Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
c. 1550 BC–1292 BC
The Egyptian Eighteenth Dynasty's empire at its greatest territorial extent under Thutmose III
Capital	Thebes, Akhetaten (1351–1334) BC
Common languages	Middle Egyptian (to c. 1350 BC) Late Egyptian (from c. 1350 BC) Canaanite languages Nubian languages Akkadian (diplomatic and trade language)
Religion	Ancient Egyptian religion Atenism (1351–1334) BC
Government	Absolute monarchy
Historical era	Bronze Age
• Defeat of the Fifteenth Dynasty (expulsion of the Hyksos)	c. 1550 BC
• Battle of Megiddo	c. 1457 BC
• Amarna Period	c. 1350–1330 BC
• Death of Horemheb	1292 BC
Preceded by Succeeded by Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XVIII, alternatively 18th Dynasty or Dynasty 18) is classified as the first dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power. The Eighteenth Dynasty spanned the period from 1550/1549 to 1292 BC. This dynasty is also known as the Thutmoside Dynasty^[1]: 156) for the four pharaohs named Thutmose.

Several of Egypt's most famous pharaohs were from the Eighteenth Dynasty, including Tutankhamun, whose tomb was found by Howard Carter in 1922. Other famous pharaohs of the dynasty include Hatshepsut (c. 1479 BC–1458 BC), the longest-reigning woman pharaoh of an indigenous dynasty, and Akhenaten (c. 1353–1336 BC), the "heretic pharaoh", with his Great Royal Wife, Nefertiti. The Eighteenth Dynasty is unique among Egyptian dynasties in that it had two queens regnant, women who ruled as sole pharaoh: Hatshepsut and Neferneferuaten, usually identified as Nefertiti.^[2]

History

Early Dynasty XVIII

Dynasty XVIII was founded by Ahmose I, the brother or son of Kamose, the last ruler of the 17th Dynasty. Ahmose finished the campaign to expel the Hyksos rulers. His reign is seen as the end of the Second Intermediate Period and the start of the New Kingdom. Ahmose's consort, Queen Ahmose-Nefertari was "arguably the most venerated woman in Egyptian history, and the grandmother of the 18th Dynasty."^[3] She was deified after she died. Ahmose was succeeded by his son, Amenhotep I, whose reign was relatively uneventful.^[4]

Amenhotep I probably left no male heir and the next pharaoh, Thutmose I, seems to have been related to the royal family through marriage. During his reign, the borders of Egypt's empire reached their greatest expanse, extending in the north to Carchemish on the Euphrates and in the south up to Kanisah Kurgus beyond the fourth cataract of the Nile. Thutmose I was succeeded by Thutmose II and his queen, Hatshepsut, who was the daughter of Thutmose I. After her husband's death and a period of regency for her minor stepson (who would later become pharaoh as Thutmose III) Hatshepsut became pharaoh in her own right and ruled for over twenty years.

Thutmose III, who became known as the greatest military pharaoh ever, also had a lengthy reign after becoming pharaoh. He had a second co-regency in his old age with his son Amenhotep II. Amenhotep II was succeeded by Thutmose IV, who in his turn was followed by his son Amenhotep III, whose reign is seen as a high point in this dynasty.

Amenhotep III's reign was a period of unprecedented prosperity, artistic splendor, and international power, as attested by over 250 statues (more than any other pharaoh) and 200 large stone scarabs discovered from Syria to Nubia.^[5] Amenhotep III undertook large scale building programmes, the extent of which can only be compared with those of the much longer reign of Ramesses II during Dynasty XIX.^[6] Amenhotep III's consort was the Great Royal Wife Tiye, for whom he built an artificial lake, as described on eleven scarabs.^[7]

Akhenaten, the Amarna Period, and Tutankhamun

Amenhotep III may have shared the throne for up to twelve years with his son Amenhotep IV. There is much debate about this proposed co-regency, with different experts considering that there was a lengthy co-regency, a short one, or none at all.

In the fifth year of his reign, Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten (ꜣḫ-n-jtn, "Effective for the Aten") and moved his capital to Amarna, which he named Akhetaten. During the reign of Akhenaten, the Aten (jtn, the sun disk) became, first, the most prominent deity, and eventually came to be considered the only god.^[8] Whether this amounted to true monotheism continues to be the subject of debate within the academic community. Some state that Akhenaten created a monotheism, while others point out that he merely suppressed a dominant solar cult by the assertion of another, while he never completely abandoned several other traditional deities.

Later Egyptians considered this "Amarna Period" an unfortunate aberration. After his death, Akhenaten was succeeded by two short-lived pharaohs, Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten, of which little is known. In 1334 Akhenaten's son, Tutankhaten, ascended to the throne: shortly after, he restored Egyptian polytheist cult and subsequently changed his name in Tutankhamun, in honor to the Egyptian god Amun.^[9] His infant daughters, 317a and 317b mummies, represent the final genetically related generation of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

Ay and Horemheb

The last two members of the Eighteenth Dynasty—

Ay may have married the widowed Great Royal Wife and young half-sister of Tutankhamun, Ankhesenamun, in order to obtain power; she did not live long afterward. Ay then married Tey, who was originally Nefertiti's wet-nurse.

Ay's reign was short. His successor was Horemheb, a general during Tutankhamun's reign whom the pharaoh may have intended as his successor in case he had no surviving children, which is what came to pass.^[10] Horemheb may have taken the throne away from Ay in a coup d'état. Although Ay's son or stepson Nakhtmin was named as his father/stepfather's Crown Prince, Nakhtmin seems to have died during the reign of Ay, leaving the opportunity for Horemheb to claim the throne next.

Horemheb also died without surviving children, having appointed his vizier, Pa-ra-mes-su, as his heir. This vizier ascended the throne in 1292 BC as Ramesses I, and was the first pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty.

This example to the right depicts a man named Ay who achieved the exalted religious positions of Second Prophet of Amun and High Priest of Mut at Thebes. His career flourished during the reign of Tutankhamun, when the statue was made. The cartouches of King Ay, Tutankhamun's successor appearing on the statue, were an attempt by an artisan to "update" the sculpture.^[11]

Relations with Nubia

The Eighteenth Dynasty empire conquered all of Lower Nubia under Thutmose I.^[12] By the reign of Thutmose III, the Egyptians directly controlled Nubia to the Nile river, 4th cataract, with Egyptian influence / tributaries extending beyond this point.^[13][14] The Egyptians referred to the area as Kush and it was administered by the Viceroy of Kush. The 18th dynasty obtained Nubian gold, animal skins, ivory, ebony, cattle, and horses, which were of exceptional quality.^[12] The Egyptians built temples throughout Nubia. One of the largest and most important temples was dedicated to Amun at Jebel Barkal in the city of Napata. This Temple of Amun was enlarged by later Egyptian and Nubian Pharaohs, such as Taharqa.

• 
  Nubian Tribute Presented to the King, Tomb of Huy MET DT221112
• 
  Nubian Prince Heqanefer bringing tribute for King Tutankhamun, 18th dynasty, Tomb of Huy
• 
  Nubians bringing tribute for King Tutankhamun, Tomb of Huy

Relations with the Near-East

After the end of the

• 
  Egyptian relief depicting a battle against West Asiatics. Reign of Amenhotep II, Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1427–1400 BC.
• 
  West Asiatic tribute bearers in the tomb of Sobekhotep, c. 1400 BC, Thebes. British Museum.^[17]

Dating

Radiocarbon dating suggests that Dynasty XVIII may have started a few years earlier than the conventional date of 1550 BC. The radiocarbon date range for its beginning is 1570–1544 BC, the mean point of which is 1557 BC.^[18]

Pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty

The pharaohs of Dynasty XVIII ruled for approximately 250 years (c. 1550–1298 BC). The dates and names in the table are taken from Dodson and Hilton.^[19] Many of the pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes (designated KV). More information can be found on the Theban Mapping Project website.^[20] Several diplomatic marriages are known for the New Kingdom. These daughters of foreign kings are often only mentioned in cuneiform texts and are not known from other sources. The marriages were likely to have been a way to confirm good relations between these states.^[21]

Dynasty XVIII Kings of Egypt

Pharaoh	Image	Prenomen (Throne name)	Horus-name	Reign	Burial	Consort(s)	Comments
Ahmose I / Ahmosis I		Nebpehtire	Aakheperu	1549–1524 BC	Dra' Abu el-Naga'?	Ahmose-Nefertari Ahmose-Henuttamehu Ahmose-Sitkamose
Amenhotep I		Djeserkare	Kauwaftau	1524–1503 BC	Tomb ANB? or KV39?	Ahmose-Meritamon
Thutmose I		Aakheperkare	Kanakhtmerymaat	1503–1493 BC	KV20, KV38	Ahmose Mutnofret
Thutmose II		Aakheperenre	Kanakhtuserpehty	1493–1479 BC	KV42?	Hatshepsut Iset
Hatshepsut		Maatkare	Useretkau	1479–1458 BC	KV20	Thutmose II
Thutmose III		Menkheper(en)re	Kanakhtkhaemwaset	1479–1425 BC	KV34	Satiah Merytre-Hatshepsut Nebtu Menhet, Menwi and Merti
Amenhotep II		Aakheperure	Kanakhtwerpehty	1427–1397 BC	KV35	Tiaa
Thutmose IV		Menkheperure	Kanakhttutkhau	1397–1388 BC	KV43	Nefertari Iaret Mutemwiya Daughter of Artatama I of Mitanni
Amenhotep III		Nebmaatre	Kanakhtkhaemmaat	1388–1351 BC	KV22	Tarhundaradu of Arzawa[21] Daughter of the ruler of Ammia[21]
Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten		Neferkepherure-Waenre	Kanakhtqaishuti (originally) Meryaten (later)	1351–1334 BC	Royal Tomb of Akhenaten, KV55 (?)	Nefertiti Kiya Tadukhipa of Mitanni Daughter of Šatiya, ruler of Enišasi[21] Meritaten? Meketaten? Ankhesenamun Daughter of Burna-Buriash II, King of Babylon[21]
Smenkhkare		Ankhkheperure	(unknown)	1335–1334 BC	KV55 (?)	Meritaten
Neferneferuaten		Ankhkheperure-Akhet-en-hyes	(unknown)	1334–1332 BC		Akhenaten? Smenkhkare?	Usually identified as Queen Nefertiti
Tutankhamun		Nebkheperure	Kanakhttutmesut	1332–1323 BC	KV62	Ankhesenamun
Ay		Kheperkheperure	Kanakhttjehenkhau	1323–1319 BC	KV23	Ankhesenamun? Tey
Horemheb		Djeserkheperure-Setepenre	Kanakhtsepedsekheru	1319–1292 BC	KV57	Mutnedjmet Amenia

Timeline of the 18th Dynasty