1850s

The 1850s (pronounced "eighteen-fifties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1850, and ended on December 31, 1859.

It was a very turbulent decade, as wars such as the Crimean War, shifted and shook European politics, as well as the expansion of colonization towards the Far East, which also sparked conflicts like the Second Opium War. In the meantime, the United States saw its peak on mass migration to the American West, that particularly made the nation experience an economic boom, as well as a rapidly increasing population.

The last living person from this decade was Ada Roe, who died in 1970.

Wars

• Imperial Russia and an alliance consisting of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. The majority of the conflict takes place around Crimea, on the northern coasts of the Black Sea
  .
• On 8 October 1856 the
  Pearl River
  .
• Second War of Italian Independence
  (1859), also known as Franco-Austrian War, or Austro-Sardinian War.

• The revolt in Alexandria by Alexandrian locals led by Sherekoh, governor of Alexandria against Abbas I of Egypt.
• The
  Indian Mutiny, a revolt against British colonial rule in India
  .
• Bleeding Kansas (1854–59): battles erupt in Kansas Territory between proslavery and "Free-State" settlers, directly precipitating the American Civil War.
• Reform War (1857–61) in Mexico
• Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) in southeastern China.
• Nian Rebellion (1853–68) in northern China.
• Miao Rebellion (1854–73)
  in Guizhou province, China.
• Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856) in Guangdong province, China.
• Punti-Hakka Clan Wars
  (1855–67) in Guangdong province, China.
• Panthay Rebellion (1856–73) in Yunnan province, China.

Prominent political events

• Moldavia and Wallachia are unified and form Romania.
• Gideon T. Stewart attempts to create a Prohibition Party.
• Dissolution of the Mughal Empire by the British.
• Establishment of the
  Voortrekkers
  by the British.

Assassinations and attempts

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2018)

Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:

• Assassination of Abbas I of Egypt by 4 of his slaves (1854)
• Eight were killed and 142 wounded in
  Napoleon III
  , Emperor of the French (1858).

Science and technology

• The Great Exhibition is held at the Crystal Palace in 1851, considered to be the first world's fair
  .
• The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution
  by natural selection in November 1859.
• John Snow traces the source of an outbreak of cholera
  in London to a contaminated water pump.
• Discovery of
  Neanderthal, Germany
  .
• Solar flares discovered by Richard Christopher Carrington.
• University of Sydney established in 1850.

Economics

• Distinction between
  jackets
  begins to blur
• Production of steel revolutionized by invention of the Bessemer process
• Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time
• First transpacific telegraph cable laid
• First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis
• Railroads begin to supplant canals
  in the United States as a primary means of transporting goods.
• First commercially successful sewing machine made by Isaac Singer

Environment

• Carniolan honeybees to the Primorsky Krai

• The word girlfriend first appears in writing in 1855.
• The word boyfriend first appears in writing in 1856.

Popular culture

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016)

Literature

• Charles Dickens publishes Bleak House, Hard Times, Little Dorrit and A Tale of Two Cities
• Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes The Scarlet Letter in 1850
• Herman Melville publishes Bartleby, the Scrivener in 1853
• Charlotte Brontë publishes Villette in 1853
• Elizabeth Gaskell publishes North and South in 1854

External links

• American texts from the 1850s
• American speeches from the 1850s