16th century
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The 16th century began with the Julian year 1501 (represented by the Roman numerals MDI) and ended with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (MDC), depending on the reckoning used (the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582).[2]
The 16th century is regarded by historians as the century which saw the rise of Western civilization.
The
Spain and Portugal colonized large parts of Central and South America, followed by France and England in Northern America and the Lesser Antilles. The Portuguese became the masters of trade between Brazil, the coasts of Africa, and their possessions in the Indies, whereas the Spanish came to dominate the Greater Antilles, Mexico, Peru, and opened trade across the Pacific Ocean, linking the Americas with the Indies. English and French privateers began to practice persistent theft of Spanish and Portuguese treasures. This era of colonialism established mercantilism as the leading school of economic thought, where the economic system was viewed as a zero-sum game in which any gain by one party required a loss by another. The mercantilist doctrine encouraged the many intra-European wars of the period and arguably fueled European expansion and imperialism throughout the world until the 19th century or early 20th century.
The Reformation in central and northern Europe gave a major blow to the authority of the papacy and the Catholic Church. In England, the British-Italian Alberico Gentili wrote the first book on public international law and divided secularism from canon law and Catholic theology. European politics became dominated by religious conflicts, with the groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years' War being laid towards the end of the century.
In the
In the Indian subcontinent, following the defeat of the Delhi Sultanate and Vijayanagara Empire, new powers emerged, the Sur Empire founded by Sher Shah Suri, Deccan sultanates, Rajput states, and the Mughal Empire[4] by Emperor Babur, a direct descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan.[5] His successors Humayun and Akbar, enlarged the empire to include most of South Asia.
Japan suffered a severe civil war at this time, known as the Sengoku period, and emerged from it as a unified nation under Toyotomi Hideyoshi. China was ruled by the Ming dynasty, which was becoming increasingly isolationist, coming into conflict with Japan over the control of Korea as well as Japanese pirates.
In Africa, Christianity had begun to spread in Central Africa and Southern Africa. Until the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century, most of Africa was left uncolonized.
Significant events
1501–1509
- 1501: Michelangelo returns to his native Florence to begin work on the statue David.
- 1501: First Battle of Cannanore between the Third Portuguese Armada and Kingdom of Cochin under João da Nova and Zamorin of Kozhikode's navy marks the beginning of Portuguese conflicts in the Indian Ocean.
- 1502: First reported African slaves in the New World
- 1502: The Crimean Khanate sacks Sarai in the Golden Horde, ending its existence.
- France at the Battle of Cerignola. Considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms.
- 1503: Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa and completes it three years later.
- 1503: Nostradamus is born on either December 14 or December 21.
- 1504: A period of drought, with famine in all of Spain.
- Joanna of Castilebecomes the Queen.
- Sultanate of Sennar by Amara Dunqas, in what is modern Sudan
- 1505: Zhengde Emperor ascends the throne of Ming dynasty.
- 1505: Martin Luther enters St. Augustine's Monastery at Erfurt, Germany, on 17 July and begins his journey to instigating the Reformation.
- 1505: Sultan Trenggono builds the first Muslim kingdom in Java, called Demak, in Indonesia. Many other small kingdoms were established in other islands to fight against Portuguese. Each kingdom introduced local language as a way of communication and unity.
- 1506: Leonardo da Vinci completes the Mona Lisa.
- El Gran Capitan finds the corpse of Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours
- 1506: At least two thousand converted Jews are massacred in a Lisbon riot, Portugal.
- 1506: Christopher Columbus dies in Valladolid, Spain.
- Tatars from the Crimean Khanate.
- 1507: The first recorded epidemic of smallpox in the New World on the island of Hispaniola. It devastates the native Taíno population.[7]
- Muscat, among other bases in the Persian Gulf, taking control of the region at the entrance of the Gulf.
- Portuguese-Mamluk War
- 1508–1512: Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
- .
- fleet is also destroyed in Malacca.
- 1509: Krishnadevaraya ascends the throne of Vijayanagara Empire.
1510s
- Tudor England.[9]
- 1510: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Goa in India.
- Sultanate of Malaccain present-day Malaysia.
- 1512: Copernicus writes Commentariolus, and proclaims the Sun the center of the Solar System.
- 1512: The southern part (historical core) of the Kingdom of Navarre is invaded by Castile and Aragon.
- Golconda Sultanate until 1687.
- Machiavelli writes The Prince, a treatise about political philosophy
- 1513: The Portuguese mariner Jorge Álvares lands at Macau, China, during the Ming dynasty.
- Battle of the Spurs.
- Henry VIII's forces.
- Shia Muslims in Anatolia(present-day Turkey).
- 1513: Vasco Núñez de Balboa, in service of Spain arrives at the Pacific Ocean (which he called Mar del Sur) across the Isthmus of Panama. He was the first European to do so.
- Muscovy's expansion into Eastern Europe.
- 1514: Dózsa rebellion (peasant revolt) in Hungary.
- 1514: The Battle of Chaldiran, the Ottoman Empire gains decisive victory against Safavid dynasty.
- King of France following the death of Louis XII.
- 1515: The Ottoman Empire wrests Eastern Anatolia from the Safavids after the Battle of Chaldiran.
- 1515: The Ottomans conquer the last beyliks of Anatolia, the Dulkadirs and the Ramadanids.
- .
- Tudor England.[11]
- 1517: The Reformation begins when Martin Luther posts his Ninety-five Theses in Saxony.
- 1518: The Treaty of London was a non-aggression pact between the major European nations. The signatories were Burgundy, France, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, the Papal States and Spain, all of whom agreed not to attack one another and to come to the aid of any that were under attack.
- Punjab.
- 1518: Leo Africanus, also known as al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan al-Fasi, an Andalusian Berber diplomat who is best known for his book Descrittione dell’Africa (Description of Africa), is captured by Spanish pirates; he is taken to Rome and presented to Pope Leo X.
- 1518: The dancing plague of 1518 begins in Strasbourg, lasting for about one month.
- 1519: Leonardo da Vinci dies of natural causes on May 2.
- breech-loading Portuguese culverin, in order to suppress the rebellion of Prince Zhu Chenhao.
- 1519: Barbary pirates led by Hayreddin Barbarossa, a Turk appointed to ruling position in Algiers by the Ottoman Empire, raid Provence and Toulon in southern France.
- Austria, Spain, and the Low Countries becomes Emperor of Holy Roman Empire as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor(ruled until 1556).
- Circumnavigatethe Earth.
- 1519–1521: Hernán Cortés leads the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.
1520s
- 1520–1566: The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent marks the zenith of the Ottoman Empire.
- 1520: The first European diplomatic mission to Ethiopia, sent by the Portuguese, arrives at Massawa 9 April, and reaches the imperial encampment of Emperor Dawit II in Shewa 9 October.
- 1520: Vijayanagara Empire forces under Krishnadevaraya defeat the Adil Shahi under at the Battle of Raichur
- Sumatrancoast (in present-day Indonesia), and the pepper and gold producing lands on the east coast.
- 1520: The Portuguese established a trading post in the village of Lamakera on the eastern side of Solor (in present-day Indonesia) as a transit harbour between Maluku and Malacca.
- 1521: Belgrade (in present-day Serbia) is captured by the Ottoman Empire.
- 1521: After building fortifications at Tuen Mun, the Portuguese attempt to invade Ming dynasty China, but are expelled by Chinese naval forces.
- 1521: Philippines encountered by Ferdinand Magellan. He was later killed in the Battle of Mactan in central Philippines in the same year.
- 1521: Jiajing Emperor ascended the throne of Ming dynasty, China.
- cloves.
- 1521: Pati Unus leads the invasion of Malacca (in present-day Malaysia) against the Portuguese occupation. Pati Unus was killed in this battle, and was succeeded by his brother, sultan Trenggana.
- 1522: Rhodes falls to the Ottomans of Suleiman the Magnificent.[12]
- 1522: The Portuguese ally themselves with the rulers of Ternate (in present-day Indonesia) and begin construction of a fort.[10]
- Luso-Sundanese Treaty signed between Portugal and Sunda Kingdom granted Portuguese permit to build fortress in Sunda Kelapa.
- gains independence from the Kalmar Union.
- Cacao bean is introduced to Spain by Hernán Cortés
- 1524–1525: German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano is the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between South Carolina and Newfoundland.
- 1525: Timurid Empire forces under Babur defeat the Lodi dynasty at the First Battle of Panipat, end of the Delhi Sultanate.
- 1525: German and Spanish forces defeat France at the Battle of Pavia, Francis I of France is captured.
- 1526: The Ottomans defeat the Kingdom of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács.
- 1526: Mughal Empire, founded by Babur.
- 1527: Sack of Rome with Pope Clement VII escaping and the Swiss Guards defending the Vatican being killed. The sack of the city of Rome considered the end of the Italian Renaissance.
- Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden.
- 1527: The last ruler of Majapahit falls from power. This state (located in present-day Indonesia) was finally extinguished at the hands of the Demak. A large number of courtiers, artisans, priests, and members of the royalty moved east to the island of Bali; however, the power and the seat of government transferred to Demak under the leadership of Pangeran, later Sultan Fatah.
- Jayakarta, meaning "a glorious victory." This eventful day came to be acknowledged as Jakarta's Founding Anniversary.
- 1527: Mughal Empire forces defeat the Rajput led by Rana Sanga of Mewar at the Battle of Khanwa
- 1529: The Austrians defeat the Ottoman Empire at the siege of Vienna.
- Moluccas to Portugal and Philippinesto Spain.
- Dawit II in the Battle of Shimbra Kure, the opening clash of the Ethiopian–Adal War.
1530s
- King Henry VIIIas the head of the Church.
- 1531: The Inca Civil War is fought between the two brothers, Atahualpa and Huáscar.
- 1532: Francisco Pizarro leads the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.
- 1532: Foundation of São Vicente, the first permanent Portuguese settlement in the Americas.
- 1533: Anne Boleyn becomes Queen of England.
- Elizabeth Tudoris born.
- 1534: Jacques Cartier claims Canada for France.
- 1534: The Ottomans capture Baghdad from the Safavids.
- 1534: Affair of the Placards, where King Francis I becomes more active in repression of French Protestants.
- Anabaptists to establish a theocracy, ends in bloodshed.
- 1535: The Portuguese in Ternate depose Sultan Tabariji (or Tabarija) and send him to Portuguese Goa where he converts to Christianity and bequeaths his Portuguese godfather Jordao de Freitas the island of Ambon.[13] Hairun becomes the next sultan.
- Katherine of Aragon dies in Kimbolton Castle, in England.under Suleiman (in red and orange)
- 1536: In England, Anne Boleyn is beheaded for adultery and treason.
- 1536: Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal.
- 1536: Foundation of Buenos Aires (in present-day Argentina) by Pedro de Mendoza.
- 1537: The Portuguese establish Recife in Pernambuco, north-east of Brazil.
- King James Bible.
- 1538: Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada founds Bogotá.
- 1538: Spanish–Venetian fleet is defeated by the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Preveza.
- Hernando de Sotoexplores inland North America.
1540s
- Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits, is founded by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions with the approval of Pope Paul III.
- Sur, who supplanted the Mughal dynasty as rulers of North India during the reign of the relatively ineffectual second Mughal emperor Humayun. Sher Shah Suri decisively defeats Humayun in the Battle of Bilgram (May 17, 1540).
- Santiago de Chile.
- Habsburg) is unsuccessful.
- 1541: Amazon River is encountered and explored by Francisco de Orellana.
- 1541: Capture of Buda and the absorption of the major part of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire.
- Russia.
- Henry VIII is allied with the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied with the French.
- Akbar The Great is born in the Rajput Umarkot Fort
- 1542: Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the island of Samar and Leyte Las Islas Filipinas honoring Philip II of Spain and became the official name of the archipelago.
- Ahmad Gureyis killed at this battle.
- 1543: Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun
- Nanban trade period begins after Portuguese traders make contact with Japan.
- Ming China, by Qiu Ying
- Clan Ranaldfight over a disputed chiefship; reportedly, 5 Frasers and 8 Macdonalds survive.
- Niani
- 1545: The Council of Trent meets for the first time in Trent (in northern Italy).
- Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica.
- 1546: Francis Xavier works among the peoples of Ambon, Ternate and Morotai (Moro) laying the foundations for a permanent mission. (to 1547)
- Henry VIII dies in the Palace of Whitehallon 28 January at the age of 55.
- 1547: Francis I dies in the Château de Rambouillet on 31 March at the age of 52.
- Edward VIbecomes King of England and Ireland on 28 January and is crowned on 20 February at the age of 9.
- 1547: Emperor Charles V decisively dismantles the Schmalkaldic League at the Battle of Mühlberg.
- first Russian tsar.
- 1548: Battle of Uedahara: Firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in Japan, and Takeda Shingen is defeated by Murakami Yoshikiyo.
- 1548: Askia Daoud, who reigned from 1548 to 1583, establishes public libraries in Timbuktu (in present-day Mali).
- pirates.
- 1549: Tomé de Sousa establishes Salvador in Bahia, north-east of Brazil.
- 1549: Arya Penangsang with the support of his teacher, Sunan Kudus, avenges the death of Raden Kikin by sending an envoy named Rangkud to kill Sunan Prawoto by Keris Kyai Satan Kober (in present-day Indonesia).
1550s
- 1550: The architect Mimar Sinan builds the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul.
- China and besiege Beijing.
- Indigenous people of the Americas.
- 1551: Fifth outbreak of sweating sickness in England. John Caius of Shrewsbury writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease.
- 1551: North African pirates enslave the entire population of the Maltese island Gozo, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to Libya.
- 1552: Russia conquers the Khanate of Kazan in central Asia.
- 1552: Jesuit China Mission, Francis Xavier dies.
- 1553: Mary Tudor becomes the first queen regnant of England and restores the Church of England under Papal authority.
- 1553: The Portuguese found a settlement at Macau.
- .
- Princess Elizabeth is imprisoned in the Tower of London upon the orders of Mary I for suspicion of being involved in the Wyatt rebellion.
- joint stocktrading company.
- 1556: Publication in Venice of Delle Navigiationi et Viaggi (terzo volume) by Giovanni Battista Ramusio, secretary of Council of Ten, with plan La Terra de Hochelaga, an illustration of the Hochelaga.[14]
- Shaanxi earthquake in China is history's deadliest known earthquake during the Ming dynasty.
- 1556: Georgius Agricola, the "Father of Mineralogy", publishes his De re metallica.
- Second battle of Panipat.
- 1556: Russia conquers the Astrakhan Khanate.
- 1556–1605: During his reign, Akbar expands the Mughal Empire in a series of conquests (in the Indian subcontinent).
- .
- 1556: Pomponio Algerio, radical theologian, is executed by boiling in oil as part of the Roman Inquisition.
- state bankruptciesin 1557, 1560, 1575 and 1596.
- 1557: The Portuguese settle in Macau (on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from present-day Hong Kong).
- 1557: The Ottomans capture Massawa, all but isolating Ethiopia from the rest of the world.
- Elizabeth Tudorbecomes Queen Elizabeth I at age 25.
- 1558–1603: The Elizabethan era is considered the height of the English Renaissance.
- 1558–1583: Livonian War between Poland, Grand Principality of Lithuania, Sweden, Denmark and Russia.
- 1558: After 200 years, the Kingdom of England loses Calais to France.
- Peace of Cateau Cambrésis, the Italian Warsconclude.
- 1559: Sultan Hairun of Ternate (in present-day Indonesia) protests the Portuguese's Christianisation activities in his lands. Hostilities between Ternate and the Portuguese.
1560s
- Ottoman navy defeats the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Djerba.
- Elizabeth Bathoryis born in Nyirbator, Hungary.
- 1560: By winning the Battle of Okehazama, Oda Nobunaga becomes one of the pre-eminent warlords of Japan.
- Calvinism the official religion of Navarre.
- 1560: Lazarus Church, Macau
- 1561: Sir Francis Bacon is born in London.
- 1561: The fourth battle of Kawanakajima between the Uesugi and Takeda at Hachimanbara takes place.
- 1561: Guido de Bres draws up the Belgic Confession of Protestant faith.
- 1562: Mughal emperor Akbar reconciles the Muslim and Hindu factions by marrying into the powerful Rajput Hindu caste.
- Huguenots.
- Massacre of Wassy and Battle of Dreux in the French Wars of Religion.
- Muslims burned down the following year. The fort was rebuilt from more durable materials and the Dominicans commenced the Christianisation of the local population.[13]
- 1563: Plague outbreak claimed 80,000 people in Elizabethan England. In London alone, over 20,000 people died of the disease.
- 1564: Galileo Galilei born on February 15
- 1564: William Shakespeare baptized 26 April
- 1565: Deccan sultanates defeat the Vijayanagara Empire at the Battle of Talikota.
- Mir Chakar Khan Rinddies at aged 97.
- 1565: Estácio de Sá establishes Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.
- siege of Malta (1565).
- 1565: Miguel López de Legazpi establishes in Cebu the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines starting a period of Spanish colonization that would last over three hundred years.
- Andres de Urdaneta discovers the maritime route from Asia to the Americas across the Pacific Ocean, also known as the tornaviaje.
- 1565: Royal Exchange is founded by Thomas Gresham.
- Siege of Valenciennes during the Dutch War of Independencein 1567
- 1566–1648: Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands.
- 1566: Da le Balle Contrade d'Oriente, composed by Cipriano de Rore.
- 1567: After 45 years' reign, Jiajing Emperor died in the Forbidden City, Longqing Emperor ascended the throne of Ming dynasty.
- 1567: Mary, Queen of Scots, is imprisoned by Elizabeth I.
- 1568: The Transylvanian Diet, under the patronage of the prince John Sigismund Zápolya, the former king of Hungary, inspired by the teachings of Ferenc Dávid, the founder of the Unitarian Church of Transylvania, promulgates the Edict of Torda, the first law of freedom of religion and of conscience in the World.
- Morisco Revoltin Spain.
- Azuchi-Momoyama periodin Japan.
- Sutawijaya, who would later become the first ruler of the Mataram dynasty of Indonesia, to kill Arya Penangsang.
- 1569: Rising of the North in England.
- 1569: Mercator 1569 world map published by Gerardus Mercator.
- 1569: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is created with the Union of Lublin which lasts until 1795.
- 1569: Peace treaty signed by Sultan Hairun of Ternate and Governor Lopez De Mesquita of Portugal.
1570s
- Novgorod.
- 1570: Pope Pius V issues Regnans in Excelsis, a papal bull excommunicating all who obeyed Elizabeth I and calling on all Catholics to rebel against her.
- 1570: Sultan Hairun of Ternate (in present-day Indonesia) is killed by the Portuguese.[13] Babullah becomes the next Sultan.
- 1570: 20,000 inhabitants of Nicosia in Cyprus were massacred and every church, public building, and palace was looted. Cyprus fell to the Ottoman Turks the following year.
- Holy League as a united front against the Ottoman Turks, responding to the fall of Cyprus to the Ottomans.
- Battle of Lepanto.
- Kremlin.
- 1571: American Indians kill Spanish missionaries in what would later be Jamestown, Virginia.
- 1571: Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi establishes Manila, Philippines as the capital of the Spanish East Indies.
- Watergeuzen in the Capture of Brielle, in the Eighty Years' War.
- Cuzco.
- 1572: Jeanne d'Albret dies aged 43 and is succeeded by Henry of Navarre.
- Huguenots. The violence spreads from Paris to other cities and the countryside.
- Luís Vaz de Camões, three years after the author returned from the East.[15]
- Zhu Yijun ascended the throne of Ming dynasty, known as Wanli Emperor.
- 1573: After heavy losses on both sides the siege of Haarlem ends in a Spanish victory.
- 1574: in the Eighty Years' War the capital of Zeeland, Middelburg declares for the Protestants.
- Dutch rebelvictory.
- 1575: Oda Nobunaga finally captures Nagashima fortress.
- 1575: Following a five-year war, the Ternateans under Sultan Babullah defeated the Portuguese.
- Safavidshah, dies.
- Man Singh.
- 1576: Sack of Antwerp by badly paid Spanish soldiers.
- 1577–1580: Francis Drake circles the world.
- 1577: Ki Ageng Pemanahan built his palace in Pasargede or Kotagede.
- Battle of Alcazarquivir.
- 1578: The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.[13]
- 1578: Sonam Gyatso is conferred the title of Dalai Lama by Tumed Mongol ruler, Altan Khan. Recognised as the reincarnation of two previous Lamas, Sonam Gyatso becomes the third Dalai Lama in the lineage.[16]
- 1579: The Union of Utrecht unifies the northern Netherlands, a foundation for the later Dutch Republic.
- 1579: The Union of Arras unifies the southern Netherlands, a foundation for the later states of the Spanish Netherlands, the Austrian Netherlands and Belgium.
1580s
- 1580: Drake's royal reception after his attacks on Spanish possessions influences Philip II of Spain to build up the Spanish Armada. English ships in Spanish harbours are impounded.
- struggle for the throne of Portugal ends the Portuguese Empire. The Spanish and Portuguese crowns are unitedfor 60 years, i.e. until 1640.
- 1580–1587: Nagasaki comes under control of the Jesuits.
- 1581: Dutch Act of Abjuration, declaring abjuring allegiance to Philip II of Spain.
- 1581: Bayinnaung dies at the age of 65.
- 1582: Oda Nobunaga commits seppuku during the Honnō-ji Incident coup by his general, Akechi Mitsuhide.
- 1582: Pope Gregory XIII issues the Gregorian calendar. The last day of the Julian calendar was Thursday, 4 October 1582 and this was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar, Friday, 15 October 1582
- Stroganovs.
- 1583: Denmark builds the world's first theme park, Bakken.
- 1583: Death of Sultan Babullah of Ternate.
- siege of Antwerp, many of its merchants flee to Amsterdam. According to Luc-Normand Tellier, "At its peak, between 1510 and 1557, Antwerp concentrated about 40% of the world trade...It is estimated that the port of Antwerp was earning the Spanish crown seven times more revenues than the Americas."[18]
- 1584: Ki Ageng Pemanahan died. Sultan Pajang raised Sutawijaya, son of Ki Ageng Pemanahan as the new ruler in Mataram, titled "Loring Ngabehi Market" (because of his home in the north of the market).
- Jan Huygen van Linschoten
- 1585: Colony at Roanoke founded in North America.
- Anglo-Spanish Waris fought on both sides of the Atlantic.
- 1587: Mary, Queen of Scots is executed by Elizabeth I.
- Abbas I marks the zenith of the Safavid dynasty.
- 1587: Troops that would invade Pajang Mataram Sultanate storm ravaged the eruption of Mount Merapi. Sutawijaya and his men survived.
- 1588: Mataram into the kingdom with Sutawijaya as Sultan, titled "Senapati Ingalaga Sayidin Panatagama" means the warlord and cleric Manager Religious Life.
- 1588: England repulses the Spanish Armada.
- 1589: Spain repulses the English Armada.
- 1589: Catherine de' Medici dies at aged 69.
1590–1600
- Go-Hojo clansurrender to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Japan is unified.
- 1591: Gazi Giray leads a huge Tatar expedition against Moscow.
- Ahmad al-Mansur led by Judar Pasha defeat the Songhai Empire at the Battle of Tondibi.
- 1592–1593: John Stow reports 10,675 plague deaths in London, a city of approximately 200,000 people.
- two Japanese invasions.
- Long War between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Turks.
- 1594: St. Paul's College, Macau, founded by Alessandro Valignano.
- 1595: First Dutch expedition to Indonesia sets sail for the East Indies with two hundred and forty-nine men and sixty-four cannons led by Cornelis de Houtman.[19]
- 1596: Birth of René Descartes.
- Madura.[19]
- 1597: Romeo and Juliet is published.
- 1597: Cornelis de Houtman's expedition returns to the Netherlands with enough spices to make a considerable profit.[19]
- 1598: The Edict of Nantes ends the French Wars of Religion.
- in 1598.
- 1598–1613: Russia descends into anarchy during the Time of Troubles.
- 1598: The Portuguese require an armada of 90 ships to put down a Solorese uprising.[13] (to 1599)
- 1598: More Dutch fleets leave for Indonesia and most are profitable.[19]
- 1598: The province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México is established in Northern New Spain. The region would later become a territory of Mexico, the New Mexico Territory in the United States, and the US State of New Mexico.
- 1598: Death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, known as the unifier of Japan.
- 1599: The Mali Empire is defeated at the Battle of Jenné.
- 1599: The van Neck expedition returns to Europe. The expedition makes a 400 per cent profit.[19] (to 1600)
- Jacob van Neck was the first Dutch fleet to reach the ‘Spice Islands’ of Maluku.[19]
- heresy in Rome.
- 1600: Battle of Sekigahara in Japan. End of the Warring States period and beginning of the Edo period.
- 1600: The Portuguese win a major naval battle in the bay of Ambon.[20] Later in the year, the Dutch join forces with the local Hituese in an anti-Portuguese alliance, in return for which the Dutch would have the sole right to purchase spices from Hitu.[20]
- British East India Companybeginning the English advance in Asia.
- 1600: Michael the Brave unifies the three principalities: Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania after the Battle of Șelimbăr from 1599.
Undated
- Polybius' The Histories translated into Italian, English, German and French.[21]
- Mississippian culture disappears.
- Medallion rug, variant Star .
Gallery
-
Dr Alberico Gentili, the Father of international law
-
André Thévet
-
Francis I of France
-
King of England and Ireland
-
Ivan IV the Terrible
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
- Related article: List of 16th century inventions.
- The Columbian Exchange introduces many plants, animals and diseases to the Old and New Worlds.
- Introduction of the spinning wheel revolutionizes textile production in Europe.
- The letter J is introduced into the English alphabet.
- 1500: First portable watch is created by Peter Henlein of Germany.
- 1513: Juan Ponce de León sights Florida and Vasco Núñez de Balboa sights the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean.
- 1519–1522: Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano lead the first circumnavigation of the world.
- Hernando de Soto expeditions map the Gulf of Mexicocoastline and bays.
- 1525: Modern square root symbol (√)
- Francisco Vásquez de Coronado sights the Grand Canyon.
- 1541–42: Francisco de Orellana sails the length of the Amazon River.
- Firearms are introduced into Japan by the Portuguese.
- 1543: Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun
- complex numbers is first developed by Gerolamo Cardanoof Italy.
- 1558: Camera obscura is first used in Europe by Giambattista della Porta of Italy.
- hurricanesand local native warring tribes.
- 1565: Spanish settlers outside New Spain (Mexico) colonize Florida's coastline at St. Augustine.
- Conrad Gesner. Modernized in 1812.
- 1568: Gerardus Mercator creates the first Mercator projection map.
- 1572: Supernova SN 1572 is observed by Tycho Brahe in the Milky Way.
- 1582: Gregorian calendar is introduced in Europe by Pope Gregory XIII and adopted by Catholic countries.
- c. 1583: Galileo Galilei of Pisa, Italy identifies the constant swing of a pendulum, leading to development of reliable timekeepers.
- 1585: earliest known reference to the 'sailing carriage' in China.
- 1589: William Lee invents the stocking frame.
- 1591: First flush toilet is introduced by Sir John Harrington of England, the design published under the title 'The Metamorphosis of Ajax'.
- 1593: Galileo Galilei invents a thermometer.
- William Barents discovers Spitsbergen.
- 1597: Opera in Florence by Jacopo Peri.
See also
References
- ^ Modern reference works on the period tend to follow the introduction of the Gregorian calendar for the sake of clarity; thus NASA's lunar eclipse catalogue states "The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used." For dates after 15 October 1582, care must be taken to avoid confusion of the two styles.
- ^ Modern reference works on the period tend to follow the introduction of the Gregorian calendar for the sake of clarity; thus NASA's lunar eclipse catalogue states "The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used." For dates after 15 October 1582, care must be taken to avoid confusion of the two styles.
- SSRN 1635517.
- ISBN 978-1-74104-542-0. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-14-400149-1.
- ^ "16th Century Timeline (1501 to 1600)". fsmitha.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009.
- ^ "History of Smallpox – Smallpox Through the Ages" Archived 2019-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. Texas Department of State Health Services.
- ^ Ricklefs (1991), p.23
- ^ "A LIST OF NATIONAL EPIDEMICS OF PLAGUE IN ENGLAND 1348–1665". Archived from the original on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
- ^ a b Ricklefs (1991), page 24
- ^ The Sweating Sickness. Story of London.. Accessed 2009-04-25. Archived 2009-05-03.
- ^ Sandra Arlinghaus. "Life Span of Suleiman the Magnificent 1494–1566". Personal.umich.edu. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
- ^ a b c d e Ricklefs (1991), page 25
- ^ "La Terra De Hochelaga – Jaques Cartier a Hochelaga". jacquescarter.org. Archived from the original on December 23, 2008.
- ^ "The Lusiads". World Digital Library. 1800–1882. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
- OCLC 905914446.
- ISBN 967-65-3099-9.
- ISBN 2-7605-1588-5
- ^ a b c d e f Ricklefs (1991), page 27
- ^ a b Ricklefs (1991), page 28
- ^ Polybius: The Rise Of The Roman Empire, Page 36, Penguin, 1979.
Further reading
- Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events online free
External links
- Media related to 16th century at Wikimedia Commons
- Timelines of 16th century events, science, culture and persons