1846–1860 cholera pandemic
1846–1860 cholera pandemic | |
---|---|
Disease | Cholera |
First outbreak | India |
Dates | 1846–1860 |
The third cholera pandemic (1846–1860) was the third major outbreak of cholera originating in India in the 19th century that reached far beyond its borders, which researchers at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) believe may have started as early as 1837 and lasted until 1863.[1] In the Russian Empire, more than one million people died of cholera. In 1853–1854, the epidemic in London claimed over 10,000 lives, and there were 23,000 deaths for all of Great Britain. This pandemic was considered to have the highest fatalities of the 19th-century epidemics.[2]
It had high fatalities among populations in Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. In 1854, which was considered the worst year, 23,000 people died in Great Britain.
That year, the British physician
Second pandemic
The second cholera pandemic spread from India, surging outward to all of Europe and northern Africa, then crossing the Atlantic to Canada and the United States, spreading to Mexico and the Caribbean. Many sources differ regarding when the second pandemic ended, and the third pandemic began. There are sources that maintain that the third cholera pandemic started with a surge from Bengal in 1839.[6]
1840s
Over 15,000 people died of cholera in Mecca in 1846.[7] In Russia, between 1847 and 1851, more than one million people died in the country's epidemic.[8]
A two-year outbreak began in England and Wales in 1848, and claimed 52,000 lives.[9] In London, it was the worst outbreak in the city's history, claiming 14,137 lives, over twice as many as the 1832 outbreak. Cholera hit Ireland in 1849 and killed many of the Irish Famine survivors, already weakened by starvation and fever.[10] In 1849, cholera claimed 5,308 lives in the major port city of Liverpool, England, an embarkation point for immigrants to North America, and 1,834 in Hull, England.[11] In 1849, a second major outbreak occurred in Paris.
Cholera, believed spread from Irish immigrant ship(s) from England to the
1850s
The cholera epidemic in Russia that started in 1847 lasted until 1851, killing over one million people. In 1851, a ship coming from Cuba carried the disease to Gran Canaria.[21] It is considered that more than 6,000 people died in the island during summer,[22] out of a population of 58,000.
In 1852, cholera spread east to Indonesia, and later was carried to
In 1854, an outbreak of cholera in Chicago took the lives of 5.5 percent of the population (about 3,500 people).[24][25] Providence, Rhode Island suffered an outbreak so widespread that for the next thirty years, 1854 was known there as "The Year of Cholera."[26] In 1853–54, London's epidemic claimed 10,739 lives. In Spain, over 236,000 died of cholera in the epidemic of 1854–55.[27] The disease reached South America in 1854 and 1855, with victims in Venezuela and Brazil.[15] During the third pandemic, Tunisia, which had not been affected by the two previous pandemics, thought Europeans had brought the disease. They blamed their sanitation practices. Some United States scientists began to believe that cholera was somehow associated with African Americans, as the disease was prevalent in the South in areas of black populations. Current researchers note their populations were underserved in terms of sanitation infrastructure, and health care, and they lived near the waterways by which travelers and ships carried the disease.[28]
The events surrounding the cholera pandemic in Bologna in 1855 were described by the city's Sanitation Department or Delegation, published in 1857. The treatise also describes prior plagues afflicting the city.[29]
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
The
Snow identified the source of an 1854 cholera outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now
This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the mid-19th century. Later, the term "focus of infection" would be used to describe sites, such as the Broad Street pump, in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. John Snow's endeavor to find the cause of the transmission of cholera caused him to unknowingly create a double-blind experiment.
See also
References
- ^ Frerichs, Ralph R. "Asiatic Cholera Pandemics During the Life of John Snow : Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846-63". John Snow - a historical giant in epidemiology. UCLA Department of Epidemiology - Fielding School of Public Health. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ^ "Cholera's seven pandemics". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008.
- ^ "London Epidemiology Society". UCLA. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
- PMID 12777415.
- PMID 12777413.
- ISBN 9781851096589.
- ^ a b Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846-63. UCLA School of Public Health.
- ISBN 0-674-00473-6
- ^ Cholera's seven pandemics, cbc.ca, 2 December 2008.
- ^ "The Irish Famine". Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-226-72677-9.
- ISBN 978-0-252-06360-2.
- ^ Beardsley GW (2000). "The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio (part 2)". The Early America Review. 3 (2). Retrieved 1 February 2010.
- S2CID 20591955.
- ^ ]
- ^ Goscha, Christopher (2016). Vietnam: A New History. Basic Books. p. 60.
- ^ ""ห่าลงปีระกา" มิถุนายนรุนแรงที่สุด!ตายถึง ๔๐,๐๐๐ ในยามที่ยังไม่รู้ว่าอหิวาต์คืออะไร!!". 18 June 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ "เมื่อรัชกาลที่ 3 กริ้วจนไล่บาทหลวงฝรั่งดื้อและขัดรับสั่ง ช่วงโรคระบาดรุมบางกอก". Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ "ชักธงเหลืองโรคห่าลงพระสงฆ์ทิ้งวัด". Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ Smith, Malcolm (1947). A physician at the court of Siam. Country Life.
- ^ HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH IN THE BEHAVIOR OF THE EPIDEMIC OF THE CHOLERA MORBUS OF 1851 IN THE PALMS OF GREAT CANARY p.626
- ^ Historia de la medicina en Gran Canaria Archived 22 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine pp. 545–546
- ^ Kaoru Sugihara, Peter Robb, Haruka Yanagisawa, Local Agrarian Societies in Colonial India: Japanese Perspectives, (1996), p. 313.
- ISBN 978-0-226-72677-9.
- ^ Chicago Daily Tribune Archived 31 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 12 July 1854
- ^ McKenna, Ray (19 April 2020). "My Turn: Ray McKenna: R.I. residents of 1854 would relate". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-8160-6935-4.
- ^ Hayes, J. N. (2005). Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 233.
- ^ Il cholera morbus nella città di Bologna l'anno 1855. Relazione della deputazione comunale di sanità preceduta da notizie storiche intorno le pestilenze nel Bolognese, published by della Volpe and dei Sassi, Bologna 1857.
- S2CID 9549345.
- PMID 9772861.