1910 Atlantic hurricane season
1910 Atlantic hurricane season | |
---|---|
Seasonal boundaries | |
First system formed | July 7, 1910 |
Last system dissipated | October 21, 1910 |
Strongest storm | |
Name | Cuba |
• Maximum winds | 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
• Lowest pressure | 924 mbar (hPa; 27.29 inHg) |
Seasonal statistics | |
Total storms | 5 |
Hurricanes | 3 |
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 1 |
Total fatalities | >100[note 1] |
Total damage | $1.250 million (1910 USD) ([note 2]) |
Related articles | |
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The 1910 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly inactive season, with only five storms. Three of those systems, however, grew into hurricanes and one became a major hurricane. The season got off to a late start with the formation of a tropical storm in the Caribbean Sea on August 23. September saw two storms, and the final tropical cyclone—Hurricane Five—existed during October. All but one of the storms made landfall, and the only cyclone which remained at sea had some effects on the island of Bermuda.
The season's first storm had limited reported impacts on land, and the subsequent system caused more severe damage in southern Texas and northern Mexico. Hurricane Three dropped torrential rainfall on Puerto Rico before striking the same region as the previous cyclone. Hurricane Four bypassed Bermuda to the east, where some property damage was reported. Hurricane Five was the most catastrophic storm of the season, buffeting western Cuba for an extended period of time as it slowly executed a counterclockwise loop. Death tolls from the hurricane are estimated in the hundreds.
In addition to the five official tropical storms, a disturbance in the middle of September that tracked from east of the Lesser Antilles to off the coast of Canada was studied for potential classification. Despite producing gale-force winds, the system was likely extratropical in nature, and any time it may have spent as a tropical storm was brief.[1]
The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 64. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.[2]
Timeline
Systems
July tropical depression
Historical weather maps indicate that a tropical depression developed well east of the Lesser Antilles on July 7. However, the depression likely dissipated by July 8, as its existence could not be confirmed beyond that day.[3]
Tropical Storm One
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 23 – August 26 |
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Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min); |
The first tropical cyclone of the season developed on August 23, in the eastern
Tropical Storm Two
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 26 – August 31 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); |
On August 26, a tropical depression formed in the central Gulf of Mexico.[4][5] It drifted westward for several days, and by August 30 it intensified into a tropical storm while turning more southwestward. The storm peaked in intensity as a weak tropical storm shortly thereafter.[5] On August 31 the storm moved inland near the mouth of the Rio Grande,[4] and weakened as it swept inland.[5] Advisories were issued for coastal areas before which strong winds and high tides affected the Texas coast. The cyclone inflicted some property damage in the Brownsville area.[4] Winds unroofed houses at Port Isabel and destroyed some Mexican huts. The storm also blew fishing craft aground. No initial reports of fatalities were received,[6] but two towns were left cut off from communication with Brownsville.[7]
Hurricane Three
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 5 – September 15 |
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Peak intensity | 110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min); 965 mbar (hPa) |
Hurricane San Zacarias of 1910
A tropical storm developed east of the
The storm dropped torrential rainfall on Puerto Rico, amounting to 13 in (330 mm) in a period of 12 hours at one location. Rivers swelled to "unprecedented" levels, and the hurricane resulted in "great havoc" to telephone and telegraph wires on the island.
Hurricane Four
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 24 – September 27 |
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Peak intensity | 100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min); |
In the
Hurricane Five
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 9 – October 21 |
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Peak intensity | 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min); 924 mbar (hPa) |
The Great Cuba Hurricane of 1910
The final storm of the season formed in the extreme southern Caribbean on October 9, and steadily intensified as it moved northwestward. Shortly after making landfall on the western tip of Cuba, the storm peaked as a severe hurricane corresponding to Category 4 on the
In Cuba, the storm was considered one of the most severe natural disasters in the island's history.[11] Damage was extensive, and thousands of peasants were reportedly left homeless.[12] Throughout Florida, the storm also had widespread, yet more moderate, impacts, including damage to houses and the flooding of low-lying land.[10][13] The pressure at Fort Myers dropped to 28.20 inHg (954.96 mb) during the storm.[1] Although total monetary damage from the storm is unknown, estimates of losses in Havana, Cuba, exceed $1 million and in the Florida Keys, $250,000 (1910 USD).[14][15] At least 100 deaths occurred in Cuba alone.[16]
See also
- 1900–1940 South Pacific cyclone seasons
- 1900–1950 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
- 1910s Australian region cyclone seasons
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d e Jose Fernandez Partagas & Henry F. Diaz (1999). A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources Part VI: 1909-1910 (PDF). Climate Diagnostics Center. p. 3. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
- ^ Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. September 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
- ^ Christopher W. Landsea; et al. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Edward H. Bowie (August 1910). "Weather, Forecasts and Warnings for the Month" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 38 (8). American Meteorological Society: 1297. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hurricane Specialists Unit (2010). "Easy to Read HURDAT 1851–2009". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
- ^ "Shores of Texas Swept by Fierce Gulf Storm". The Herald-Journal. August 31, 1910. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
- ^ "Gulf Storm Increases; Government Launch May Be Lost -- Coast Points Are Cut Off" (PDF). The New York Times. August 31, 1910. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
- ^ Frank Mújica-Baker. Huracanes y Tormentas que han afectadi a Puerto Rico (PDF). Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Agencia Estatal para el manejo de Emergencias y Administracion de Desastres. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ . Retrieved April 23, 2010.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8078-3068-0.
- ^ "Cyclone Works Havoc in Cuba" (PDF). The New York Times. October 18, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ^ "The Hurricane in Cuba". The Manchester Guardian. October 17, 1910. p. 7.
- ^ "West Indian Storm and Cold Wave May Meet". The Galveston Daily News. October 19, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved August 27, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Cyclone in Cuba". The Scotsman. October 18, 1910.
- . Retrieved April 24, 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-8160-7409-9.