1556
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
|
Shaanxi earthquake
, devastation kills 830,000 people in China.| 1556 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
|
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Works category |
| 356 before ROC 民前356年 | |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 88 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2098–2099 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴木兔年 (female Wood-Rabbit) 1682 or 1301 or 529 — to — 阳火龙年 (male Fire-Dragon) 1683 or 1302 or 530 |
Year 1556 (MDLVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–March
- January 4 – In Japan, Saitō Yoshitatsu, the eldest son of Saitō Dōsan, arranges the murders of his two younger brothers, Magoshiro and Kiheiji, and forces his father to flee from the Sagiyama Castle.
- January 16 – Charles V resigns the throne of the Spanish Empire (including his colonies in the New World) in favor of his son, Philip II, and retires to a monastery.[1]
- January 23 – The Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China; 830,000 people may have been killed.[2][3]
- January 24 – In India, at the Sher Mandal in Delhi, the Mughal Emperor Humayun trips while descending the stairs from his library and strikes the side of his head against a stone step, sustaining a fatal injury. He never regains consciousness and dies seven days later.[4]
- Akbar the Great ascends the throne of the Mughal Empire in India at age 13; he will rule until his death in 1605, by which time most of the north and centre of the Indian subcontinent will be under his control.[6]
- March 21 – In Oxford, Thomas Cranmer,the former Archbishop of Canterbury, is burned at the stake for treason for his role in the English Reformation as chief bishop of the Anglican Church.[7]
- Roman Catholic Cardinal, is appointed by Queen Mary of England as the new Archbishop of Canterbury and head of the Catholic Archdiocese of Canterbury.[8]
April–June
- April 3 – In Qazvin, the Shah of Iran Tahmasp I, becomes enraged with the sexual orientation of his son Ismail II, and sends Ismail to Afghanistan to serve as the Iranian governor of Herat province.[9]
- April 24 – Pál Márkházy surrenders the Hungarian fortress at Ajnácskő (now Hajnáčka in Slovakia) to the Ottoman Empire. Márkházy, accused of treachery, is stripped of his estates and title by the King of Hungary, and forced to flee to the Principality of Transylvania.[10]
- May 28 (20th day of 4th month of Kōji 2) – In Japan, the Battle of Nagara-gawa takes place along the Nagara River in Mino Province near what is now the Gifu Prefecture. Saitō Yoshitatsu, with 17,500 troops, overwhelms and kills his father, Saitō Dōsan, who had attempted to avenge the Saitō family honor with less than 3,000 people.[11]
- Venetian Republic.[12]
- June 27 – Thirteen English Protestants (11 men and two women), the "Stratford Martyrs", are burned at the stake at Stratford-le-Bow near London after being convicted of heresy.[13][14]
July–September
- July 17 – Kostajnica Fortress in what is now Croatia falls to the Ottoman Empire and remains under Turkish control for the next 132 years.
- August 15 – Work begins on the Peresopnytsia Gospel at the Monastery of the Holy Trinity in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and continues for the next five years.[15]
- August 27 – Charles V abdicates his position as Holy Roman Emperor in favor of his younger brother, Ferdinand, King of the Romans. The Imperial Diet postpones recognizing the abdication for the next 18 months.
- September 1 – After Pope Paul IV attempts to get King Henry II of France to join him in an invasion of Spanish-controlled Naples, Spain's Duke of Alba invades the Papal States in Italy.[16]
October–December
- Tardi Beg Khan within one day.[17]
- November 5 – Second Battle of Panipat: Fifty miles north of Delhi, a Mughal army defeats the forces of Hemu and recaptures Delhi for the Mughal Empire, guaranteeing Akbar's rule.[18][19]
- November 10 – The English ship Edward Bonadventure, commanded by Richard Chancellor is wrecked on the coast of Scotland at Pitsligo, killing most of its crew, including Chancellor. The few survivors include the first Russian ambassador to England, Osip Nepeya.[20]
- November 17 – In the Holy Roman Empire, the Steter Kriegsrat is founded as a War Council with five generals and five civil servants to advise the Habsburg rulers.[21]
- Akbar personally travels with Bairam Khan to lead an invasion force to defeat the Sultan of the Sur Empire, Sikandar Shah Suri.[22]
- December 27 – Péter Erdődy is appointed as the Ottoman Viceroy of Croatia after the death on September 7 of Nikola IV Zrinski.
- December 31 – All military authorities in the Holy Roman Empire are ordered to submit to the decisions of the Imperial War Council.
Date unknown
- The kings of
- The Roman Catholic ruler Queen Mary I of England.
- Future King Gustav I of Sweden becomes Duke of Finland.[24]
- Volga Riverto Russian traffic and trade.
- The
- The false Martin Guerre appears in the French village of Artigat.[26]
- The first printing press in India is introduced by Jesuits, at Saint Paul's College, Goa.[27]
Births
- January 8 – Uesugi Kagekatsu, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1623)
- January 24 – Christian Barnekow, Danish noble, explorer and diplomat (d. 1612)[28]
- February 4 – Dorothea of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noblewoman (d. 1638)
- February 7 – Countess Maria of Nassau (d. 1616)[29]
- February 16 – Tōdō Takatora, Japanese daimyō (d. 1630)[30]
- February 21 – Sethus Calvisius, German calendar reformer (d. 1615)[31]
- March 7 – Guillaume du Vair, French statesman and philosopher (d. 1621)[32]
- March 13 – Dirck van Os, Dutch merchant (d. 1615)
- April 8 – David Hoeschel, German librarian (d. 1617)[33]
- April 9 – Andreas von Auersperg, Carniolan noble and military commander in the battle of Sisak (d. 1593)
- April 27 – François Béroalde de Verville, French writer (d. 1626)[34]
- May 31 – Jerzy Radziwiłł, Polish Catholic cardinal (d. 1600)[35]
- June 6 – Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche, English politician and diplomat (d. 1625)[36]
- June 13 – Pomponio Nenna, Italian composer (d. 1608)[37]
- June 24
- Victoria of Valois, French princess (d. 1556)
- Joan of Valois, French princess (d. 1556)
- July 9 – Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea, English countess (d. 1634)[38]
- July 22 – Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (d. 1604)[39]
- August 10 – Philipp Nicolai, German Lutheran pastor (d. 1608)[41]
- August 16 – Bartolomeo Cesi, Italian painter (d. 1629)[42]
- September 21 – William Harris, English knight (d. 1616)
- October 18
- Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf, French duke and nobleman (d. 1605)[43]
- John Dormer, English Member of Parliament (d. 1626)[44]
- October 24 – Giovanni Battista Caccini, Italian artist (d. 1613)[45]
- November 25 – Jacques Davy Duperron, French cardinal (d. 1618)[47]
- November 28 – Francesco Contarini, Doge of Venice (d. 1624)[48]
- December 27 – Jeanne de Lestonnac, French saint (d. 1640)
- date unknown
- Margaret Clitherow, English Catholic martyr (d. 1586)[51]
- Alexander Briant, English Jesuit martyr (d. 1581)[53]
Deaths
_Founder_of_the_Jesuits.jpg)
- January 8 – Anne Shelton, English courtier, elder sister of Thomas Boleyn (b. 1475)[54]
- February 12 – Giovanni Poggio, Italian cardinal and diplomat (b. 1493)[56]
- February 26 – Frederick II, Elector Palatine (1544–1556) (b. 1482)[57]
- March 21 – Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (burned at the stake) (b. 1489)[58]
- April 18
- April 26 – Valentin Friedland, German scholar and educationist of the Reformation (b. 1490)[61]
- May 4 – Luca Ghini, Italian physician and botanist (b. 1490)[62]
- May 28 – Saitō Dōsan, Japanese warlord (b. 1494)
- June 10 – Martin Agricola, German composer (b. 1486)[63]
- Joan of Valois, French princess (b. 1556)[64]
- July 31 – Ignatius of Loyola, Spanish founder of the Jesuit order and saint (b. 1491)[65]
- August 1 – Girolamo da Carpi, Italian painter (b. 1501)[66]
- August 11 – John Bell, Bishop of Worcester[67]
- Victoria of Valois, French princess (b. 1556)
- September – Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell, Scottish traitor (b. 1512)[68]
- October 7 – Frederick of Denmark, Prince-bishop (b. 1532)[69]
- October 21 – Pietro Aretino, Italian author (b. 1492)[70]
- November 10 – Richard Chancellor, English Arctic explorer (drowned at sea) (b. c. 1521)[71]
- November 14 – Giovanni della Casa, Italian poet (b. 1503)[72]
- date unknown
- Tullia d'Aragona, Italian poet, author and philosopher (b. 1510)[73]
- probable
- Brian mac Cathaoir O Conchobhair Failghe, last of the Kings of Ui Failghe
- Brian mac Cathaoir O Conchobhair Failghe, last of the
References
- ^ Allied Powers (1919- ). Reparation Commission (1921). Belgian Claims to the Triptych of Saint Ildephonse and the Treasure of the Order of the Golden Fleece. p. 35.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - S2CID 228829854. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
- ISBN 978-7-302-10694-4. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
- OCLC 59153735.[page needed]
- ISBN 978-1-317-89939-6. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
- ISBN 978-93-5528-240-8. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
- ^ Acs, Pal. "Thomas Cranmer's Martyrdom as Parable" (PDF). mtak.hu. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
- JSTOR j.ctt1npq81.
- ISBN 9780857716613.
- ISSN 1588-2039.
- ISBN 1-85409-523-4.
- ^ MacKay, George Eric (1878). The Doges of Venice Chronologically Arranged with Historical Notes by George Eric Mackay. F. Ongania. p. 105. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
- ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 344. "Thirteen Martyrs Burned at Stratford-Le-Bow". Exclassics.com. Retrieved 24 May 2013
- ^ List of martyrs according to Foxe
- ^ Information on the Peresopnytsia Gospel from UNESCO
- ISBN 978-1317897736.
- ISBN 9780861251551.
- ISBN 978-81-7099-663-7. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
- ISBN 978-81-7536-295-6. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5099. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Holmes, Richard, ed. (2001). The Oxford companion to military history. p. 411.
- ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp.106-7
- ^ Diccionario Enciclopedico Hispano-Americano (in Spanish). London: W.M. Jackson. 1887. p. 578. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
- ^ The Aaland Islands Question: Report Submitted to the Council (in French). League of Nations Commission of Rapporteurs on the Åland Islands Question. 1921. p. 8. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
- ISBN 978-3-406-53484-3. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
- ISSN 2014-668X. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
- ISBN 978-81-7201-664-7. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
- ^ Bohlen-Bohlendorf, Julius von (1850). Der Bischofs-Roggen und die Güter des Bisthums Roeskild (in German). Löffler. p. 24. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
- ^ Beets, Nicolaas; Bond, Nederlandsche Militaire (1899). Onder Neerlands vlag: album ter herdenking van het vijf en twintig jarig bestaan van den Nederlandschen militairen bond : 1874-1899 (in Dutch). Van Holkema & Warendorf. p. 11. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-3990-9658-4. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
- ^ Sittard, Josef (1881). Compendium der Geschichte der Kirchenmusik mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des kirchlichen Gesanges: von Ambrosius zur Neuzeit (in German). Levy & Müller. p. 201. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-55862-159-6.
- ^ Brucker, Johann Jakob (1747). Ehren-tempel der Deutschen Gelehrsamkeit: in welchem die Bildnisse gelehrter (in German). Haid. p. 98. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ Haag, Eugène (1852). La France protestante: ou, Vies des protestants français (in French). J. Cherbuliez. p. 10. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 12, 1583". cardinals.fiu.edu.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30301. Retrieved October 12, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ "NENNA, Pomponio". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ Stephen, Leslie (1891). Dictionary of National Biography. Macmillan. p. 409. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ Back, Friedrich (1873). Die evangelische Kirche im Lande zwischen Rhein, Mosel, Nahe und Glan bis zum Beginn des 30jährigen Krieges: ¬Theil ¬II, ¬Die Reformation der Kirche sowie der Kirche Schicksale und Gestaltung bis zum Jahre 1620 ; Abth. 1 (in German). Marcus. p. 10. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ Stephen, Leslie (1922). The Dictionary of National Biography, Founded in 1882 by George Smith. H. Milford. p. 241. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ Wendt, Hans Hinrich (1859). Dr. Philipp Nicolai (in German). Nolte & Köhler. p. 4. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ Crespi, Luigi (1793). La Certosa di Bologna descritta nelle sue pitture (in Italian). A san Tommaso d'Aquino. p. 45. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ Moreau, Jean (1836). Histoire de ce qui s'est passé en Bretagne (in French). Brest. p. 25. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ "DORMER, Sir John (1556-1627), of Dorton and Long Crendon, Bucks". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-7148-2417-8. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of June 9, 1604". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ Rendina, Claudio (1984). I dogi: storia e segreti (in Italian). Newton Compton. p. 350. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-78138-772-6. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-19-562842-5. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
- . Retrieved October 13, 2023.
- ^ International Bulletin. Africa Institute of South Africa. 1973. p. 396. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3378. Retrieved October 12, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/70835. Retrieved October 13, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Syed, Muzaffar H. (February 20, 2022). History of Indian Nation : Medieval India. K. K. Publications. p. 116. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of November 20, 1551". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ^ Neues Archiv für die Geschichte der Stadt Heidelberg und der rheinischen Pfalz (in German). G. Koester. 1890. p. 97. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-897837-11-5.
- ^ Efemeridi letterarie di Roma (in Italian). Vincenzo Poggioli. 1806. p. 339. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10272. Retrieved October 13, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Jahrbücher der deutschen Turnkunst: Blätter für die Angelegenheiten die deutschen Turnwesens, vornehmlich in seiner Richtung auf Erziehung und Gesundheitspflege (in German). Anhuth. 1890. p. 76. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ISSN 0083-7792. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-674-25572-2.
- S2CID 150761162. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ^ Loyola, Ignatius; O'Conor, Joseph (1900). The autobiography of St. Ignatius. New York: Benziger Brothers. p. 165. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-905375-10-3. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ^ Abingdon, Thomas (1723). The Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Worcester. W. Mears; and J. Hooke. p. 104. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ^ Meginness, John Franklin (1894). The Historical Journal. Gazette and Bulletin Print. House. p. 66. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ^ Roerdam, Holger (1873). Historiske Kildeskrifter og Bearbejdelser af Dansk Historie (in Danish). G. E. C. Gad. p. 706. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ^ Aretino, Pietro (1909). L'oeuvre du divin Arétin (in French). Bibliothèque des Curieux. p. 3. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-59884-299-9. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ^ Opere di Monsignor Giovanni Della Casa (in Italian). Società tipografica de'Classici italiani. 1806. p. 79. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
- ^ "Tullia d'Aragona". projectcontinua. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
- ^ DEMİREL, Hamide. A study of the poet Fuzuli (c. 1480-1556) with special reference to his Turkish, Persian, and Arabic divians (PDF) (PhD). University of Durham. p. 1. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
- ^ A General History of Music, from the Earliest Ages to the Present Period. To which is Prefixed, a Dissertation on the Music of the Ancients. Robson and Clark, Bond-Street. 1789. p. 311. Retrieved October 15, 2023.