1800s (decade)
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The 1800s (pronounced "eighteen-hundreds") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on 1 January 1800, and ended on 31 December 1809.
The term "eighteen-hundreds" could also mean the entire century from 1 January 1800 to 31 December 1899 (the years beginning with "18"), and is almost synonymous with the 19th century (1801–1900).
The decade was a period of drastic change. The advancements of the previous three decades towards the end of the 18th century had propelled the Industrial Revolution into a global movement, with entire wars fought with the newly developed technologies – creating an impetus to imperialist campaigns across Africa and Asia, as well as the counter-movement on Latin America later on.
Politics and wars
Napoleonic Wars
The European political landscape was dominated by the Napoleonic Wars, a series of conflicts declared against Napoleon's First French Empire and changing sets of European allies by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly due to the application of modern mass conscription. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe by the end of the decade. The decade brought hard times.
On 9 November 1799 (
The
Other wars and political upheavals
- End of the Qing Dynasty in China.
- Beginning of the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
- The Barbary Statesof North Africa.
- End of the Quasi-War (1800).
- The Bhonsle and Holkaron the other resulting in a crushing defeat of the rebel chieftains and the breakup of the Maratha confederacy.
- The .
- The First Serbian Uprising (1804−1813) marks the first time in 300 years Serbia perceives itself an independent state.
- Haiti gains independence from France on 1 January 1804.
- Irish Republican, orator, and rebel leader Dublin, Ireland on 23 July 1803 but the rebellion is crushed and Emmet is captured and later executed on 20 September 1803.[1]
Slavery
This decade marked the greatest increase of the Atlantic slave trade to the United States. During the period of 1798 and 1808, approximately 200,000 slaves were imported from Africa to the United States.[2] Still, the abolitionist movement began to gain ground in this period. Britain enacted the Slave Trade Act 1807, which barred the trade of slaves in Great Britain (though slavery was still legal). The United States enacted a similar ban in 1808.[3] However, Napoleon revoked the French Empire's ban on slavery with the Law of 20 May 1802.
On 30 August 1800, under the cloak of religious meetings,
Prominent political events
- 1800
- The unfinished President John Adams, on 1 November 1800.[1]
- The unfinished
- 1801
- Under the capital of the United States, was placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress.
- The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.
- Under the
- 1803
- United States doubles its size with territories gained from Napoleon Bonaparte in the Louisiana Purchase.
- United States doubles its size with territories gained from
- 1809
- The first British monarch to mark a jubilee in a significant way was King George III. The Golden Jubilee of George IIIon 25 October 1809 marked the forty-ninth anniversary of his accession and his entrance into the 50th year of his reign.
- The first British monarch to mark a jubilee in a significant way was
World leaders
Colonies
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Science and technology
Electricity
This decade contained some of the earliest experiments in
Also in
In 1806, Humphry Davy decomposed potash and soda, employing a voltaic pile of approximately 250 cells, showing that these substances were respectively the oxides of potassium and sodium, which metals previously had been unknown. Employing a battery of 2,000 elements of a voltaic pile and charcoal enclosed in a vacuum, Davy gave the first public demonstration of the electric arc lamp in 1809.[5]
Steam transportation started to become viable during this decade. In 1803, William Symington's Charlotte Dundas, generally considered to be the world's first practical steamboat, made her first voyage. Later, in 1807, Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat, the world's first commercially successful steamboat, made her maiden voyage.
In
The first railway began operating during this time. The Surrey Iron Railway in Great Britain was established by the British Parliament in 1801,[7] and began operation on 26 July 1803. The railway relied on horse-drawn haulage than powered locomotives.
In
Astronomy
- The first known asteroidsare discovered in this decade:
Other advances
- Invention of the Jacquard loomin 1801.
- Ultraviolet radiation is discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter in 1801.
- Flag semaphore is gradually adopted by various navies of the world.
- Morphine is isolated from opium for the first time in 1804.
- Nicolas Appert develops a method to preserve food by means of canning in 1809.
- John Dalton publishes his atomic theory 1803.
Culture
- The end of the Romantic era in the next decade.
Music
- Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 1 premiers in Vienna in 1800.
- Sonatas and partitas for solo violin are published by Bote and Bockin 1802.
- Symphony No. 3 'Eroica' by Ludwig van Beethoven is completed in 1804.
- Fidelio by Ludwig van Beethoven is completed in 1805.
- Fourth Piano Concerto and Violin Concerto by Ludwig van Beethoven are completed in 1806.
- La Vestale by Gaspare Spontiniis completed in 1807.
- Beethoven completes both his 5th Symphony and 6th Symphony "Pastoral" in 1808.
Fashion
Fashion in this period in
Fashionable women's clothing styles were based on the Empire silhouette — dresses were closely fitted to the torso just under the bust, falling loosely below. Inspired by neoclassical tastes, the short-waisted gowns sported soft, flowing skirts and were often made of white, almost transparent muslin, which was easily washed and draped loosely like the garments on Greek and Roman statues. No respectable woman would leave the house without a hat or bonnet. The antique head-dress, or Queen Mary coif, Chinese hat, Oriental inspired turban, and Highland helmet were popular. As for bonnets, their crowns and brims were adorned with increasingly elaborate ornamentations, such as feathers and ribbons.[10] In fact, ladies of the day embellished their hats frequently, replacing old decorations with new trims or feathers.
1800–1809 was the height of
Other
- 10 November 1809 – Berners Street hoax: Theodore Hook manages to attract dozens of people to 54 Berners Street in London.
Wikisource reference work
- Adams, Henry (1889–90). . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons – via Wikisource. History that in part contains six chapters of narration remarking upon significant individuals of that era with added wikilinks linking back to their Wikipedia articles
References
- ^ a b c J. McNamara, Robert. "Major Events of the First Decade of the 19th Century". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- ^ "U.S.-Africa Chronology". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- ^ Foner, Eric. "Forgotten step towards freedom," New York Times. 30 December 2007,
- ^ “Slavery in America.” Ferris State University, https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/timeline/slavery.htm.
- ^ Maver, William Jr.: "Electricity, its History and Progress", The Encyclopedia Americana; a library of universal knowledge, vol. X, pp. 172ff. (1918). New York: Encyclopedia Americana Corp.
- ^ a b C.D. Buchanan (1958). "1". Mixed Blessing: The Motor in Britain. Leonard Hill.
- ^ Introduction to Rail 150: The Stockton and Darlington Railway and what followed by Jack Simmons, publ. 1975 by Methuen
- ISBN 0-7680-0800-X.
- ISBN 978-0-521-57600-0.
- ^ "Regency Fashion and Costume". Archived from the original on 6 March 2004. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
- ^ Payne, Blanche: History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century, pp. 452–455, Harper & Row, 1965. No ISBN for this edition; ASIN B0006BMNFS