattin, Saladin defeats the king of Jerusalem.
- 1187: In August, the Swedish royal and commercial center Sigtuna is attacked by raiders from Karelia, Couronia, and/or Estonia.[3]
- 1189: On September 3, Richard I is crowned King of England at Westminster.
- 1189: On November 11, William II of Sicily dies and is succeeded by his illegitimate cousin Tancred, Count of Lecce instead of Constance.
- 1189–1192: The Third Crusade is an attempt by European leaders to wrest the Holy Land from Saladin.
1190–1200
- 1190: On June 10, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowns in the River Salef, leaving the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip II of France and Richard I of England, which ultimately leads to the dissolution of the army.
- 1191: Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI attacked the Kingdom of Sicily from May to August but fails and withdrawn, with Empress Constance captured (released 1192).
- Richard I of England at the Battle of Arsuf.
- 1192: In April, Isabella I begins her reign as Christian Queen of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
- Richard the Lionheart defeats Saladin.
- Treaty of Ramlais signed by Saladin and Richard Lionheart. Under the terms of the agreement, Jerusalem will remain under Muslim control. However, the city will be open to Christian pilgrims. The Latin Kingdom is reduced to a coastal strip that extends from Tyre to Jaffa.
- 1192: Minamoto no Yoritomo is appointed Sei-i Taishōgun, "barbarian-subduing great general", shōgun for short, the first military dictator to bear this title.
- 1192: Sultan Shahābuddin Muhammad Ghori establishes the first Muslim empire in India for 14 years (1192–1206) by defeating Prithviraj Chauhan.
- Buddhisteducational centre, is destroyed.
- 1194: Emperor Henry VI conquers the Kingdom of Sicily.
- 1195: On June 16, the struggle of Shamqori. Georgian forces annihilate the army of Abu Baqar.
- Teutonic Knights, formally known as the Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. Mary of the Teutons in Jerusalem.
- Roman Catholic Church.
- 1200: Construction begins on the Grand Village of the Natchez near Natchez, Mississippi. This ceremonial center for the Natchez people is occupied and built until the early 17th century.[5]
Undated
- China is under the Northern Song dynasty. Early in the century, Zhang Zeduan paints Along the River During the Qingming Festival. It will later end up in the Palace Museum, Beijing.
- In southeast Asia, there is conflict between the Khmer Empire and the Champa. Angkor Wat is built under the Hindu king Suryavarman II. By the end of the century, the Buddhist Jayavarman VII becomes the ruler.
- Japan is in its Heian period. The Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga is made and attributed to Toba Sōjō. It ends up at the Kōzan-ji, Kyoto.
- In Oceania, the Tuʻi Tonga Empire expands to a much greater area.
- Europe undergoes the Renaissance of the 12th century. The blast furnace for the smelting of cast iron is imported from China, appearing around Lapphyttan, Sweden, as early as 1150.
- Alexander Neckam is the first European to document the mariner's compass, first documented by Shen Kuo during the previous century.
- Christian humanism becomes a self-conscious philosophical tendency in Europe. Christianity is also introduced to Estonia, Finland, and Karelia.
- The first Pierre Abelardteaches.
- Middle English begins to develop, and literacy begins to spread outside the Church throughout Europe.[6] In addition, churchmen are increasingly willing to take on secular roles. By the end of the century, at least a third of England's bishops also act as royal judges in secular matters.[7]
- The Ars antiqua period in the history of the medieval music of Western Europe begins.
- The earliest recorded miracle play is performed in Dunstable, England.
- Gothic architecture and trouvère music begin in France.
- During the middle of the century, the Cappella Palatina is built in Palermo, Sicily, and the Madrid Skylitzes manuscript illustrates the Synopsis of Histories by John Skylitzes.
- Fire and plague insurance first become available in Iceland, and the first documented outbreaks of influenza there happens.
- The medieval state of Nemanjićdynasty.
- By the end of the century, both the mercenaries in their militaries. Paid soldiers are available year-round, unlike knights who expected certain periods off to maintain their manor lifestyles. [8]
- In India, Hoysala architecture reaches its peak.
- In the Middle East, the Theotokos of Vladimir is painted probably in Constantinople. Everything but the faces will later be retouched, and the icon will go to the Tretyakov Galleryof Moscow.
- The Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli composes his epic poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin.
- Shahab al-Din Suhrawardifounds his "school of illumination".
- In Koutoubiamosque.
- In sub-Saharan Africa, Kente cloth is first woven.
- In France, the first piedfort coins were minted.
- The city of Tula burns down, marking the end of the Toltec Empire
Inventions, discoveries, and introductions by year
- Venice Arsenal of Venice, Italy, is founded. It employed some 16,000 people for the mass production of sailing ships in large assembly lines, hundreds of years before the Industrial Revolution.
- 1106: Finished building of Gelati.
- 1107: The Chinese engineer Wu Deren combines the mechanical compass vehicle of the south-pointing chariot with the distance-measuring odometer device.
- 1111: The Chinese Donglin Academy is founded.
- 1165: The Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, is built.
- 1170: The Roman Catholic notion of Purgatory is defined.[9]
- windmills.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 12th century.
- ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57
- ^ Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (1998, July 20). Kaḍiri. Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ^ Enn Tarvel (2007). Sigtuna hukkumine. Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine Haridus, 2007 (7-8), p 38–41
- ^ Notice sur les Arabes hilaliens. Ismaël Hamet. p. 248.
- ^ Francine Weiss and Mark R. Barnes (May 3, 1989). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Grand Village of the Natchez Site / Fatherland Plantation Site (22-Ad-501)" (pdf). National Park Service. and Accompanying 3 photos, from 1989. (680 KB)
- ^ Warren 1961, p. 129.
- ^ Warren 1961, p. 159.
- ^ Warren 1961, p. 60-61.
- ISBN 0226470822.
Bibliography
- ISBN 9780520036437.