1509 Constantinople earthquake

Coordinates: 40°45′N 29°00′E / 40.75°N 29.00°E / 40.75; 29.00
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
1509 Constantinople earthquake
Prince's Islands, Sea of Marmara
FaultNorth Anatolian Fault
Areas affectedOttoman Empire
TsunamiYes
Casualties1,000 to 13,000 dead
10,000 + injured
1070 houses destroyed

The 1509 Constantinople earthquake or historically Kıyamet-i Sugra ('Minor Judgment Day') occurred in the

aftershocks
followed the earthquake. The death toll of this earthquake is poorly known; estimates range between 1,000 and 13,000.

Background

The

Izmit from the Izmit Fault to the Ganos Fault. The pattern of faults within the Sea of Marmara basin is complex but near Istanbul there is a single main fault segment with a sharp bend. To the west, the fault trends west–east and is pure strike-slip in type. To the east, the fault is NW-SE trending and shows evidence of both normal and strike-slip motion.[3] Movement on this fault, which bounds the Çınarcık Basin, was the most likely cause of the 1509 event.[2]

Earthquake and tsunami

The earthquake occurred on September 10, 1509, in the northeast of the

Gulf of Izmit in the east of the Sea of Marmara.[2][4] Major shocks occurred at half-hour intervals and were violent and protracted in nature, forcing residents to seek refuge in open parks and squares.[2] Aftershocks were said to have continued for 18 days without causing any further damage but delayed reconstruction in some areas.[2]

A tsunami is mentioned in some sources with a run-up of greater than 6.0 m (19.7 ft), but discounted in others.[2] The waves that surpassed the walls of the city and the Genoese Walls penetrated into the settlements. Especially in the Galata region, many houses were flooded. Seismologists and geologists believe that the tsunami observed in the Sea of Marmara was not only related to the earthquake, but also caused by seafloor landslides triggered by the earthquake.[5] A turbidite bed whose deposition matches the date of the earthquake has been recognised in the Çınarcık Basin.[6]

Reports were sent to the capital that the earthquake caused damage even in

Dimetoka, which were part of the Rumelia Province of the Empire.[7]

Damage

A 1529 woodcut showing damage to the Fatih Mosque

The area of significant damage (greater than

Fatih Mosque
suffered damage to its four great columns and the dome was split.

The quake also damaged the

Byzantine mosaics inside the dome fell off, revealing the Christian images.[2] Damage occurred to the Hadım Ali Pasha Mosque, and six columns and the Obelisk of Theodosius in the Hippodrome collapsed.[7]

The number of dead and injured is hard to estimate, with different sources giving accounts varying from 1,000 to 13,000.[2] It is believed that some members of the Ottoman dynasty died in this earthquake. Aftershocks continued for 45 days after the earthquake, and people were unable to return to their homes for two months.[8]

Aftermath

Woodcut depicting the effects of the 1509 earthquake

The sultan's residence Topkapı Palace was not damaged but Bayezid II's bedroom collapsed at the tremor, with the sultan only saved by the fact he had left his chambers a few hours earlier to get up to prayer.[9] After staying for ten days in a tent set up in the palace garden, Bayezid II went to stay in the former capital of Edirne.[8]

The Ottoman Imperial Council (Divan-ı Hümayun) convened after the quake and made decisions to deal with the effects of the disaster. Constantinople had to be reconstructed and an additional tax of 22 akçe would be taken from each household for the task, it was decided. With the decree issued by the Sultan after the earthquake, a ban was placed on construction on filled ground and it was ordered that all buildings to be built in the capital be made of wood-frame material.[5] Afterward, an empire-wide initiative was launched to reconstruct the city. Tens of thousands of workers, stonemasons and carpenters were brought to Istanbul from both Anatolia and Rumelia. Beginning on March 29, 1510, construction works in the city were undergone hastily and completed on June 1, 1510.[8]

Interpretations and prophecies

Due to the endless aftershocks and the destruction and loss caused by the earthquake, Ottoman historians and the people described the disaster as Minor Judgment Day (Kıyamet-i Suğra). This phrase comes from an Islamic eschatological tradition that associates earthquakes with the apocalypse, referencing the Surah Al-Zalzala, the 99th chapter of the Quran, which the arrival of the Last Judgment with a terrible earthquake.[10]

The earthquake was allegedly predicted by an unnamed Greek monk from Saint Catherine's Monastery in Sinai while present in the Sultan's court.[2] European interpretations at the time viewed the earthquake as a sort of punishment, a punishment from God set upon the Turks for taking up arms against European Christians.[2] Similarly, Sultan Bayezid II saw it as a punishment from God, however he attributed the punishment to the wrongdoings of his ministers.[2] It has been suggested that the French astrologer and seer Nostradamus, who was alive at the time of the earthquake, may have referred to the 1509 earthquake in the stanza number II.52 of his book containing his prophecies.[11]

See also

References

  1. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x
    .
  2. ^
    doi:10.1785/0120000305
    .
  3. S2CID 49553634
    . Retrieved 2010-02-06.
  4. ^ Lozefski, G.; McHugh, C.; Cormier, M-H.; Seeber, L.; Çagatay, N.; Okay, N. (2004). "PROVENANCE OF TURBIDITE SANDS IN THE MARMARA SEA, TURKEY: A TOOL FOR SUBMARINE PALEOSEISMOLOGY". Geological Society of America. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Mengüç, Dora (17 August 2021). "İstanbul'un altüst olduğu gün: Küçük Kıyamet Depremi". The Independent (in Turkish). Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  6. ^ Lozefski, G.; McHugh C.; Cormier M-H.; Seeber L.; Çagatay N.; Okay N. (2004). "Provenance of turbidite sands in the Marmara Sea, Turkey: a tool for submarine paleoseismology". Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  7. ^ a b Kazuaki Sawai. "The 1509 Istanbul Earthquake and Subsequent Recovery" (PDF). Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d Afyoncu, Erhan (28 July 2020). "A glimpse of doom: Istanbul's earthquakes in history". Historian, Chancellor of National Defence University, Ankara. Daily Sabah. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  9. ^ Murat Bardakçı (18 June 2017). "İşte, Türkiye'nin tam beş asır önce yazılmış ilk deprem hasarı raporu" (in Turkish). Habertürk. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  10. ^ Angell, Elizabeth. "A Seismic Cityscape: Earthquakes In Istanbul'S History". History of Istanbul. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  11. ISBN 9780349408446
    . Retrieved 10 September 2023.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1509_Constantinople_earthquake&oldid=1253217705"