1830s
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The 1830s (pronounced "eighteen-thirties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1830, and ended on December 31, 1839.
In this decade, the world saw a rapid rise of imperialism and colonialism, particularly in Asia and Africa. Britain saw a surge of power and world dominance, as Queen Victoria took to the throne in 1837. Conquests took place all over the world, particularly around the expansion of the Ottoman Empire and the British Raj. New outposts and settlements flourished in Oceania, as Europeans began to settle over Australia and New Zealand.
Politics
Pacific
- Hawaii.
- 1838 – The Pitcairn Islands become a Crown colony of the United Kingdom; and women there are the first in the world to be granted, and maintain, women's suffrage.[1]
East Asia
China
China was ruled by the
Japan
- July Morrison Incident, he is turned away from Japaneseports with cannon fire.
Southeastern Asia
- 1830 – The Java War ends.
- 1833 – H.R.H. Prince Mongkut of Siam founds the Dhammayut Buddhist reform movement.
Dutch East Indies
The Padri War was fought from 1803 until 1837 in West Sumatra between the Padris and the Adats. The latter asked for the help of the Dutch, who intervened from 1821 and helped the Adats defeat the Padri faction. The conflict intensified in the 1830s, as the war soon centered on Bonjol, the fortified last stronghold of the Padris. It finally fell in 1837[6] after being besieged for three years, and along with the exile of Padri leader Tuanku Imam Bonjol, the conflict died out.
Vietnam
Australia and New Zealand
- South Australia Actallows for the creation of a colony there.
- June 8, 1835 – The Australian city of Melbourne is founded by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner.[7]
- October 28, 1835 – United Tribes of New Zealand founded at Waitangi with the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand.
- November 19, 1835 – A force of 500 Māori people invade, massacre, ate and enslave the Moriori people of the Chatham Islands.[8]
- July 27, 1836 – Adelaide, is founded.
- Proclamation Day).
- Myall Creek Massacre.
- 1838 – Five nuns from the Religious Sisters of Charity in Ireland become the first women of religion to set foot on Australian soil.
Southern Asia
- December Punjab in support of Shah Shujah Durrani's claim to the throne of Afghanistan.
India
The
In 1835,
Western Asia
- 1831 – Muhammad Ali of Egypt's French-trained forces occupy Syria.
- .
- December 21, 1832 – Battle of Konya: The Egyptians defeat the main Ottoman army in central Anatolia.
- September 1, 1836 – Rebuilding begins at the Hurva Synagogue in Jerusalem.
- British East India Company captures Aden.
- July 23, 1839 – First Anglo-Afghan War, 1839 – Battle of Ghazni: British forces capture the fortress city of Ghazni, Afghanistan.
Eastern Europe
Poland
- November 29, 1830 – The Polish insurrection begins in Warsaw against Russian rule.
- army.
- May 26, 1831 – Battle of Ostrołęka: The Poles fight another indecisive battle.
- September 6 – September 8, 1831 – Battle of Warsaw: The Russians take the Polish capital and crush resistance.
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
Royalty
In 1830,
Politics and law
Britain had four
In 1834 Grey retired from public life, leaving
There were protests and significant unrest during the decade. In May and June 1831 in Wales, coal miners and others rioted for improved working conditions in what was known as the
In 1835,
Western Europe
Germany
- Hambacher Fest, a demonstration for civil libertiesand national unity, ends with no result.
- December 14, 1833 – Kaspar Hauser, a mysterious German youth, is stabbed, dying three days later on December 17.
- Customs charges are abolished at borders within Germany.
- .
- The 5th century BC Berlin Foundry Cup is acquired for the Antikensammlung Berlin in Germany.
Austria
Switzerland
- October – Start of the Regeneration in Switzerland: more liberal constitutions adopted in most cantons.
- August 3, 1833 – In Switzerland, troops of the city of Basel march on rebels in Liestal, but are beaten back at the Battle of Hülftenschanz.
- Basel-Country.
Belgium
- August 25, 1830 – The Belgian Revolution begins.
- September 27, 1830 – The Belgian Revolution ends by liberating Brussels from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
- October 4, 1830 – The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium, in revolt against the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
- Great Powers.
- July 21, 1831 – Leopold I of Belgium is inaugurated as first king of the Belgians.
- army.
- December 4, 1832 – Battle of Antwerp: The last remaining Dutch enforcement, the citadel, is under French attack.
- December 23, 1832 – The Battle of Antwerp ends with the Netherlands losing the city.
- 1839 – Half of the Limburg province of Belgium is added to the Netherlands (since 1839 there is a Belgian Limburg and Dutch Limburg).
- .
France
French Revolution of 1830
The French Revolution of 1830 was also known as the
Canut revolts
The first two Canut revolts occurred in the 1830s. They were among the first well-defined worker uprisings of the Industrial Revolution. The word Canut was a common term to describe to all Lyonnais silk workers.
The First Canut revolt in 1831 was provoked by a drop in workers' wages caused by a drop in silk prices. After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 casualties, rebellious silk workers seize Lyon, France. The government sent Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order. Soult was able to retake the town without any bloodshed, and without making any compromises with the workers. The Second Canut revolt in 1834 occurred when owners attempted to impose a wage decrease. The government crushed the rebellion in a bloody battle, and deported or imprisoned 10,000 insurgents.
Other events
- monarchist riots, chiefly by students, in Paris.
- 1835 – The French word for their language changes to français, from françois.
Southern Europe
Ottoman Empire (Balkans)
- Great Bosnian uprising against the Ottoman Empirebreaks out.
- April – Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire dies.
- Ottoman Emperor.
- Arabia to the Ottoman Empire.
- 1839 – Tanzimat starts in the Ottoman Empire.
Greece
- February 3, 1830 – Greece is liberated from the Ottoman forces as the final result of the Greek War of Independence.
- Jews.
- King. Thus begins the history of modern Greece.
- May 11, 1832 – Greece is recognized as a sovereign nation; the Treaty of Constantinople ends the Greek War of Independence in July.
- 1833 – Greece recaptures the Acropolis.
- General Theodoros Kolokotronis is sentenced to death for treason for resisting the rule of Otto of Greece(he is released next year).
- 1834 – Athens becomes Greece's capital city.
Italian Peninsula
- Two Sicilies.
- February–March 1831 – Revolts in Modena, Parma and the Papal States are put down by Austrian troops.
- April 27, 1831 – Charles Albert becomes king of Sardinia after the death of King Charles Felix.
- Piedmont; one of the activists is Giuseppe Garibaldi.
- October 3, 1839 – In the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, a railway between Naples and Portici (7.4 km length) is inaugurated by H.M. King Ferdinand II of Bourbon (the first railway in the Italian peninsula).
Spain
- Don Carlos, Conde de Molina challenges her claim, beginning the First Carlist War.
- July 15, 1834 – The Spanish Inquisition, which began in the 15th century, is suppressed by royal decree.
- September Expedición Real – The First Carlist War.
- Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, are victorious in the Battle of Maella during the First Carlist War.
- First Carlist war (Spain) ends with the Convenio de Vergara, also known as the Abrazo de Vergara ("the embrace in Vergara"; Bergara in Basque), between liberal general Baldomero Espartero, Count of Luchana and Carlist General Rafael Maroto.
Portugal
- July 5, 1833 – Liberal Wars, 1833 – Battle of Cape St. Vincent: The forces of Queen Maria II of Portugal win decisively.
- July 24, 1834 – The Liberal Wars end in Portugal.
- Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, in Lisbon; he dies only two months later.
- January 1, 1836 – Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
Africa
- Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta in south-west Nigeria.
- Sabagadis.
- .
- December 11, 1834 – The Sixth Xhosa War is characterized by severe clashes between white settlers and Bantu peoples in Cape Colony; Dutch-speaking settlers colonize the area north of Orange River.
- February 1, 1835 – Slavery is abolished in Mauritius.
- October 10 – October 13, 1837 – The French army besieges and captures Constantine in French Algeria.
- Zulus in the Battle of Blood River.
French conquest of Algeria
In 1830,
North America
Canada
- May 30, 1832 – Canada: The Rideau Canal in eastern Ontario is opened.
- March 6, 1834 – York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as Toronto.
- November–December 1837 – In the Canadas, William Lyon Mackenzie leads the Upper Canada Rebellion and Louis-Joseph Papineau leads the Lower Canada Rebellion.
- May 1838 – Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. This leads to Durham submitting the Durham Report to Britain.
United States
Slavery
- January 1, 1831 – William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper, in Boston, Massachusetts.
- Nat Turner's slave rebellion breaks out in Southampton County, Virginia.
- September 19, 1835 – William Lloyd Garrison publishes Angelina Grimké's anti-slavery letter in The Liberator.
- Elijah Lovejoy is killed by a pro-slaverymob, at his warehouse in Alton, Illinois.
- Amistad rebel and capture the ship off the coast of Cuba. Under direction to sail the ship to Africa, the crew sailed the ship to Long Island, New York, where the slaves were taken into custody by the U.S. Navy. The slaves would later win the right to return to Africa in United States v. The Amistad.
Settlement
- February 9, 1832 – The Florida Legislative Council grants a city charter for Jacksonville, Florida.
- US Department of Treasury).
- August 12, 1833 – The city of Chicago is established at the estuary of the Chicago River by 350 settlers.
- March 11, 1834 – U.S. Survey of the Coast transferred to the Department of the Navy.
- U.S. Treasury Department; renamed U.S. Coast Survey.
- April 20, 1836 – The Territory of Wisconsin is created.
- June 15, 1836 – Arkansas is the 25th state admitted into the United States.
- January 26, 1837 – Michigan becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States.
Native Americans
- May 28, 1830 – The United States Congress passes the Indian Removal Act.
- April 6, 1832 – The Black Hawk War begins.
- Commissioner of Indian Affairs post created within the War Department.
- Bad Axe Massacreends the last major Native American rebellion east of the Mississippi in the U.S.
- 1832 – George Catlin starts to live among the Sioux in the Dakota Territory.
- 1832 – The federal government establishes a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832).[17]
- Office of Indian Affairsorganized in the United States.
- December 28, 1835 – USA: The Second Seminole War breaks out.
- Cherokee Nation.
- 1835 – Fort Cass is established, the military headquarters and site of the largest internment camps during the 1838 Trail of Tears.
- May 19, 1836 – Fort Parker massacre: Among those captured by Native Americans is nine-year-old Cynthia Ann Parker; she later gives birth to a son named Quanah, who becomes the last chief of the Comanche.
- 1836 – George Catlin ends his 6-year tour of 50 tribes in the Dakota Territory.
- February 4, 1837 – Seminoles attack Fort Foster in Florida.
- Cherokee Nation are forcibly relocated during the Trail of Tears.
Presidents
- U.S. presidential election, 1832: Andrew Jacksonis re-elected president.
- March 4, 1833 – Andrew Jackson is sworn in for his second term as President of the United States.
- May 6, 1833 – In Alexandria, Virginia, the first public physical attack on an American President, with Andrew Jackson struck by a disgruntled Robert B. Randolph, who was dismissed from the navy by Jackson for embezzlement. Though the assailant was immediately apprehended, Jackson decided not to press charges.
- March 27, 1834 – Andrew Jackson is censured by the Congress of the United States (expunged in 1837).
- January 30, 1835 – An assassination is attempted against President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol (the first assassination attempt against a President of the United States).
- December 7, 1835 – Future U.S. President James K. Polk becomes Speaker of the House
- December 4, 1836 – Whig Party holds its first national convention, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
- December 7, 1836 – 1836 United States presidential election: Martin Van Buren defeats William Henry Harrison.
- March 4, 1837 – Martin Van Buren succeeds Andrew Jackson as President of the United States.
Supreme Court
- January 12 – January 27, 1830 – Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates the question of states' rights vs. federal authority with Daniel Webster of Massachusetts in the United States Congress.
- United States Supreme Courtrules that state loan certificates are unconstitutional because they were bills of credit emitted by a state in violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution.
Other
- November 14, 1832 – Charles Carroll, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence dies at his home in Maryland at age 95.
- United States Senator Henry Clay.
- Ursuline Convent Riots: A convent of Ursuline nuns is burned near Boston.
- United States public debt contracts to $0 for the only time in history[18]
- 1835 – Edward Strutt Abdy publishes his Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America: From April, 1833, to October 1834.
- May 10, 1837 – The Panic of 1837 begins in New York City.
- June 11, 1837 – The Broad Street Riot occurs in Boston, Massachusetts, fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees.
- 1839 – the first state law permitting women to own property is passed in Jackson, Mississippi.
Texas War of Independence (Texas Revolution)
- October 2, 1835 – Province of Tejas, Northern Mexico, – Battle of Gonzales: Under orders from Mexican President-turned dictator, General Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mexican soldiers attempt to capture a cannon that the Mexican government had earlier provided to the settlers of Gonzales, Texas for protection against hostile Indians, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia. This became known as the "Come-and-Take-it" skirmish.
- San Antonio de Bejarfrom the Mexican forces occupying the town under General Martin Perfecto de Cos.
- December 20, 1835 – A Texas Declaration of Independence is first signed at Goliad, Texas.
- David Crockett arrives in Texas.
- Santa Anna.
- March 1, 1836 – Convention of 1836: Delegates from several Texian settlements gather in Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, to deliberate and vote on independence from Mexico.
- March 2 – Convention of 1836: The Texas Declaration of Independence is signed by 60 delegates and the Republic of Texas is declared.[19] Sam Houston is elected as Commanding General of the Texian "Army".
- March 6, 1836 – The Battle of the Alamo ends the 13-day siege; approximately 200 defenders (Anglo settlers & Tejano townsfolk) die in a fierce struggle with approximately 5,000 Mexican soldiers.[20]
- free blacks to petition Congress to live in the country, but prohibits import of slaves from anywhere but the United States.[21]
- Presidio La Bahia during the Texas Revolution.
- General Santa Anna are defeated in a battle lasting 18 minutes by the San Jacinto River, Texas. (General Houston is wounded during the battle, and is later relieved of command by interim President David G. Burnet. This action enables Houston to recover from his wounds.)
- General Antonio López de Santa Annawho had attempted to escape during the chaos of the battle the previous day. Capturing Santa Anna guarantees Texas independence from Mexico.
Republic of Texas
- January 3, 1834 – The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. Austin in Mexico City.
- Houston, Texas, is founded.
- September 5, 1836 – Sam Houston is elected as the first president of the Republic of Texas.
- October 22, 1836 – Sam Houston is inaugurated as first elected President of the Republic of Texas.
- June 5, 1837 – The city of Houston, is incorporated by the Republic of Texas.
Mexico
The 1830s for Mexico saw the end of the First Mexican Republic and saw General Santa Anna move in and out of the presidency in a 30-year span now known as the "Age of Santa Anna". In 1834, President Antonio López de Santa Anna dissolved Congress, forming a new government. That government instituted the Centralist Republic of Mexico by approving a new centralist constitution ("Siete Leyes"). From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven presidents (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, including Mexican Texas, which declared independence in the Texas Revolution of 1836. During the 1840s, other provinces separated. The Republic of the Rio Grande in 1840, and the Republic of Yucatán declared independence in 1841.
- May 23, 1835 – The Mexican State of Aguascalientes is formed by decree of President Santa Anna.
- December 28, 1836 – Spain recognizes the independence of Mexico.
- May Yucatan from Mexico.
- November 1838 – The Pastry War (also known as the First French intervention in Mexico) began with the naval blockade of some Mexican ports and the capture of the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa in Veracruz by French forces sent by King Louis-Philippe. The intervention followed many claims by French nationals of losses due to unrest in Mexico City, as well as the failure of Mexico to pay a large debt to France.
- March 1839 – The Pastry War ends with a British-brokered peace.
Nicaragua
- Central American Federation (see Nicaragua's early history).
Costa Rica
- May 5, 1835 – Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as Head of State of Costa Rica.
- May 28, 1838 – Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as Head of State of Costa Rica, thus beginning his second term in office.
Puerto Rico
- May 7, 1836 – The settlement of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, is elevated to the royal status of villa by the government of Spain.
Honduras
- Central American Federation.
The Caribbean
Jamaica
- Sam Sharpe leads a major slave rebellion, also known as the Baptist War. The slave uprising lasted for 10 days and spread throughout the entire island, mobilizing as many as 60,000 of Jamaica's enslaved population. The British colonial government used the armed Jamaican military forces and warriors from the towns of the Jamaican Maroonsto put down the rebellion, suppressing it within two weeks. Some 14 whites were killed by armed slave battalions, but more than 200 slaves were killed by troops.
South America
Brazil
- April 7, 1831 – Pedro I abdicates as emperor of Brazil in favor of his 5-year-old son Pedro II, who will reign for almost 59 years.
- November 7, 1831 – Slave trading is forbidden in Brazil.
- 1834 – In the Empire of Brazil, the Additional Act provides:
- Establishment of the Provincial Legislative Assembly
- Extinction of the State Council
- Replacement of the Regency Trina
- Introduction of a direct and secret ballot.
- Salvador da Bahia.
Riograndense Republic
- September 20, 1835 – Ragamuffin War begins in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Rio-Grandense Republic is proclaimed in South America.
Uruguay
- July 18, 1830 – Uruguay adopts its first constitution.
- 1835 – Civil war erupts in Uruguay between supporters of Blanco and Colorado parties.
Argentina
- 1835 – Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes Caudillo of Argentina.
Falkland Islands
- South Atlantic.
Peru
- Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation, leading to the restoration of an independent Peru.
Ecuador
- May 13, 1830 – Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia.
- Galapagos Islands.
Chile
- May 25, 1833 – The Chilean Constitution of 1833 is promulgated.
Science and technology
Astronomy
- Robert's Quartet, a group of galaxies, is discovered.
- March 14, 1834 – John Herschel discovers the open cluster of stars now known as NGC 3603, observing from the Cape of Good Hope.[22]
- May 15, 1836 – Francis Baily, during an eclipse of the sun, observes the phenomenon named after him as Baily's beads.
- 1838 – Friedrich Bessel makes the first accurate measurement of distance to a star.
- Thomas Henderson.
Mechanical Engineering
- July 17, 1830 – Barthélemy Thimonnier is granted a patent (#7454) for a sewing machine in France; it chains stitches at 200/minute.
- lawnmower.
- Colt revolver, the first revolving barrel multishot firearm.
- February 24, 1839 – William Otis receives a patent for the steam shovel.
Photography
- 1833 – phenakistoscope", which gives the illusion of a moving image. This invention was an important precursor to cinema.[23]
- August H. Fox Talbot exposes the world's first known photographic negatives at Lacock Abbey in England.[24]
- Louis Daguerre develops the daguerreotype.
- January 2, 1839 – First photo of the Moon taken by photographer Louis Daguerre
- January 9, 1839 – The French Academy of Sciences announces the Daguerreotype photography process.
- June 22, 1839 – Louis Daguerre receives a patent for his camera (commercially available by September at the price of 400 francs).
- August 19, 1839 – The French government gives Louis Daguerre a pension and gives the daguerreotype "for the whole world".
Electricity
Many key discoveries about electricity were made in the 1830s.
In 1834,
Telegraph
- May 6, 1833 – Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber obtain permission to build an electromagnetic telegraph in Göttingen.
- May 1837 – Samuel Morse patents the telegraph.
- Paddington Station to West Drayton.
Computers
- June 5, 1833 – Ada Lovelace is introduced to Charles Babbage by Mary Somerville.[30]
- 1834 – Charles Babbage begins the conceptual design of an "analytical engine", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer. It will not be built in his lifetime.[31][32]
Chemistry
- 1833 – The dawn of biochemistry: The first enzyme, diastase, is discovered by Anselme Payen.
- October 24, 1836 – The earliest United States patent for a phosphorus friction match is granted to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of Springfield, Massachusetts.
- rubber.
Biology
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- December 27, 1831 – Charles Darwin embarks on his historic voyage aboard HMS Beagle.
- January 7, 1835 – HMS Beagle anchors off the Chonos Archipelago on the voyage of 1831–1836 with Charles Darwin.
- Galapagos Islands aboard HMS Beagle.
- January 12, 1836 – HMS Beagle with Charles Darwin reaches Sydney.
- July 20, 1836 – Charles Darwin climbs Green Hill on Ascension Island.
- theory of evolution, having left South America on August 17.
- Jöns Jakob Berzelius.
Archaeology
- 1836 – Chatsworth Head found near Tamassos on Cyprus.[33]
- 1838 – Chatsworth Head acquired by the 6th Duke of Devonshire at Smyrna from H. P. Borrell.
- Copanbegins.
Sociology
- Andre-Michel Guerry presents his Essay on moral statistics of France, to the French Academy of Sciences, a significant step in the founding of empirical social science.
Transportation
Rail
- railway operated solely by steam locomotives.
- Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad is chartered in Wilmington, North Carolina.[34]
- Railroadconstruction begins in earnest in the United States.
- May 5, 1835 – Rail transport in Belgium: a railway is opened between Brussels and Mechelen, the first in continental Europe.
- December 7, 1835 – The Bavarian Ludwig Railway opens between Nuremberg and Fürth, with a train hauled by Der Adler ("The Eagle"), the first railway in Germany.
- December 21, 1835 – The Raleigh and Gaston Railroad is chartered in Raleigh, North Carolina.[35]
- February 8, 1836 – London and Greenwich Railway opens its first section, the first railway in London, England.[36]
- July 13, 1836 – The first numbered U.S. patent 1 (after filing 9,957 unnumbered patents) is granted, to John Ruggles for improvements to railroad steam locomotive tires.
- July 21, 1836 – The Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad opens between St. John and La Prairie, Quebec, the first steam-worked passenger railroad in British North America.
- Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad in North Carolina. Due to a lack of support in Raleigh, the route is revised to run from Wilmington to the Petersburg Railroad in Weldon.[37]
Flight
Automobile
- 1834 – Thomas Davenport, the inventor of the first American DC electrical motor, installs his motor in a small model car, creating one of the first electric cars.
Steamships
- Gravesend, Kent, England.
- April 8 – April 23, 1838 – Isambard Kingdom Brunel's paddle steamer SS Great Western (1838) makes the Transatlantic Crossing to New York from Avonmouth, England, in fifteen days, inaugurating a regular steamship service.[11]
Economics
- A period of economic railroads, and the Erie Canal.
- Dutch-speaking farmers known as Voortrekkers emigrate northwards from the Cape Colony.
- The destruction of the 17th bank of the United States occurred in 1836
Popular culture
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Literature
- Charles Dickens publishes his first novel The Pickwick Papers followed by Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickleby
- The Hunchback of Notre Dame is first published by Victor Hugo.
- 1832 – Publication of the first Baedeker guidebook, Voyage du Rhin de Mayence à Cologne, in Koblenz.
- 1832 – Publication begins (posthumously) of Carl von Clausewitz's Vom Kriege ("On War").
- June 10, 1834 – Thomas Carlyle moves to Cheyne Row (Carlyle's House) in London.
- New York Sun prints the first of six installments of the Great Moon Hoax.
- December 1, 1835 – Hans Christian Andersen publishes his first book of fairy tales.
- March 1836 – First monthly part of Charles Dickens' The Pickwick Papers ("The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club ..., edited by Boz") published in London.
- Presbyterian missionary.
- February 1837 – Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist begins publication in serial form in London.
- oll korrect).
Theatre
- March 1, 1836 – Antonio García Gutiérrez's play El Trovador is performed for the first time in Madrid, Spain.
Music
- Symphonie Fantastique, has its world premiere in Paris.
- Richard Wagner completes his first opera, Die Feen (The Fairies).
- November 17, 1839 – Giuseppe Verdi's first opera, Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio, opens in Milan.
Sports
Fashion
- Innovations in roller printing on textiles introduced new dress fabrics.
- Broad, exaggerated sleeves for women and padded shoulders for men contrasted a narrow, idealized waist.
- Brocades come back into style.
- Low boots with elastic insets appear.
- Greatcoats, overcoats with wide sleeves, become fashionable for men to wear with day wear.
Religion
- Palmyra, New York.
- April 6, 1830 – Joseph Smith and 5 others organize the Church of Christ (later renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), the first formally organized church of the Latter Day Saint movement, in northwestern New York.
- February 2, 1831 – Pope Gregory XVI succeeds Pope Pius VIII as the 254th pope.
- Baptist minister William Millerpreaches his first sermon on the Second Advent of Christ in Dresden, New York, launching the Advent Movement in the United States.
- tar and feather Latter Day Saint movement founder Joseph Smith.
- Lilburn W. Boggs declares Mormons to be enemies of the state and encourages the extermination or the exile of the religious minority, forcing nearly 10,000 Mormons out of the state.[40]
- 1838 – Biblical criticism: Christian Hermann Weisse proposes the two-source hypothesis.
Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps
- June 29, 1833 – William Fraser Tolmie experiences an earthquake at Fort Nisqually. His journal entry records the first written eyewitness account of an earthquake in the Puget Sound region.
- Leonid meteor shower is observed in Alabama.
- November 25, 1833 – A major 8.7 earthquake strikes Sumatra.
- October 16, 1834 – The Palace of Westminster is destroyed by fire.
- February 20, 1835 – Concepción, Chile, is destroyed by an earthquake.
- perihelion, its closest approach to the sun.
- December 16 – December 17, 1835 – The Great Fire of New York destroys 530 buildings, including the New York Stock Exchange.
- December 15, 1836 – The United States Patent Office burns in Washington, D.C.
- December 27, 1836 – Lewes avalanche: An avalanche at Lewes in Sussex, England, kills eight of fifteen people buried when a row of cottages is engulfed in snow.
- December 30, 1836 – In Saint Petersburg, the Lehman Theater catches fire, killing 800 people.
- January 1, 1837 – Galilee earthquake.
- December 17, 1837 – Fire in the Winter Palace, Saint Petersburg.
- Royal Exchange in London.
- SS Forfarshire off the Farne Islands.
- September 9, 1839 – In the Great Fire of Mobile, Alabama, hundreds of buildings are burned.
- Coringa; 300,000 people die.
Cholera
Historians believe that the
Russian soldiers brought the disease to Poland during the
The epidemic reached western Europe later in 1831. In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims; in Paris, 20,000 died (out of a population of 650,000), with about 100,000 deaths in all of France.
Establishments
- January 11, 1830 – LaGrange College (now the University of North Alabama) opens its doors, becoming the first publicly chartered college in Alabama.
- Calcutta, India.
- Austins of Derry established in Northern Ireland. As of 2010[update] it will be the world's oldest independent department store.
- March 10, 1831 – The French Foreign Legion is founded.
- December 31, 1831 – Gramercy Park is deeded to New York City.
- April 18, 1831 – University of Alabama founded.
- 1831 – Founding of Denison University in Granville, Ohio
- 1831 – Founding of Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut
- 1831 – Founding of New York University in New York City
- Cincinnati, Ohio(as "The Athenaeum")
- 1831 – The Sydney Morning Herald newspaper is first published.
- The University of Durhamis founded by an act of Parliament and given royal assent by King William IV.
- September – Belvedere College, Dublin, is founded by the order of the Jesuit Society of Ireland.[45]
- October 19, 1832 – Alpha Delta Phi fraternity is founded at Hamilton College.
- November 21, 1832 – Wabash College, a small, private, liberal arts college for men, is founded.
- August 1, 1833 – King William's College on the Isle of Man officially opens.
- 1833 – Foundation of Kalamazoo College in Kalamazoo, Michigan
- 1833 – Foundation of Madras College, St Andrews
- 1833 – Foundation of Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio
- March 19, 1834 – Founding of Cavendish Villa Football Club.[where?]
- November 4, 1834 – Delta Upsilon fraternity is founded at Williams College.
- 1834 – Medical School of Louisiana is founded, later to become Tulane University in New Orleans.
- March 23, 1835 – The Mexican Academy of Language is established.
- June 1, 1835 – Kingston Penitentiary in Kingston, Ontario, opens.
- July 14, 1835 – Organisation of the universal Catholic Apostolic Church, initially in the U.K.
- August 28, 1835 – Castleknock College is founded by the Vincentian order in Dublin, Ireland.
- October 3, 1835 – Staedtler Company founded by J.S. Staedtler in Nuremberg, Germany.
- 1835 – The British Geological Survey is founded as the world's first national geological survey.
- 1835 – The Cachar Levy, forerunner of the Assam Rifles, is founded in India.
- 1835 – The first Bulgarian-language school opens in the Ottoman Empire.
- 1835 – Charles-Louis Havas creates Havas, the first news agency in the world (which later spawns Agence France-Presse).
- 1836 – The New Board brokerage group is founded in New York City.
- February 25, 1837 – In Philadelphia, The Institute for Colored Youth (ICY) is founded as the first institution for the higher education of black people in the United States.
- March 4, 1837 – The city of Chicago is incorporated.
- 1837 – At Le Mans, France, Father Basil Moreau, CSC, founds the Congregation of Holy Cross by joining the Brothers of St. Joseph and the Auxiliary Priests of Le Mans.
- November 8, 1837 – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, later Mount Holyoke College, is founded in South Hadley, Massachusetts.
- 1838 – Duke University is established in North Carolina.
- The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce is founded (renamed The Times of India in 1861).
- February 11, 1839 – The University of Missouri is established, becoming the first public university west of the Mississippi River.
- March 5, 1839 – Longwood University is founded in Farmville, Virginia.
- March 7, 1839 – Baltimore City College, the third public high school in the United States, is established in Baltimore, Maryland.
- March 26, 1839 – The first Henley Royal Regatta is held.
- August 8, 1839 – The Beta Theta Pi fraternity is founded in Oxford, Ohio.
- November 11, 1839 – The Virginia Military Institute is founded in Lexington, Virginia.
- November 27, 1839 – In Boston, Massachusetts, the American Statistical Association is founded.
- 1839 – Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Virginia, is founded.
- Anti-Corn Law League is founded in Manchester.
External links
- The Aftermath of the Rebellions — The Rebellions of 1837–1838 : the most dramatic political event in Canadian history
References
- ^ "World suffrage timeline – women and the vote". New Zealand Ministry of Culture and Heritage.
- ^ a b Greenberg, Michael (1969). British Trade and the Opening of China 1800–1841 (preview). p. 113.
expansion in imports from 16,550 chests in the season 1831-2 to over 30,000 in 1835-6, and 40,000 in 1838-9
- ^ Peter Ward Fay, The Opium War, 1840–1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the Way by Which They Forced the Gates Ajar (Chapel Hill, North Carolina:: University of North Carolina Press, 1975).
- ISBN 978-0-521-19620-8.
- ^ Poon, Leon. "Emergence Of Modern China". University of Maryland. Retrieved 22 Dec 2008.
- ISBN 978-981-230-366-0. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
- ^ "Melbourne.vic.gov.au". Archived from the original on January 16, 2009.
- ISBN 9780143771289.
- ISBN 978-0-595-34394-2
- ^ John R. McLane (1970). The political awakening in India. Prentice-Hall. Inc, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. p. 105.
- ^ a b "Icons, a portrait of England 1820–1840". Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
- ^ Holmes (2002). p. 283.
- ^ wikisource:1836 (33) Registration of Births &c. A bill for registering Births Deaths and Marriages in England.
- ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- ^ See [1] 2012
- S2CID 154875430.
- ^ "www.publicdebt.treas.gov". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2013-02-28.
- ^ Texas Declaration of Independence – via Wikisource.
- ^ The World Book Encyclopedia. 1970. (U.S.A.) Library of Congress catalog card number 70-79247.
- ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)". University of Texas School of Law. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- Bibcode:1965JRASC..59...67S.
- ^ "Phenakistiscope". History of Science Museum. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
- ISBN 0-7181-1279-2.
- ISBN 978-0-13-241326-8.
- ^ "Joseph Henry". Distinguished Members Gallery, National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 2006-12-09. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
- ISBN 978-0-19-530048-2.
- ^ "Applications of electromagnetic induction". Boston University. 1999-07-22.
- .
- ISBN 978-0691083032.
- ISBN 978-0691083032.
- Science Museum (London). Archived from the originalon 2010-09-20. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
- ISBN 0-8014-2148-9.
- ^ "Railroad — Wilmington & Raleigh (later Weldon)". North Carolina Business History. 2006. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
- ^ "Railroads — prior to the Civil War". North Carolina Business History. 2006. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
- ISBN 0-7134-0468-X.
- ^ "Railroad — Wilmington & Raleigh (later Weldon)". North Carolina Business History. CommunicationSolutions/ISI. 2006. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
- ^ Recks, Robert. "Who's Who of Ballooning". Retrieved 24 May 2012.
- ^ "Steamship Curaçao". Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- ^ "Quincy, Illinois: A Temporary Refuge, 1838–39". Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
- OCLC 606929770.
- OCLC 7732541.
- ISBN 0-226-72677-0.
- ^ "Cholera's seven pandemics". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. December 2, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-11.Note: The second pandemic started in India and reached Russia by 1830, then spreading into Finland and Poland. A two-year outbreak began in England in October 1831 and claimed 22,000 lives. Irish immigrants fleeing poverty and the Great Famine, carried the disease from Europe to North America. Soon after the immigrants' arrival in Canada in the summer of 1832, 1,220 people died in Montreal and another 1,000 across Quebec. The disease entered the U.S. via ship traffic through Detroit and New York City. Spread by ship passengers, it reached Latin America by 1833. Another outbreak across England and Wales began in 1848, killing 52,000 over two years.
- ^ "Belvedere College S.J." www.belvederecollege.ie. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
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