Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt | |||||||||||||||
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1803 BC–1649 BC | |||||||||||||||
Capital | Itjtawy (c. 1803 BC – c. 1677 BC) Thebes (c. 1677 BC – c. 1648 BC) | ||||||||||||||
Common languages | Egyptian language | ||||||||||||||
Religion | ancient Egyptian religion | ||||||||||||||
Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||||||||
Historical era | Bronze Age | ||||||||||||||
• Established | 1803 BC | ||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1649 BC | ||||||||||||||
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Periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt | ||
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All years are BC | ||
XXXIII | 305–30 |
The Thirteenth Dynasty of
According to
Rulers
In later texts, this dynasty is usually described as an era of chaos and disorder. However, the period may have been more peaceful than was once thought since the central government in
Name of pharaoh | Image | Dates | Burial | Consort(s) | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I | 1803–1800 BC | The dominant hypothesis is that Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep was the founder of the dynasty,[3][4] in older studies Wegaf | |||
Sonbef |
1800–1796 BC | Perhaps a son of Amenemhat IV and brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep.[3] | |||
Nerikare | 1796 BC | ||||
Sekhemkare Amenemhat V | 1796–1793 BC | ||||
Ameny Qemau | 1795–1792 BC | Pyramid of Ameny Qemau | |||
Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef[5] | 1792–1790 BC | Perhaps identical with King Sehotepibre in the Turin Canon | |||
Iufni | 1790–1788 BC | Known only from the Turin canon | |||
Seankhibre Ameny-Intef-Amenemhat VI |
1788–1785 BC | ||||
Semenkare Nebnuni |
1785–1783 BC or 1739 BC | ||||
Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy | 1783–1781 BC | ||||
Sewadjkare I | 1781 BCE | Known only from the Turin canon | |||
Nedjemibre | 7 months, 1780 BC or 1736 BC | Known only from the Turin canon | |||
Khaankhre Sobekhotep II | 1780–1777 BC | ||||
Renseneb Amenemhat | 1777 BC | ||||
Awybre Hor | 1777–1775 BC | Buried in Amenemhet III |
Nubhetepti (?) | ||
Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw | 1775–1772 BC | Possibly a son of Hor Awybre. | |||
Djedkheperew | 1772–1770 BC | Possibly a brother of Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw. | |||
Sebkay | Possibly two kings, Seb and his son Kay | ||||
Sedjefakare Kay-Amenemhat VII |
5 to 7 years or 3 years, 1769–1766 BC | ||||
Khutawyre Wegaf | Around 1767 BC | ||||
Userkare Khendjer | Minimum 4 years and 3 months c. 1765 BC | Pyramid of Khendjer, South Saqqara[6] | Seneb[henas?] | May also have borne the name Nimaatre. | |
Smenkhkare Imyremeshaw | Reigned less than 10 years, starting 1759 BC or 1711 BC. | Aya (Iy)? |
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Sehetepkare Intef | Less than 10 years | Aya (Iy)? |
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Seth Meribre | Reign ended 1749 BCE | ||||
Sekhemresewadjtawy Sobekhotep III | 1755–1751 BC | Senebhenas[7] Neni[7] |
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Khasekhemre Neferhotep I | 1751–1740 BC | Perhaps buried at Abydos: S 9 | Senebsen[7] | ||
Menwadjre Sihathor | 1739 BC | Ephemeral coregent with his brother Neferhotep I | |||
Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV | 1740–1730 BC | Perhaps buried at Abydos: S 10 | Tjan[7] | Brother of Neferhotep I and Sihathor | |
Merhotepre Sobekhotep V |
c. 1730 BC | Nubkhaes ? [7] |
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Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI |
Around 1725 BC | ||||
Wahibre Ibiau | 1725–1714 BC or 1712–1701 BC | ||||
Merneferre Ay | 23 years, 8 months and 18 days, 1701–1677 BC or 1714–1691 BC | Built a pyramid whose location is unknown, maybe near Memphis.[8] | Inni ? | Reigned 23 years, the longest reign of the dynasty. Last king to be attested in both Lower and Upper Egypt. |
Following these kings, the remaining rulers of the 13th Dynasty are only attested by finds from Upper Egypt. This may indicate the abandonment of the old capital Itjtawy in favor of Thebes.[9] Daphna Ben Tor believes that this event was triggered by the invasion of the eastern Delta and the Memphite region by Canaanite rulers. For some authors, this marks the end of the Middle Kingdom and the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period.[9] This analysis is rejected by Ryholt and Baker however, who note that the stele of Seheqenre Sankhptahi, reigning toward the end of the dynasty, strongly suggests that he reigned over Memphis. The stele is of unknown provenance.[3][4]
Image | Pharaoh | Comments |
---|---|---|
Merhotepre Ini | Also known as Ini I | |
Sankhenre Sewadjtu | ||
Mersekhemre Ined | Possibly the same as Neferhotep II
| |
Sewadjkare Hori | Also known as Hori II | |
Merkawre Sobekhotep VII | ||
Eight kings, names lost |
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Merkheperre | ||
Merkare | Known only from the Turin canon | |
One lost king |
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Sewadjare Mentuhotep V |
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[...]mosre | ||
Ibi [...]maatre | ||
Hor [...] [...]webenre | ||
Se[...]kare | ||
Seheqenre Sankhptahi | Represented on a stele offering to Ptah | |
[...]re | ||
Se[...]enre | Possibly the Turin canon’s preservation of the prenomen Sewahenre. |
The chronological position of a number of attested rulers could not be conclusively determined due to a lack of evidence:
Image | Pharaoh | Comments |
---|---|---|
Mershepsesre Ini II | According to von Beckerath, successor of Sewadjare Mentuhotep V and predecessor of Merkheperre | |
Mersekhemre Neferhotep II |
Possibly the same as Mersekhemre Ined | |
Sewahenre Senebmiu | According to von Beckerath, successor of Se[...]kare | |
Sekhanenre ...re | ||
Sobekhotep IX |
Sobekhotep I and II
Ryholt posits a ruler named "Sobkhotep I Sekhemre Khutawy" as the first king of this dynasty. This is now the dominant hypothesis in Egyptology[4] and Sobekhotep Sekhemre Khutawy is referred to as Sobekhotep I in this article. Ryholt thus credits Sekhemre Khutawy Sobkhotep I with a reign of 3 to 4 years c. 1800 BC and proposes that Khaankhre Sobekhotep II reigned c. 20 years later in 1780 BC.[3] Dodson and Hilton similarly believe that Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep predated Khaankhre Sobekhotep.[10]
Successors
After allowing discipline at the southern forts to deteriorate, the government eventually withdrew its garrisons and, not long afterward, the forts were reoccupied by the rising
However, recent archaeological finds at
Merneferre Ay was the last Egyptian ruler of the 13th Dynasty who is attested by objects in both Lower and Upper Egypt.[14] Henceforth, his successors, from Merhotepre Ini on, are only attested in Upper Egypt.[15]
References
- ^ a b c d e Kim S. B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 B.C., Museum Tusculanum Press 1997, p.197
- ^ Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, London 2004. pp. 100–101
- ^ a b c d K.S.B. Ryholt. The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1550 B.C. Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications 20. Copenhagen
- ^ ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008
- ^ K. S. B. Ryholt, Hotepibre, a Supposed Asiatic King in Egypt with Relations to Ebla, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 311 (Aug., 1998), pp. 1–6
- ISBN 0-8021-3935-3
- ^ ISBN 978-0954721893
- ^ Labib Habachi: Khata'na-Qantir: Importance, ASAE 52 (1954) pp. 471–479, pl.16–17
- ^ a b Daphna Ben Tor: Sequences and chronology of Second Intermediate Period royal-name scarabs, based on excavated series from Egypt and the Levant, in: The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth-Seventeenth Dynasties), Current Research, Future Prospects edited by Marcel Maree, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 192, 2010, p. 91
- ^ Dodson, Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, 2004
- ^ Nadine Moeller, Gregory Marouard & N. Ayers, Discussion of Late Middle Kingdom and Early Second Intermediate Period History and Chronology in Relation to the Khayan Sealings from Tell Edfu, in: Egypt and the Levant 21 (2011), pp. 87–121 online PDF
- ^ Moeller, Marouard & Ayers, Egypt and the Levant 21, (2011), pp. 87–108
- ^ Robert M. Porter: The Second Intermediate Period according to Edfu, Goettinger Mizsellen 239 (2013), p. 75–80
- ^ Thomas Schneider, "The Chronology of the Middle Kingdom and the Hyksos Period", in: E. Hornung/R. Krauss/D. Warburton (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies 1, 83), Leiden/ Boston 2006, p.180
- ^ Schneider, p.180
- Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd., 2006. ISBN 0500286280.