17th century
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The 17th century lasted from January 1, 1601 (represented by the Roman numerals MDCI), to December 31, 1700 (MDCC).
It falls into the early modern period of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement, the latter part of the Spanish Golden Age, the Dutch Golden Age,[1] the French Grand Siècle dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, the world's first public company and megacorporation known as the Dutch East India Company, and according to some historians, the General Crisis.
From the mid-17th century, European politics were increasingly dominated by the
It was during this period that the European colonization of the Americas began in earnest, including the exploitation of the silver deposits, which resulted in bouts of inflation as wealth was drawn into Europe.[2] Also during this period, there would be a more intense European presence in Southeast Asia and East Asia (such as the colonization of Taiwan). These foreign elements would contribute to a revolution in Ayutthaya. While the Mataram Sultanate and the Aceh Sultanate would be the major powers of the region, especially during the first half of the century.[2]
In the
Qing China spent decades of this century with economic problems (results of civil wars between the Qing and former Ming dynasty loyalists), only recovering well at the end of the century. In Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa shogunate at the beginning of the century, beginning the Edo period; the isolationist Sakoku policy began in the 1630s and lasted until the 19th century. In China, the collapsing Ming dynasty was challenged by a series of conquests led by the Manchu warlord Nurhaci, which were consolidated by his son Hong Taiji and finally consummated by his grandson, the Shunzhi Emperor, founder of the Qing dynasty.[3]
The greatest military conflicts of the century were the
Events
1601–1650
- Battle of Kinsale, England defeats Irish and Spanish forces, driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system.
- 1601–1603: The Russian famine of 1601–1603 kills perhaps one-third of Russia.[6]
- 1602: Matteo Ricci produces the Map of the Myriad Countries of the World (坤輿萬國全圖, Kūnyú Wànguó Quántú), a world map that will be used throughout East Asia for centuries.
- 1602: The Dutch East India Company (VOC) is established by merging competing Dutch trading companies.[7] Its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age.
- James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England.
- shōgun, establishing the Tokugawa shogunate. This begins the Edo period, which will last until 1868.
- 1603: In Nagasaki, the Portuguese Jesuit missionary João Rodrigues publishes Nippo Jisho, the first dictionary of Japanese to a European (Portuguese) language.
- Makassarese kingdom in South Sulawesi, converts to Islam.reigned 1613–1645
- 1605–1627: The reign of Mughal emperor Jahangir after the death of emperor Akbar.
- 1606: The Long Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and Austria is ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok—Austria abandons Transylvania.
- Royal Hungary.
- 1606: Willem Janszoon captained the first recorded European landing on the Australian continent, sailing from Bantam, Java, in the Duyfken.
- 1607: Flight of the Earls (the fleeing of most of the native Gaelic aristocracy) occurs from County Donegal in the west of Ulster in Ireland.
- 1607: Iskandar Muda becomes the Sultan of Aceh for 30 years. He will launch a series of naval conquests that will transform Aceh into a great power in the western Malay Archipelago.
- 1610: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army defeats combined Russian–Swedish forces at the Battle of Klushino and conquers Moscow.
- King Henry IV of France is assassinated by François Ravaillac.
- 1611: The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, the oldest existing university in Asia, is established by the Dominican Order in Manila[8]
- King James Bible.
- 1612: The first Cotswold Olympic Games, an annual public celebration of games and sports begins in the Cotswolds, England.
- House of Romanov, which rules until 1917.
- James I of England and VI of Scotlandruled in the first quarter of the 17th century
- 1613: The Dutch East India Company is forced to evacuate Gresik due to the Mataram siege in neighboring Surabaya. The dutch negotiates with Mataram and is allowed to set up a trading post in Jepara.
- 1614–1615: The Siege of Osaka (last major threat to Tokugawa shogunate) ends.
- converted to Christianity) in Spain are expelled.
- 1616: English poet and playwright William Shakespeare dies.
- 1618: The Defenestration of Prague.
- 1618: The Bohemian Revolt precipitates the Thirty Years' War, which devastates Europe in the years 1618–48.
- conquest eventually topples the Ming dynasty.
- 1619: European slaving reaches America when the first Africans are brought to the present-day United States.
- Jayakarta and builds its new headquarters, Batavia, on top of it.
- 1620–1621: Polish–Ottoman War over Moldavia.
- Cecora on the River Prut.
- Plymouth, England to what became the Plymouth Colony in New England.was instrumental in causing English colonists to view all natives as enemies
- 1621: The Battle of Chocim: Poles and Cossacks under Jan Karol Chodkiewicz defeat the Ottomans.
- Jamestown massacre: Algonquian natives kill 347 English settlers outside Jamestown, Virginia (approximately one-third of the colony's population)[10][11] and burn the Henricussettlement.
- Cardinal Richelieu centralises power in France.
- 1626: St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican completed.
- 1627: Aurochs go extinct.[12]
- Sultan Agung of Mataram launches a failed campaign to conquer Dutch Batavia.
- Safavidsking, died.
- Cardinal Richelieu allies with Swedish Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War to counter Ferdinand II'sexpansion.
- 1630: Birth of Shivaji at Shivneri fort, in present day Maharashtra, India, who later founded Maratha Empire in year 1674.[13]
- 1631: Mount Vesuvius erupts.
- Gustav II Adolf.and their German allies
- Agra, India.
- 1633: Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
- 1633–1639: Japan transforms into "locked country".
- 1634: Battle of Nördlingen results in Catholic victory.
- 1636: Harvard University is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- 1637: Shimabara Rebellion of Japanese Christians, rōnin and peasants against Edo.
- 1637: The first opera house, Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice.
- Qing dynasty attacked the Joseon dynasty.
- Republic of the United Provincesfleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters.
- Barberini Pope Urban VIII escalate into the Wars of Castroand last until 1649.
- 1639–1651: Wars of the Three Kingdoms, civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland, and England.
- 1640–1668: The Portuguese Restoration War led to the end of the Iberian Union.
- 1641: The Irish Rebellion, by Irish Catholics who wanted an end to discrimination, greater self-governance, and reverse ownership of the plantations of Ireland.
- 1641: René Descartes publishes Meditationes de prima philosophia Meditations on First Philosophy.
- 1642: Beginning of English Civil War, conflict will end in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I, the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king.
- 1643: L'incoronazione di Poppea, Monterverdi
- 1644: The Manchu conquer China ending the Ming dynasty. The subsequent Qing dynasty rules until 1912.
- 1644–1674: The Mauritanian Thirty-Year War.
- Canea.
- 1647–1652: The Great Plague of Seville.
- 1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War and marks the ends of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire as major European powers.
- Fronde civil war in France.
- 1648–1657: The Khmelnytsky Uprising – a Cossack rebellion in Ukraine which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from Poland.
- The Deluge wars leave Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealthin ruins.
- 1648–1669: The Ottomans capture Crete from the Venetians after the Siege of Candia.
- 1649: King Charles I is executed for high treason, the first and only English king to be subjected to legal proceedings in a High Court of Justice and put to death.
- 1649–1653: The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
1651–1700
- 1651: English Civil War ends with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester.
- Grand Vizier.
- Great Power.
- 1657 : Sambhaji, the second King of Maratha Empire and eldest son of King Shivaji was born at Purandar Fort on 14 May.[14]
- 1658: After his father Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire.
- Pratapgad fort on 9 November.[15]
- English Restoration.
- 1660: The Royal Society is founded.
- 1661: The reign of the Kangxi Emperor of China begins.
- 1663: Ottoman war against Habsburg Hungary.
- Peace of Vasvar– intended to keep the peace for 20 years.
- 1665: Robert Hooke discovers cells using a microscope.
- Kongo Empire at the Battle of Mbwila.
- 1665–1667: The Second Anglo-Dutch War fought between England and the United Provinces.
- 1666: The Great Fire of London.
- Maratha kingdom.[14]
- 1667: The Raid on the Medway during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
- 1667–1668: The War of Devolution: France invades the Netherlands. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) brings this to a halt.
- 1667–1699: The Great Turkish War halts the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe.
- John Sobieski defeats the Ottomans at the second battle of Khotyn (1673).
- 1672–1674: The Third Anglo-Dutch War fought between England and the United Provinces
- Louis XIV initiated in 1672, starting the Franco-Dutch War
- 1672–1678: Franco-Dutch War.
- 1674: Shivaji founded the Maratha Empire and crowned himself as first Chatrapati of the empire.
- 1676–1681: Russia and the Ottoman Empire commence the Russo-Turkish Wars.
- Treaty of Nijmegen ends various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire.for France in 1682
- 1680: The Pueblo Revolt drives the Spanish out of New Mexico until 1692.
- 1680: Prince Sambhaji crowned himself as the second Chatrapati of Maratha Empire 20 July.[14]
- 1682: French explorer Robert La Salle claims all the land east of the Mississippi River.[16]
- 1683: China conquers the Kingdom of Tungning and annexes Taiwan.
- 1683: The Ottoman Empire is defeated in the second Siege of Vienna.
- 1683–1699: The Great Turkish War leads to the conquest of most of Ottoman Hungary by the Habsburgs.
- Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
- 1688: The Siege of Derry, the first major event in the Williamite War in Ireland.
- 1688: Siamese revolution of 1688 ousted French influence and virtually severed all ties with the West until the 19th century.
- 1688–1689: The Glorious Revolution starts with the Dutch Republic invading England, England becomes a constitutional monarchy.
- 1688–1691: The War of the Two Kings in Ireland.
- 1688–1697: The Grand Alliance sought to stop French expansion during the Nine Years' War.
- 1689: The Battle of Killiecrankie is fought between Jacobite and Williamite forces in Highland Perthshire.
- 1689: The Karposh rebellion is crushed in present-day North Macedonia, Skopje is retaken by the Ottoman Turks. Karposh is killed, and the rebels are defeated.
- 1689: Bill of Rights gains royal consent.
- 1689: John Locke publishes Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration.
- 1690: The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland.
- 1692: Port Royal in Jamaica is struck by an earthquake and a tsunami. Approximately 2,000 people die and 2,300 are injured.
- 1692–1694: Famine in France kills two million.[17]
- The College of William and Mary is founded in Williamsburg, Virginia, by a royal charter.
- 1694: The Bank of England is established.
- 1695: The Mughal Empire nearly bans the East India Company in response to pirate Henry Every's capture of the trading ship Ganj-i-Sawai.
- 1696–1697: Famine in Finland wipes out almost one-third of the population.[18]
- 1697–1699: Grand Embassy of Peter the Great to Western Europe.
- 1699: Thomas Savery demonstrates his first steam engine to the Royal Society.
Gallery
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Catholic general Albrecht von Wallenstein (1583–1634), supreme commander of the armies of the Imperial Army during the Thirty Years War
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Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies
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Christina of Sweden(1626–1689)
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kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV
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Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb (1618–1707), who ruled over almost the entire Indian subcontinent for a period of 49 years
-
Hindurulers
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Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasuwas the founder of Japan's final shogunate, which lasted well into the 19th century
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Major changes in philosophy and science take place, often characterized as the Scientific Revolution.
- Banknotes reintroduced in Europe.
- Ice cream.
- Tea and coffee become popular in Europe.
- Central Banking in France and modern Finance by Scottish economist John Law.
- Persia(Iran), are built.
- SN 1604 is observed in the Milky Way.
- 1605: Johannes Kepler starts investigating elliptical orbits of planets.
- 1605: Johann Carolus of Germany publishes the 'Relation', the first newspaper.
- Hans Lippersheytries to obtain a patent on one, spreading word of the invention.
- 1610: The Orion Nebula is identified by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc of France.
- 1610: Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius observe Jupiter's Galilean moons.
- 1611: King James Bible or 'Authorized Version' first published.
- 1612: The first flintlock musket likely created for Louis XIII of France by gunsmith Marin Bourgeois.
- 1614: John Napier introduces the logarithm to simplify calculations.
- 1616: Niccolò Zucchi describes experiments with a bronze parabolic mirror trying to make a reflecting telescope.
- James I of England, builds the first 'submarine' made of wood and greased leather.
- 1623: The third English dictionary, English Dictionarie, is published by Henry Cockeram, listing difficult words with definitions.
- circulatory system.
- 1637: Dutch Bible published.
- 1637: Teatro San Cassiano, the first public opera house, opened in Venice.
- 1637: Pierre de Fermat formulates his so-called Last Theorem, unsolved until 1995.
- 1637: Although Chinese naval mines were earlier described in the 14th century Huolongjing, the Tian Gong Kai Wu book of Ming dynasty scholar Song Yingxing describes naval mines wrapped in a lacquer bag and ignited by an ambusher pulling a rip cord on the nearby shore that triggers a steel-wheel flint mechanism.
- 1642: Blaise Pascal invents the mechanical calculator called Pascal's calculator.
- 1642: Mezzotint engraving introduces grey tones to printed images.
- 1643: Evangelista Torricelli of Italy invents the mercury barometer.
- 1645: Giacomo Torelli of Venice, Italy invents the first rotating stage.
- 1651: Giovanni Riccioli renames the lunar maria.
- 1656: Christiaan Huygens describes the true shape of the rings of Saturn.
- 1657: Christiaan Huygens develops the first functional pendulum clock based on the learnings of Galileo Galilei.
- 1659: Christiaan Huygens first to observe surface details of Mars.
- 1662: Christopher Merret presents first paper on the production of sparkling wine.
- James Gregorypublishes designs for a reflecting telescope.
- 1669: The first known operational reflecting telescope is built by Isaac Newton.
- 1676: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers Bacteria.
- 1676: First measurement of the speed of light.
- Binary system developed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
- Sir Isaac Newton and used to formulate classical mechanics.
References
- ^ "Exchange History NL – 400 years: the story". Exchange History NL. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
- ^ a b "The Seventeenth-Century Decline". The Library of Iberian resources online. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
- ^ "5 of the 10 Deadliest Wars Began in China". Business Insider. 6 October 2014.
- ^ "The Thirty-Years-War". Western New England College. Archived from the original on 1999-10-09. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
- ^ Ames, Glenn J. (2008). The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700. pp. 102–103.
- ISBN 9780691136967.
- ^ Ricklefs (1991), page 28
- ^ History of UST UST.edu.ph. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
- ^ "The Tatar Khanate of Crimea". Archived from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
- ^ Mark, Joshua J. "Indian Massacre of 1622". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
- ^ Campbell, B.C (2008). Disasters, accidents, and crises in American history: A reference guide to the nation's most catastrophic events. Infobase Publishing. pp. 11–12.
- doi:10.1017/S1014233900004582. Archived from the original(PDF) on 14 January 2013.
- ^ Itihas इतिहास [History, class fourth] (in Marathi). Maharashtra, India: Pathyapustak nirmiti madal, Pune. 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Sambhaji..." BYJU'S.
- ^ "London museum correct record on general disembowelment by Chhatrapati Shivaji". The Tribune.
- ^ "René-Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle". Britannica. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ISBN 0-631-18117-2
- ISBN 0-7486-3887-3
Further reading
- Chang, Chun-shu, and Shelley Hsueh-lun Chang. Crisis and Transformation in Seventeenth-Century China (1998).
- Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events online free
- Reid, A. J. S. Trade and State Power in 16th & 17th Century Southeast Asia (1977).
- Spence, J. D. The Death of Woman Wang: Rural Life in China in the 17th Century (1978).
Focus on Europe
- Clark, George. The Seventeenth Century (2nd ed. 1945).
- Hampshire, Stuart. The Age of Reason the 17th Century Philosophers, Selected, with Introduction and Interpretive Commentary (1961).
- Hugon, Cécile (1997) [1911]. "Social Conditions in 17th-Century France (1649-1652)". In Halsall, Paul (ed.). Social France in the XVII Century. ISBN 9780548161944. Archivedfrom the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
- Lewitter, Lucian Ryszard. "Poland, the Ukraine and Russia in the 17th Century." The Slavonic and East European Review (1948): 157–171. in JSTOR
- Ogg, David. Europe in the Seventeenth Century (6th ed. 1965).
- Rowbotham, Sheila. Hidden from history: Rediscovering women in history from the 17th century to the present (1976).
- Trevor-Roper, Hugh R. "The general crisis of the 17th century." Past & Present16 (1959): 31–64.
External links
- Vistorica: Timelines of 17th century events, science, culture and persons