1871 in science
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The year 1871 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy and space sciences
- October 5 – The Società degli Spettroscopisti Italiani (laterSocietà Astronomica Italiana) is established in Rome, the first scientific organisation in the world dedicated to astrophysics.
Exploration
- June 8–October 2 – Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 in the United States, including what will next year become the Yellowstone National Park. Between July 21–August 26, the first ever photographs of this region are taken by William Henry Jackson.
Physics
- November 17 – astronomical aberration is independent of the local medium.[1]
- thermodynamic potentialswith respect to different thermodynamic variables.
- John Strutt publishes his first papers on the theory of acoustic resonance and on the phenomenon now called Rayleigh scattering, explaining why the sky is blue.[3]
Physiology and medicine
- Porphyria is first explained biochemically by Felix Hoppe-Seyler.[4]
- Friedrich Trendelenburg describes the first successful elective human tracheotomy to be performed for the purpose of administering general anaesthesia.[5][6][7][8]
- Friedrich Miescher publishes his 1869 isolation of what will subsequently be called nucleic acid.[9]
Technology
- Institution of Electrical Engineers established in the United Kingdom as the Society of Telegraph Engineers.
- Souter Lighthouse in England is the first to use alternating current electricity.
- Ralph Hart Tweddell invents the portable hydraulic riveter, manufactured by Fielding & Platt of Gloucester in England.
- Montague Redgrave is granted U.S. Patent #115,357 for his Improvements in Bagatelle, the basis of the spring-loaded plunger used in pinball machines.[10]
Publications
- Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe by Alexander von Humboldt, covering a large number of topics in scientific exploration and invention.
- The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex by Charles Darwin, outlining his theory for man's origins and his theory of sexual selection, and including his first published use of the term evolution (published by John Murray in London, February 24).
- A History of the Birds of Europe by Henry Eeles Dresser (publication begins).
Awards
- Julius Robert von Mayer[11]
- Wollaston Medal for Geology: Andrew Ramsay
Births
- January 7 – Émile Borel (died 1956), French mathematician.
- February 15 – Martin Knudsen (died 1949), Danish physicist.
- May 19
- Walter Russell (died 1963), American polymath.
- anatomist.
- August 15 – ecologist.
- August 19 – aviator.
- August 30 – Ernest Rutherford (died 1937), New Zealand-born British physicist and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- September 17 – Eivind Astrup (died 1895), Norwegian Arctic explorer.
- October 19 – physiologist.
- October 26 – ornithologist.
Deaths
- January 25 – Jeanne Villepreux-Power (born 1794), French marine biologist.
- March 18 – logician.
- April 8 – paleontologist.
- April 16 – Johann Ritter von Oppolzer (born 1808), Austrian physician.
- June 9 – Anna Atkins (b. 1799), British botanist.[12]
- May 11 – John Herschel (born 1792), English mathematician and astronomer.
- October 18 – computing machines.
- December 8 – James Murray (born 1788), Irish physician.
References
- . Retrieved 2015-01-03.
- ISBN 978-0-7503-0759-8.
- required.)
- ^ Hoppe-Seyler, F. (1871). "Das Hämatin". Tübinger Med-Chem Untersuch. 4: 523–33.
- ^ Trendelenburg, F (1871). "Beiträge zu den Operationen an den Luftwegen" [Contributions to airways surgery]. Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie (in German). 12: 112–33.
- PMID 20319535.
- PMID 14232175.
- PMID 1878238.
- ^ Miescher, Friedrich (1871). "Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung der Eiterzellen" (On the chemical composition of pus cells). Medicinisch-chemische Untersuchungen 4:441–460. From p. 456: "Ich habe mich daher später mit meinen Versuchen an die ganzen Kerne gehalten, die Trennung der Körper, die ich einstweilen ohne weiteres Präjudiz als lösliches und unlösliches Nuclein bezeichnen will, einem günstigeren Material überlassend." ("Therefore, in my experiments I subsequently limited myself to the whole nucleus, leaving to a more favorable material the separation of the substances, that for the present, without further prejudice, I will designate as soluble and insoluble nuclear material ('Nuclein').")
- ^ "Internet Pinball Machine Database: M. Redgrave Bagatelle Company '1871 Redgrave Parlor Bagatelle' Images". Ipdb.org. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
- ^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1.