1586 Tenshō earthquake

Coordinates: 36°00′N 136°54′E / 36.0°N 136.9°E / 36.0; 136.9
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
1586 Tenshō earthquake
Local dateJanuary 18, 1586 (1586-01-18)
Local time23:00 JST
Magnitude7.9 MJMA
Epicenter36°00′N 136°54′E / 36.0°N 136.9°E / 36.0; 136.9[1]
Max. intensityJMA 7
Tsunami5 m (16 ft)
Casualties8,000 dead (est.)

The Tenshō earthquake (

Kyōto, Osaka, Nara, Mie, Aichi, Gifu, Fukui, Ishikawa and Shizuoka.[3] Historical documentation of this earthquake was limited because it occurred during the Sengoku period
.

Tectonic setting

The island of Honshu is situated in a region of complex plate

Okhotsk Plates. While a large component of the convergence is accommodated by subduction along the Nankai and Japan Trenches, shallow intraplate deformation occur as well. The Japan Median Tectonic Line and Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line are two major fault zones that accommodate this deformation. These faults are associated with strike-slip and dip-slip faulting.[4]

Earthquake

Landslide scars visible on Mount Sarugabanba.

The origin of the Tenshō earthquake is not known, but geologists have presented different faults to be the possible source. There is still debate about which fault zone caused the earthquake and even how did the earthquake unfold, through a single fault system rupture or even a multiple fault system rupture, given the massive death and destruction across wide areas of the Tōkai, Kinki, and Hokuriku regions.[2] An analysis of the meizoseismal area suggest the source area was approximately 180 km × 60 km (112 mi × 37 mi) extending north-northeast–south-southwest from Wakasa Bay to Ise Bay.[5] The same region was also the source area of the 1891 Mino–Owari earthquake.

Geology

The Atera Fault System that runs through the Chūbu region is a north-northeast–south-southwest-striking left-lateral fault with a length of 60–70 km (37–43 mi) that

Paleoseismic trenching and radiocarbon dating revealed that the last seismic event on the fault occurred between 1400 and 1600.[9] This date corresponded to the 1586 earthquake as no other reports of a severe earthquake in the region occurred at around this time.[9] Further surveys revealed that another structure, the Miboro Fault, a northwest strand of the Atera Fault was also involved in the earthquake, bringing the estimated rupture length to 85 km (53 mi).[7]
The suggested epicenter is located near the northwest part of Gifu Prefecture, based on analyzing the damage distribution.

Yoshitoshi's Mirror of Famous Generals of Great Japan depicting Toyotomi Hideyoshi being rescued by Katō Kiyomasa
during the 1596 earthquake.

Additional surveys and drilling found that the Yōrō-Kuwana-Yokkaichi Fault Zone to the west of the Nōbi Plain may have also ruptured, and corresponds to reports of severe damage in the vicinity.[10] There is also evidence that the last earthquake on that fault zone could have happened between the 13th and 16th century, and it hence corresponds to the time of the earthquake (1586). The Yōrō-Kuwana-Yokkaichi Fault Zone is a group of three reverse faults beneath the Nōbi Plain with a total length of 55 km (34 mi). Evidence of faults was further supported by the presence of vertical displacements reflected in the sedimentary layers of the plain. The fault zone was also responsible for an earthquake in 745 AD (ja), and ten additional events within the past 6,000 years.[11] The blind Yōrō Fault located along the eastern base of the Yōrō Mountains was also identified as a source of the quake. Fold scarps measuring up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high formed during the event was discovered to have extended 60 km (37 mi) in length.[12]

The disappearance of islands at the mouth of the Kiso River in Ise Bay was attributed to liquefaction and tsunami, caused by slip on the Ise Bay and Ise Bay Mouth Faults, located undersea.[4]

Foreshocks and aftershocks

A

1596 (ja), but were less destructive.[15] The latter event had a magnitude of 7.5 and resulted in at least 1,100 fatalities in Kyoto and Sakai.[16]

Tsunami

A tsunami was reported in Lake Biwa, Wakasa Bay and Ise Bay,[17] however these may have been seiches as the rupture did not extend offshore.[18] A run-up height of 3 m (9.8 ft) was recorded at Ise Bay, while at Wakasa Bay, the tsunami was estimated to be 4–5 m (13–16 ft).[5]

A wave was reported along the coast of Lake Biwa, slamming into homes and washing away many residents in Nagahama. The wave destroyed much of the city and flooded Nagahama Castle. There were over 8,000 fatalities in Ise Bay due to the tsunami.[19][20][21] Multiple fatalities was recorded in Toyama Bay and along the Shō River.[22] Analysis of sedimentary layers at Lake Suigetsu found no evidence of seawater entering the lake.[23] A 2015 study found tsunami deposits in a paddy field in Ōi District, Fukui Prefecture dating to between the 14th and 16th centuries which corresponds to the event.[24]

Records of the tsunami are sparse and it was misattributed to a destructive wave along the Sanriku coast in a tsunami catalog in 1586.[25][26][27] The 1586 Sanriku tsunami is regarded as a false event as there are no historical documentation of such an event in 1586.[28] The tsunami was also misattributed to a Peruvian earthquake the same year.[29] Historical records support the occurrence of a tsunami along the Sanriku coast in June 1585,[29] which has been attributed to a large earthquake in the Aleutian Islands.[30]

Damage

A monument of the Kaerikumo Castle, buried by an earthquake-triggered landslide. The landslide scar is visible in the background.

The earthquake had a maximum JMA intensity of Shindo 6–7 extending from the Noto Peninsula to Lake Biwa.[5][31] Extreme damage was reported between Nara, Osaka, Toyama and Shizouka. Large conflagrations broke out as a result. Large-scale landslides occurred in the northern part of the damage zone which was dominated by mountains. A fortress was completely wiped out by one of these landslides, while another collapsed during the tremors.[31] A triggered landslide on Kaerikumoyama buried the Kaerikumo Castle and 300 houses,[32] killing 500 people.[33] The Ōgaki Castle was destroyed by a fire.[34] The only daughter of Yamauchi Kazutoyo was killed in Nagahama.[35]

There were reports that a few small islands in the Kiso River vanished as a result of soil liquefaction and subsequent subsidence which caused water to submerge the islands while a tsunami was generated in Ise Bay, drowning thousands.[31] At the location of present-day Nagoya, extensive soil liquefaction took place. Sand volcanoes and dykes were recorded and discovered at locations in the plain.[31] Significant destruction was reported in Kyoto, but its temples sustained minor damage.[31] The Tō-ji temple in the city was seriously damaged and over 600 Buddha statues in Sanjūsangen-dō were destroyed.[36] A Christian missionary in the region reported that 60 homes were destroyed at Sakai.[3] Movement of faults and shaking severely deformed the Kiso Three Rivers, resulting in a drastic change in its course.[37]

See also

References

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  5. ^ a b c Hatori, Tokutaro (2015). "1586 年天正地震の震源域と津波" [Estimated Source Area of the 1586 Tensho Earthquake and Tsunami] (PDF). Historical Earthquake (in Japanese). 30: 75–80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-23. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
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  7. ^ a b Eds. Y. Fujinawa and A. Yoshida (2002). "Rupturing History of Active Faults during the Last 1000 Years in the Central Japan" (PDF). Seismotectonics in Convergent Plate Boundary: 209–218. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2021-02-03 – via Terra Scientific Publishing Company.
  8. ^ Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion Earthquake Research Committee (2004). "Long-term evaluation of the Atera fault zone" (PDF). The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion (in Japanese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-03-22. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
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    doi:10.1029/2009JB006287
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  10. ^ Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion Earthquake Research Committee (2001). "Long-term evaluation of the Yōrō-Kuwana-Yokaichi fault zone" (PDF). The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion (in Japanese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-03-22. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  11. doi:10.1785/0120110211. Archived from the original
    on 22 May 2022.
  12. doi:10.1029/2006JB004377. Archived
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  13. ^
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  14. ^ Muramatsu, Ikuei (1998). "天正地震の震源について" [Epicenter of the Tensho Earthquake]. Seismological Society of Japan Autumn Proceedings (in Japanese). C54.
  15. doi:10.2183/pjab1912.4.485. Archived
    from the original on 2022-05-23. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  16. ^ "日本付近のおもな被害地震年代表" [Japan Historical Earthquakes Representative]. Seismological Society of Japan. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  17. ^ 外岡慎一郎 (2013). "越前・若狭の歴史地震・津波～年表と史料" (PDF). 敦賀論叢 (27号). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  18. doi:10.11462/afr.2011.35_1. Archived
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  19. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS), Global Historical Tsunami Database (Data Set), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, archived from the original on 2022-05-31, retrieved 2022-05-22
  20. ^ 東京大学地震研究所 『日本地震史料 続補遺』 日本電気協会、1993年
  21. ^ 『長島町史』 1978年
  22. ^ （富山県）上市町史編纂委員会 (1970). 上市町史. 上市町. p. 1117.
  23. doi:10.5026/jgeography.122.493. Archived
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  24. doi:10.14863/geosocabst.2016.0_035. Archived
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  25. ^ 天正13年5月14日にも三陸沿岸に津波が来襲したという
  26. ^ 吉村昭「三陸海岸大津波」文春文庫版p60(2)
  27. ^ "昭和八年三月三日 三陸沖強震及津波報告". Archived from the original on 2021-09-19. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  28. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.723.1716
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  32. ^ "帰雲城" (in Japanese). ニッポン旅マガジン. 4 May 2021. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  33. ^ "幻の帰雲城" (in Japanese). Shirakawa village. 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  34. ISBN 978-4121919229
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  35. ^ Unkawa, Yuzu (9 August 2021). "戦国大名の運命を大きく変えた大災害「天正地震」秀吉は家康への総攻撃を中止に？". Japaaan Magazine (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  36. ^ Utsu, Tokuji; Shima, Etsuzo; Yoshii, Toshiyoshi; Yamashina, Kenichiro (2001). 地震の事典. Asakura Shoten.
  37. ^ Nishimura, Katsuhiro; Okuda, Masao; Kani, Yukihiko; Nakane, Yoji; Hayakawa, Kiyoshi (2015). "Midstream of Kiso river affected by Tensho mega-earthquake" (PDF). Christchurch, New Zealand: 6th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
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