1642 Yellow River flood
The 1642 Yellow River flood or Kaifeng flood was a
.Kaifeng is located on the south bank of the
The 1642 flood, however, was not natural, but directed by the Ming governor of the city[who?] in the hopes of using the floodwaters to break the six-month siege the city had endured from the peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng.[2]
The dikes were burst in an attempt to flood the rebels, but the water destroyed Kaifeng. According to another account, the rebels under Li Zicheng intended to use the river to flood the imperial forces. "Both the defenders and Li then tried using the Yellow River against each other," John W. Dardess of the University of Kansas wrote, "the defenders attempted to breach the dikes and wash away Li's army, while Li did the same to flood the city and destroy it. Li won. On October 8, 1642, Li's men cut the dikes, and a rain-swollen Yellow River burst through with a tremendous war, flooding Kaifeng..."[3] Harry Miller of the University of South Alabama wrote that "Both sides tried to puncture the dikes on the Yellow River, in order to enlist flood as an ally. Finally, on October 7, the rain-swelled river burst through the weakened dikes in two places."[4]
In any event, 300,000 of the 378,000 residents were killed by the flood and ensuing peripheral disasters such as famine and plague.[5] If treated as a natural disaster, it would be one of the deadliest floods in history. [citation needed]
After this disaster the city was abandoned until 1662 when it was rebuilt under the rule of the Kangxi Emperor in the Qing dynasty. Archaeological research in the city has provided evidence for the 1642 flood and subsequent occupation in 1662.[6] It remained a rural backwater city of diminished importance and experienced several other less devastating floods.
The flood also brought an end to the "golden age" of the Jewish settlement of China, said to span about 1300–1642. China's small Jewish population, estimated at around 5,000 people, was centered at Kaifeng. Furthermore, the flood destroyed the synagogue and most of the community's irreplaceable Torah.
See also
- Floods in Xuzhou's history
- 1938 Yellow River flood, a similar tactic of environmental warfare
References
- ISBN 0791426874, 9780791426876. Accessed 16 Oct 2012.
- ISBN 9780415316910.
- ^ John W. Dardess, Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire (Rowman & Littlefield, 2012) p. 132
- ^ Harry Miller, State Versus Gentry in Late Ming Dynasty China, 1572-1644 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) p. 155
- ISBN 978-0-88125-791-5.
- ^ Storozum, Michael J., et al.Geoarchaeological evidence of the AD 1642 Yellow River flood that destroyed Kaifeng, a former capital of dynastic China, Scientific Reports, 2020.
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