1303 Crete earthquake

Coordinates: 35°00′N 27°00′E / 35.0°N 27.0°E / 35.0; 27.0
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1303 Crete earthquake
1303 Crete earthquake is located in Greece
1303 Crete earthquake
Local date8 August 1303 (1303-08-08)
Local timeAt about dawn
Magnitude8.0 (est.)[1]
Epicenter35°00′N 27°00′E / 35.0°N 27.0°E / 35.0; 27.0
Areas affectedGreece, Rhodes, Egypt
Max. intensityMMI IX (Violent) [2]
TsunamiYes
Casualtiesmany thousands,[3] including about 4,000 in Crete[2]

The 1303 Crete earthquake occurred at about dawn on 8 August. It had an estimated magnitude of about 8, a maximum intensity of IX (Violent) on the

Mercalli intensity scale, and triggered a major tsunami that caused severe damage and loss of life on Crete and at Alexandria. It badly damaged the Lighthouse of Alexandria
.

Tectonic setting

The Hellenic arc, the most likely location for this earthquake, is an arcuate tectonic feature related to the subduction of the African Plate beneath the Aegean Sea Plate. It is one of the most active seismic zones in western Eurasia and has a history of large earthquakes that also affect Egypt.[3]

Damage

The earthquake and the tsunami are recorded as having a devastating impact on Heraklion, Crete.[4] Detailed information is available from reports made by representatives from Heraklion (then Candia) to the controlling Venetian administration, written on the day of the earthquake and twenty days later. They describe the extent of damage to the main public buildings of Candia and castles over the whole island.[5]

The reports mention that most of the victims were women and children, without giving numbers.[5] There was massive flooding at Alexandria. Many ships were destroyed, some of them carried up to 2 miles (3.2 km) inland. The port city of Acre, on the Levantine coast, was also affected. Buildings were destroyed and people swept to their deaths.[1]

In Egypt the earthquake caused severe damage in

Adriatic coast, up to Venice (about 1,600 km or 1,000 mi from Heraklion).[9]

Characteristics

Earthquake

Although the precise location of the epicenter is uncertain, it is generally agreed that the earthquake ruptured the eastern segment of the Hellenic arc somewhere between Crete and Rhodes.[1][3][5][10] The earthquake caused damage over a wide area including Crete, the Peloponnese, Rhodes, Cairo, Acre, Damascus, Antioch, and Cyprus and was felt as far away as Constantinople (1,000 km; 620 mi) and possibly Tunis (1,500 km; 930 mi). The exact magnitude is unknown but is estimated to have been about 8.0.[10]

Tsunami

Modelling of the tsunami predicts a maximum 9 m run-up at Alexandria, with about a 40-minute delay from the time of the earthquake to the arrival of the first wave in Egypt.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007
    .
  2. ^
    doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
    , retrieved 30 March 2022
  3. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.005
    .
  4. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01874.x
    .
  5. ^
    S2CID 126898422
    .
  6. ISBN 978-3-319-61914-9
    .
  7. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.04.013
    .
  8. S2CID 131467239
    .
  9. ^ Kišpatić, Mijo (1891). Potresi u Hrvatskoj [Earthquakes in Croatia] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Tisak Dioničke tiskare. p. 14. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  10. ^ a b Papazachos, B. C. (1996). "Large seismic faults in the Hellenic arc" (PDF). Annali di Geofisica. 39 (5): 891–903.
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