13 Vendémiaire
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13 Vendémiaire | |||||||
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Part of the Église Saint-Roch | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
French Republic |
Royalists | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Paul Barras Napoleon Bonaparte |
Richer de Sévigny Louis Michel Auguste Thévenet | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
6,000 total 4,500 regular troops, 1,500 'Patriots', 40 cannons | 25,000-30,000 | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
90 dead and wounded [1] |
300 dead 2 executed | ||||||
400 civilians | |||||||
13 Vendémiaire, Year 4 in the
Background
The social reforms of the
Following the
Despite the failure of the émigré army, de Charette de la Contrie continued to offer resistance. In early September, a popular revolt broke out in the area around Dreux, but it was defeated in battle at Nonancourt. De Charette de la Contrie himself suffered a major defeat at Saint-Cyr on 25 September. Despite this, the Comte d'Artois landed at Île d'Yeu with 1,000 émigrés and 2,000 British troops. Bolstered by this force, the Royalist troops began marching on Paris in early October 1795. The arrival of the Comte d'Artois excited the jeunesse dorée Royalist supporters in the Le Peletier section of the capital (named for the Rue Le Peletier in what is now the Second Arrondissement), and they began demonstrations in the form of felling Liberty Trees and trampling cockades of France. Rumours began to circulate regarding the likely defection of the entire Paris National Guard.[citation needed]
Vendémiaire
The Convention quickly realised that it was in severe danger, and that an enemy force was on French soil; indeed, the insurrection in Paris meant that there was now an enemy force within the capital itself. The Convention declared its intention to remain in their meeting rooms until the crisis was resolved. It called for the formation of three battalions of Patriots to be raised from the Jacobin military staff dismissed after 9 Thermidor. Général
On 12 Vendémiaire (4 October 1795), the National Guard arrived in Le Peletier in an attempt to put down the unrest. The Military Committee of the Sections of the Capital under the command of Richer de Sévigny announced that the decrees of the Convention were no longer recognised. Général Louis Michel Auguste Thévenet took command of the National Guard in the Le Peletier section. The Convention ordered Menou to advance into Le Peletier, to disarm the entire area, and to close Danican's headquarters. Generals Despierres and Verdière were sent to Menou to assist him. Menou divided his force into three columns and planned an advance into Le Peletier on the evening of 12 Vendémiaire. When the advance was set to begin, Despierres reported that he was unwell and unable to proceed, and Verdière refused to advance. Menou timidly advanced towards the Royalist force, inviting the rebels to discuss terms of their dispersal. He withdrew after receiving the insurgents' promise to disarm.
The Le Peletier section, seeing this as a sign of weakness on the part of the Convention, called upon the other sections of Paris to rise up. Menou realised his mistake, and launched a cavalry attack down the
A whiff of grapeshot
Young General
At 1 am on 13 Vendémiaire (5 October), Bonaparte overrode Barras, who was content to let him do as he wished.[citation needed] Bonaparte ordered Joachim Murat, a sous-lieutenant in the 12ème Régiment de Chasseurs à Cheval, to ride to the plain of Sablons and to return with the 40 cannons which Menou had indicated were located there. Murat's squadron retrieved the cannons before the Royalists arrived and Bonaparte organised their arrangement, placing them in commanding areas with effective fields of fire.
The Republican forces were outnumbered approximately 6 to 1, but they held their perimeter all the same. At 5 am, a probing attack by the Royalist forces was repulsed. Five hours later, the major Royalist assault by 7,000 men began. The Republican forces held their perimeter, the cannons firing grapeshot into the massed Royalist forces. The Patriot battalions supporting the artillery also cut down the advancing Royalist ranks. Bonaparte commanded throughout the two-hour engagement, and survived unscathed despite having his horse shot from under him. The effect of the grapeshot and the volleys from the Patriot forces caused the Royalist attack to waver. Bonaparte ordered a counterattack led by Murat's squadron of chasseurs. At the close of the battle, around three hundred Royalists lay dead on the streets of Paris.
Scottish philosopher and historian Thomas Carlyle later famously recorded that, on this occasion, Bonaparte gave his opponent a "Whiff of Grapeshot" and that "the thing we specifically call French Revolution is blown into space by it."[2] That is, 13 Vendémiaire marks the ending of the French Revolution. (The phrase is often ascribed to Bonaparte himself, but the words are probably Carlyle's.[3])
Aftermath
The defeat of the Royalist insurrection extinguished the threat to the Convention. On 19 October all the officers in the army, also the ones who were dismissed, had to prove for the
In film
The first episode of the 2002 miniseries Napoléon portrays the battle of 13 Vendémiaire. The events are also depicted in the 2023 film Napoleon.
References
- ^ J.M. Thompson's Napoleon Bonaparte His Rise & Fall (Blackwell, 1958) p. 55 quotes Napoleon himself as saying 'They killed thirty of our men, and wounded sixty'.
- ^ Carlyle, Thomas. The French Revolution, vol.III, book 3.VII p. 320
- ^ Gifford, Jonathan. "Napoleon's Whiff of Grapeshot". Accessed 2015-01-20. 2015-04-09.
- ^ Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel, 25 octobre 1795, p. 2
- ^ Soboul 1974, p. 473.
Sources
- Asprey, Robert B. – The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, 604 pages, ISBN 0-465-04881-1
- Chandler, David G. – Campaigns of Napoleon, 1216 pages, ISBN 0-02-523660-1
- Franceschi, M. Gen (ret.) – The 13 Vendémiaire, republican coronation of Napoleon
- ISBN 0-688-16978-3
- ISBN 978-0691169712
- Lacretelle, Jean-Charles-Dominique. "Account of the 1795 Vendémiaire Uprising", Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents, ed. Rafe Blaufarb (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008), 33–35.
- Soboul, Albert (1974). The French Revolution: 1787–1799. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-47392-2.
External links
- Media related to 13 Vendémiaire at Wikimedia Commons