1872 United States presidential election
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352 members Electoral College 177 electoral votes needed to win | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Turnout | 72.1%[1] 8.8 pp | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Grant/Wilson, purple denotes those won by Greeley, blue denotes those won by Hendricks, pink denotes those won by Brown, green denotes those won by Jenkins, and dark red denotes those won by Davis; this reflects the posthumous scattering of Greeley's electoral votes. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1872 United States presidential election was the 22nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1872. Despite a split in the Republican Party, incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant defeated Democratic-endorsed Liberal Republican nominee Horace Greeley.
Grant was unanimously re-nominated at the
Despite the union between the Liberal Republicans and Democrats, Greeley proved to be an ineffective campaigner and Grant remained widely popular. Grant decisively won re-election, carrying 31 of the 37 states, including several Southern states that would not again vote Republican until the 20th century. Grant would be the last incumbent to win a second consecutive term until William McKinley's victory in the 1900 presidential election,[c] and his popular vote margin of 11.8% was the largest margin between 1856 and 1904.
On November 29, 1872, after the popular vote was counted, but before the Electoral College cast its votes, Greeley died. As a result, electors previously committed to Greeley voted for four candidates for president and eight candidates for vice president. The election of 1872 also remains the only instance in U.S. history in which a major presidential candidate who won electoral votes died during the election process. This election set the record for the longest Republican popular vote win streak in American history, four elections, a record that would be matched by the same party in 1908. Grant thus became the only president to serve two full, consecutive terms between Andrew Jackson (1829–1837) and Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921), additionally, he is one of only four Republican presidents to have served two full terms in office, the others being Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, and George W. Bush.
Nominations
Republican Party nomination
1872 Republican Party ticket | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ulysses S. Grant | Henry Wilson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18th President of the United States (1869–1877) |
U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1855–1873) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
At the convention the Republicans nominated
The opposition fusion nominations
In the hope of defeating Grant, the Democratic Party endorsed the nominees of the Liberal Republican Party.
Liberal Republican Party nomination
An influential group of dissident Republicans split from the party to form the
1872 Liberal Republican Party ticket | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Horace Greeley | Benjamin G. Brown
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for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. Representative for New York's 6th (1848–1849) |
Governor of Missouri (1871–1873) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Campaign | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Candidates in this section are sorted by their highest vote count on the nominating ballots | ||||||||
Charles Francis Adams Sr. | Lyman Trumbull | Benjamin Gratz Brown
|
David Davis | Andrew Gregg Curtin | Salmon P. Chase | |||
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Fmr. Envoy to the United Kingdom from Massachusetts (1861–1868) |
U.S. Senator from Illinois (1855–1873) |
20th Governor of Missouri (1871–1873) |
Associate Justice from Illinois (1862–1877) |
Fmr. Envoy to Russia from Pennsylvania (1869–1872) |
Chief Justice from Ohio (1864–1873) | |||
324 votes | 156 votes | 95 votes | 93 votes | 62 votes | 32 votes |
Democratic Party nomination
1872 Democratic Party ticket | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Horace Greeley | Benjamin G. Brown
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for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. Representative for New York's 6th (1848–1849) |
Governor of Missouri (1871–1873) |
The Convention met in
Some Democrats were worried that backing Greeley would effectively bring the party to extinction, much like how the moribund
The Liberal Republican Party fused with the Democratic Party in all states except for Louisiana and Texas. In states where Republicans were stronger, the Liberal Republicans fielded a majority of the joint slate of candidates for lower offices; while in states where Democrats were stronger, the Democrats fielded the most candidates. In many states, such as Ohio, each party nominated half of a joint slate of candidates. Even initially reluctant Democratic leaders like Thomas F. Bayard came to support Greeley.[6]
Other nominations
Presidential Candidates:
Charles O'Conor | David Davis |
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Former United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from New York (Declined Nomination) |
Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from Illinois (Nominee – Withdrew on June 24, 1872) |
Labor Reform Party
The Labor Reform Party had only been organized in 1870 at the National Labor Union Convention, which organized the Labor Reform Party in anticipation of its participation in the 1872 presidential election.[7] In the lead-up to the 1872 presidential election, state-level affiliates of the party formed and saw limited success.[8] One of its major victories was forming a majority coalition with the Democratic Party in the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1871 in which William Gove, one of its members, was elected Speaker of the House.[9]
The party's first National Convention meeting was held in Columbus, Ohio, on February 22, 1872.[10] Initially, there was a fair amount of discussion as to whether the party should actually nominate anyone for the presidency at that time, or if they should wait at least for the Liberal Republicans to nominate their own ticket first. Every motion to that effect lost, and a number of ballots were taken that resulted in the nomination of David Davis for president, who was the frontrunner for the Liberal Republican presidential nomination at that time. Joel Parker, the Governor of New Jersey, was nominated for vice president.
While Davis did not decline the presidential nomination of the Labor Reform party, he decided to hinge his campaign in large part on the success of attaining the Liberal Republican presidential nomination, so that he might at least have their resources behind him. After their convention, in which he failed to attain their presidential nomination, Davis telegraphed the Labor Reform party and informed them of his intention to withdraw from the presidential contest entirely. Joel Parker soon followed suit.
A second convention was called on August 22 in Philadelphia, where it was decided, rather than making the same mistake again, that the party would cooperate with the new Straight-Out Democratic Party that had recently formed. After the election, the various state affiliates grew less and less active, and by the following year, the party ceased to exist.[11] Labor Reform party activity continued to 1878, when the Greenback and Labor Reform parties, with other organizations, formed a National Party.[12]
Straight-Out Democratic Party
Unwilling to support the Democratic party ticket (Greeley/Brown), a group of mostly Southern Democrats held what they called a
Equal Rights Party
Victoria Woodhull is recognized as the first woman to run for president. She was nominated for president by the small Equal Rights Party.[13] Frederick Douglass was nominated for vice president, although he did not attend the convention, acknowledge his nomination, or take an active role in the campaign.[14]
General election
Campaign
Grant's administration and his
Women's suffrage
This was the first election after the formation of the
Results
Grant won an easy re-election over Greeley, with a popular vote margin of 11.8% and 763,000 votes.
Grant also won the electoral college with 286 electoral votes; while Greeley won 66 electoral votes, he died on November 29, 1872, twenty-four days after the election and before any of his pledged electors (from Texas, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, and Maryland) could cast their votes. Subsequently, 63 of Greeley's electors cast their votes for other Democrats: 42 voted for non-candidate Indiana Governor-Elect Thomas A. Hendricks, 18 of them cast their presidential votes for Greeley's running mate, Benjamin Gratz Brown, 2 cast their votes for non-candidate and former Georgia Governor Charles J. Jenkins, and 1 cast his vote for non-candidate U.S. Supreme Court Justice David Davis.
Of the 2,171 counties making returns, Grant won in 1,335 while Greeley carried 833. Three counties were split evenly between Grant and Greeley.
Disputed votes
During the joint session of Congress for the counting of the electoral vote on February 12, 1873, five states had objections that were raised regarding their results. However, unlike the objections which would be made in 1877, these did not affect the outcome of the election.[18]
State | Voters | Winning candidate | Outcome | Reason for objection | Electors counted |
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Arkansas | 6 | Grant | Rejected | Various irregularities, including allegations of electoral fraud | No |
Louisiana | 8 | ||||
Georgia | 3 (of 11) | Greeley | Rejected | Ballots were cast for Horace Greeley as president after he had died, and was thus ineligible for the office. | Yes (votes for B. Gratz Brown as vice-president) |
Mississippi | 8 | Grant | Accepted | Irregularities and concerns regarding the eligibility of elector James J. Spelman | Yes |
Texas | 8 | Greeley | Accepted | Irregularities | Yes |
This election was the last in which Arkansas voted for a Republican until 1972, and the last in which it voted against the Democrats until 1968. Alabama and Mississippi would not be carried by a Republican again until 1964, and they would not vote against the Democrats until 1948. North Carolina and Virginia would not vote Republican again until 1928. West Virginia, Delaware and New Jersey would not vote Republican again until 1896.
Table of results
Presidential candidate | Party | Home state | Popular vote | Electoral vote |
Running mate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | Percentage | Vice-presidential candidate | Home state | Electoral vote | ||||
Ulysses S. Grant (incumbent) | Republican
|
Illinois | 3,598,235 | 55.6% | 286 | Henry Wilson | Massachusetts | 286 |
Thomas A. Hendricks | Democratic | Indiana | —(a) | — | 42 | —(c) | 42 | |
Benjamin Gratz Brown
|
Liberal Republican/ Democratic | Missouri | —(a) | — | 18 | —(c) | 18 | |
Horace Greeley | Liberal Republican/ Democratic | New York | 2,834,761 | 43.8% | 3(b) | B. Gratz Brown | Missouri | 3(b) |
Charles J. Jenkins | Democratic | Georgia | —(a) | — | 2 | —(c) | 2 | |
David Davis | Liberal Republican | Illinois | —(a) | — | 1 | —(c) | 1 | |
Charles O'Conor | Straight-Out Democrats
|
New York | 18,602 | 0.3% | 0 | John Quincy Adams II | Massachusetts | 0 |
James Black | Prohibition | Pennsylvania | 5,607 | 0.1% | 0 | John Russell | Michigan | 0 |
Other | 10,473 | 0.2% | 0 | |||||
Total | 6,467,678 | 100.0% | 352(d) | |||||
Needed to win | 177(d) |
Source (popular vote): Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections Retrieved on November 3, 2022
Source (electoral vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.
(a) These candidates received votes from Electors who were pledged to Horace Greeley, who died before the electoral votes were cast.
(b) Brown's vice-presidential votes were counted, but the presidential votes for Horace Greeley were rejected since he was ineligible for the office of President due to his death.
(c) See Breakdown by ticket below.
(d) The 14 electoral votes from Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected. Had they not been rejected, Grant would have received 300 electoral votes out of a total of 366, well in excess of the 184 required to win, and he would have become the first candidate to receive 300 or more electoral votes.
Vice presidential candidate | Party | State | Electoral vote |
---|---|---|---|
Henry Wilson | Republican | Massachusetts | 286 |
Benjamin Gratz Brown
|
Democratic/Liberal Republican | Missouri | 47 |
Alfred Holt Colquitt | Democratic | Georgia | 5 |
George Washington Julian
|
Liberal Republican | Indiana | 5 |
Thomas Elliott Bramlette | Democratic | Kentucky | 3 |
John McAuley Palmer
|
Democratic | Illinois | 3 |
Nathaniel Prentice Banks | Liberal Republican | Massachusetts | 1 |
William Slocum Groesbeck | Democratic/Liberal Republican | Ohio | 1 |
Willis Benson Machen
|
Democratic | Kentucky | 1 |
John Quincy Adams II | Straight-Out Democratic | Massachusetts | 0 |
John Russell | Prohibition | Michigan | 0 |
Total | 352 | ||
Needed to win | 177 |
Source: "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.
Geography of results
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Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
Cartographic gallery
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Map of presidential election results by county
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Map of Republican presidential election results by county
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Map of Liberal Republican/Democratic presidential election results by county
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Map of "other" presidential election results by county
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Cartogram of presidential election results by county
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Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county
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Cartogram of Liberal Republican/Democratic presidential election results by county
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Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county
Results by state
Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.[20]
States/districts won by Brown
|
States/districts won by Grant/Wilson |
Ulysses S. Grant Republican |
Horace Greeley Democratic/Liberal Republican |
Charles O'Conor Straight-Out Democrat |
Margin | State Total | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | electoral votes |
# | % | electoral votes |
# | % | electoral votes |
# | % | electoral votes |
# | % | # | |
Alabama | 10 | 90,272 | 53.19 | 10 | 79,444 | 46.81 | - | - | - | - | 10,828 | 6.38 | 169,716 | AL |
Arkansas | 6 | 41,373 | 52.17 | 0 | 37,927 | 47.83 | - | - | - | - | 3,446 | 4.35 | 79,300 | AR |
California | 6 | 54,007 | 56.38 | 6 | 40,717 | 42.51 | - | 1,061 | 1.11 | - | 13,290 | 13.87 | 95,785 | CA |
Connecticut | 6 | 50,314 | 52.41 | 6 | 45,695 | 47.59 | - | - | - | - | 4,619 | 4.81 | 96,009 | CT |
Delaware | 3 | 11,129 | 51.00 | 3 | 10,205 | 46.76 | - | 488 | 2.24 | - | 924 | 4.23 | 21,822 | DE |
Florida | 4 | 17,763 | 53.52 | 4 | 15,427 | 46.48 | - | - | - | - | 2,336 | 7.04 | 33,190 | FL |
Georgia | 11 | 62,550 | 45.03 | - | 76,356 | 54.97 | 11 | - | - | - | -13,806 | -9.94 | 138,906 | GA |
Illinois | 21 | 241,936 | 56.27 | 21 | 184,884 | 43.00 | - | 3,151 | 0.73 | - | 57,052 | 13.27 | 429,971 | IL |
Indiana | 15 | 186,147 | 53.00 | 15 | 163,632 | 46.59 | - | 1,417 | 0.40 | - | 22,515 | 6.41 | 351,196 | IN |
Iowa | 11 | 131,566 | 60.81 | 11 | 81,636 | 37.73 | - | 2,221 | 1.03 | - | 49,930 | 23.08 | 216,365 | IA |
Kansas | 5 | 66,805 | 66.46 | 5 | 32,970 | 32.80 | - | 156 | 0.16 | - | 33,835 | 33.66 | 100,512 | KS |
Kentucky | 12 | 88,766 | 46.44 | - | 99,995 | 52.32 | 12 | 2,374 | 1.24 | - | -11,229 | -5.87 | 191,135 | KY |
Louisiana | 8 | 71,663 | 55.69 | 0 | 57,029 | 44.31 | - | - | - | - | 14,634 | 11.37 | 128,692 | LA |
Maine | 7 | 61,426 | 67.86 | 7 | 29,097 | 32.14 | - | - | - | - | 32,329 | 35.71 | 90,523 | ME |
Maryland | 8 | 66,760 | 49.66 | - | 67,687 | 50.34 | 8 | - | - | - | -927 | -0.69 | 134,447 | MD |
Massachusetts | 13 | 133,455 | 69.20 | 13 | 59,195 | 30.69 | - | - | - | - | 74,260 | 38.50 | 192,864 | MA |
Michigan | 11 | 138,758 | 62.66 | 11 | 78,551 | 35.47 | - | 2,875 | 1.30 | - | 60,207 | 27.19 | 221,455 | MI |
Minnesota | 5 | 55,708 | 61.27 | 5 | 35,211 | 38.73 | - | - | - | - | 20,497 | 22.54 | 90,919 | MN |
Mississippi | 8 | 82,175 | 63.48 | 8 | 47,282 | 36.52 | - | - | - | - | 34,893 | 26.95 | 129,457 | MS |
Missouri | 15 | 119,196 | 43.65 | - | 151,434 | 55.46 | 15 | 2,429 | 0.89 | - | -32,238 | -11.81 | 273,059 | MO |
Nebraska | 3 | 18,329 | 70.68 | 3 | 7,603 | 29.32 | - | - | - | - | 10,726 | 41.36 | 25,932 | NE |
Nevada | 3 | 8,413 | 57.43 | 3 | 6,236 | 42.57 | - | - | - | - | 2,177 | 14.86 | 14,649 | NV |
New Hampshire | 5 | 37,168 | 53.94 | 5 | 31,425 | 45.61 | - | - | - | - | 5,743 | 8.33 | 68,906 | NH |
New Jersey | 9 | 91,656 | 54.52 | 9 | 76,456 | 45.48 | - | - | - | - | 15,200 | 9.04 | 168,112 | NJ |
New York | 35 | 440,738 | 53.23 | 35 | 387,282 | 46.77 | - | - | - | - | 53,456 | 6.46 | 828,020 | NY |
North Carolina | 10 | 94,772 | 57.38 | 10 | 70,130 | 42.46 | - | 261 | 0.16 | - | 24,642 | 14.92 | 165,163 | NC |
Ohio | 22 | 281,852 | 53.24 | 22 | 244,321 | 46.15 | - | 1,163 | 0.22 | - | 37,531 | 7.09 | 529,436 | OH |
Oregon | 3 | 11,818 | 58.66 | 3 | 7,742 | 38.43 | - | 587 | 2.91 | - | 4,076 | 20.23 | 20,147 | OR |
Pennsylvania | 29 | 349,589 | 62.07 | 29 | 212,041 | 37.65 | - | - | - | - | 137,548 | 24.42 | 563,262 | PA |
Rhode Island | 4 | 13,665 | 71.94 | 4 | 5,329 | 28.06 | - | - | - | - | 8,336 | 43.89 | 18,994 | RI |
South Carolina | 7 | 72,290 | 75.73 | 7 | 22,699 | 23.78 | - | 204 | 0.21 | - | 49,591 | 51.95 | 95,452 | SC |
Tennessee | 12 | 85,655 | 47.84 | - | 93,391 | 52.16 | 12 | - | - | - | -7,736 | -4.32 | 179,046 | TN |
Texas | 8 | 47,468 | 40.71 | - | 66,546 | 57.07 | 8 | 2,580 | 2.21 | - | -19,078 | -16.36 | 116,594 | TX |
Vermont | 5 | 41,480 | 78.29 | 5 | 10,926 | 20.62 | - | 553 | 1.04 | - | 30,554 | 57.67 | 52,980 | VT |
Virginia | 11 | 93,463 | 50.47 | 11 | 91,647 | 49.49 | - | 85 | 0.05 | - | 1,816 | 0.98 | 185,195 | VA |
West Virginia | 5 | 32,320 | 51.74 | 5 | 29,532 | 47.28 | - | 615 | 0.98 | - | 2,788 | 4.46 | 62,467 | WV |
Wisconsin | 10 | 104,994 | 54.60 | 10 | 86,477 | 44.97 | - | 834 | 0.43 | - | 18,517 | 9.16 | 192,305 | WI |
TOTALS: | 366 | 3,597,439 | 55.58 | 286 | 2,833,710 | 43.78 | 66 | 23,054 | 0.36 | - | 763,729 | 11.80 | 6,471,983 | US |
States that flipped from Democratic to Republican
States that flipped from Republican to Democratic
Close states
Red font color denotes states won by Republican Ulysses S. Grant; pink denotes those won by Democrat/Liberal Republican Horace Greeley.
States where the margin of victory was under 1% (19 electoral votes)
- Maryland 0.69% (927 votes)
- Virginia 0.98% (1,816 votes)
Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (32 electoral votes)
- Delaware 4.23% (924 votes)
- Tennessee 4.32% (7,736 votes)
- Arkansas 4.35% (3,446 votes)
- West Virginia 4.46% (2,788 votes)
- Connecticut 4.81% (4,619 votes)
Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (133 electoral votes):
- Kentucky 5.87% (11,229 votes)
- Alabama 6.38% (10,828 votes)
- Indiana 6.41% (22,515 votes)
- New York 6.46% (53,456 votes)
- Florida 7.04% (2,336 votes)
- Ohio 7.09% (37,531 votes) (tipping point state with rejection of electors in Arkansas and Louisiana)
- New Hampshire 8.33% (5,743 votes) (tipping point state if electors of Arkansas and Louisiana were not rejected)
- New Jersey 9.04% (15,200 votes)
- Wisconsin 9.16% (18,517 votes)
- Georgia 9.94% (13,806 votes)
Breakdown by ticket
Presidential candidate | Running mate | Electoral vote(a) |
---|---|---|
Ulysses S. Grant | Henry Wilson | 286 |
Thomas Andrews Hendricks | Benjamin Gratz Brown | 41 .. 42 |
Benjamin Gratz Brown | Alfred Holt Colquitt | 5 |
Benjamin Gratz Brown | George Washington Julian | 4 .. 5 |
Benjamin Gratz Brown | Thomas E. Bramlette | 3 |
Horace Greeley | Benjamin Gratz Brown | 3 (b) |
Benjamin Gratz Brown | John McAuley Palmer | 2 .. 3 |
Charles J. Jenkins | Benjamin Gratz Brown | 2 |
Benjamin Gratz Brown | Nathaniel Prentiss Banks | 1 |
Benjamin Gratz Brown | Willis Benson Machen | 1 |
Benjamin Gratz Brown | William Slocum Groesbeck | 0 .. 1 |
David Davis | Benjamin Gratz Brown | 0 .. 1 |
David Davis | William Slocum Groesbeck | 0 .. 1 |
David Davis | George Washington Julian | 0 .. 1 |
David Davis | John McAuley Palmer | 0 .. 1 |
Thomas Andrews Hendricks | William Slocum Groesbeck | 0 .. 1 |
Thomas Andrews Hendricks | George Washington Julian | 0 .. 1 |
Thomas Andrews Hendricks | John McAuley Palmer | 0 .. 1 |
(a) The used sources had insufficient data to determine the pairings of 4 electoral votes in Missouri; therefore, the possible tickets are listed with the minimum and maximum possible number of electoral votes each.
(b) Brown's vice-presidential votes were counted, but the presidential votes for Horace Greeley were rejected since he was ineligible for the office of President due to his death.
Demise of the Liberal Republicans
Though the national party organization disappeared after 1872, several Liberal Republican members continued to serve in Congress after the 1872 elections. Most Liberal Republican Congressmen eventually joined the Democratic Party. Outside of the South, some Liberal Republicans sought the creation of a new party opposed to Republicans, but Democrats were unwilling to abandon their old party affiliation and even relatively successful efforts like Wisconsin's Reform Party collapsed. Even the strong Missouri Liberal Republican Party collapsed as the Democrats re-established themselves as the major opposition party to the Republicans. In the following years, former Liberal Republicans became members in good standing of both major parties.[21]
See also
- 1872–73 United States Senate elections
- 1872–73 United States House of Representatives elections
- American election campaigns in the 19th century
- History of the United States (1865–1918)
- Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
- Reconstruction era
- Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
- Third Party System
Notes
- ^ a b c Elections were held in Arkansas and Louisiana; however, due to various irregularities including allegations of electoral fraud, all electoral votes from those states (6 and 8, respectively) were invalidated.
- ^ Greeley died after the election, but prior to the Electoral College meeting. Greeley had won 66 pledged electors, of which 63 cast their votes for other candidates. 3 Georgian electors voted for Greeley; however, their votes were rejected.
- ^ Grover Cleveland was elected to a second non-consecutive term in 1892, after losing his re-election campaign in 1888.
References
- ^ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
- ^ Matthew T. Downey, "Horace Greeley and the Politicians: The Liberal Republican Convention in 1872." Journal of American History 53.4 (1967): 727–750. online
- ^ Official Proceedings of the National Democratic Convention, Held at Baltimore, July 9, 1872. Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, Printers. 1872.
- ISBN 0-19-516716-3.
- ^ Dunning 1905, p. 198
- ^ Ross 1910
- ISBN 0-7656-8020-3.
- ISBN 0-8139-1722-0.
- ^ Yeargain, Tyler (2021). "New England State Senates: Case Studies for Revisiting the Indirect Election of Legislators". University of New Hampshire Law Review. 19 (2): 381. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
- ISBN 9780300137859.
- ISBN 9780872893207.
- ^ Haynes, Frederick Emory (1916). Third Party Movements Since the Civil War, with Special Reference to Iowa. State Historical Society of Iowa. p. 122. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
labor reform.
- ^ "Women Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates: A Selected List". Center for American Women in Politics. Rutgers University Ealgeton Institute. June 30, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ^ Walsh, Colleen (November 2, 2020). "1872 election: Victoria Woodhull picks Frederick Douglass as VP". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
- ^ Dunning 197
- ISBN 1-56802-981-0.
- ^ Shearer, Mary L. (2016). "Who is Victoria Woodhull?". Victoria Woodhull & Company. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
- ^ United States Congress (1873). Senate Journal. 42nd Congress, 3rd Session, February 12. pp. 334–346. Retrieved March 23, 2006.
- ISBN 978-0-8377-2446-1.
- ^ "1872 Presidential General Election Data – National". Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- ^ Ross, pp. 192-239
Further reading
- Donald, David Herbert. Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (1970).
- Downey, Matthew T. "Horace Greeley and the Politicians: The Liberal Republican Convention in 1872," The Journal of American History, Vol. 53, No. 4. (Mar. 1967), pp. 727–750. in JSTOR
- Dunning, William Archibald (1905). Reconstruction: Political & Economic, 1865–1877. ch. 12. online edition
- Gerber, Richard Allan. "The Liberal Republicans of 1872 in historiographical perspective." Journal of American History 62.1 (1975): 40–73. online
- Lunde, Erik S. "The Ambiguity of the National Idea: the Presidential Campaign of 1872" Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 1978 5(1): 1–23. ISSN 0317-7904.
- McPherson, James M. "Grant or Greeley? The Abolitionist Dilemma in the Election of 1872" American Historical Review 1965 71(1): 43–61. online
- Prymak, Andrew. "The 1868 and 1872 Elections," in Edward O. Frantz, ed. A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865–1881 (Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History) (2014) pp. 235–56 online
- Republican Campaign Clubs, Horace Greeley Unmasked. New York: Republican Campaign Clubs, 1872. —Campaign pamphlet.
- Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. Volume: 7 ch 39–40. (1920)
- Ross, Earle Dudley (1910). The Liberal Republican Movement. H. Holt. pp. 202–.
- Slap, Andrew L. The Doom of Reconstruction: The Liberal Republicans in the Civil War Era (2006) online
- Strauss, Dafnah. "Ideological closure in newspaper political language during the US 1872 election campaign." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 15.2 (2014): 255–291. DOI: 10.1075/jhp.15.2.06str online
- Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865–1878 (1994) ch 15
- Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Era of Good Stealings (1993), covers corruption 1868–1877
- Van Deusen, Glyndon G. Horace Greeley, Nineteenth-Century Crusader (1953) online edition
Primary sources
- American Annual Cyclopedia...for 1872 (1873), comprehensive collection of facts online edition
- Blaine, James G. (1885). Twenty Years of Congress. vol. 2. pp. 520–31. online edition
- Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online
- Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956
External links
- Presidential Election of 1872: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
- 1872 popular vote by counties
- Election of 1872 in Counting the Votes Archived October 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine