1929 Bahamas hurricane

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Hurricane Two
Map showing contours of pressure, with concentric circles indicating a pressure minimum and signifying the hurricane's position
Surface weather analysis of the hurricane tracking southwest over Andros Island in the Bahamas on September 25
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 22, 1929 (1929-09-22)
DissipatedOctober 4, 1929 (1929-10-05)
Category 4 major hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds155 mph (250 km/h)
Lowest pressure924 mbar (hPa); 27.29 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities155 direct
Damage$9.31 million (1929 USD)
(U.S. damage only)
Areas affected
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 1929 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1929 Bahamas hurricane (also known as the Great Andros Island Hurricane) was a high-end

Saint Lawrence River
, the hurricane killed 155 people.

The storm's origins can be traced to

tropical storm strength on September 22 and hurricane strength on September 23. Beginning on September 24, the storm took a slow and southwestward path through the Bahamas, passing over Nassau and Andros Island between September 25–26 with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (230 km/h).[nb 1] This southwestward trajectory was unprecedented for the islands. The storm then curved west and struck the Florida Keys at Key Largo on September 28 with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Two days later, the cyclone moved ashore Apalachicola, Florida, as a minimal hurricane shortly before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. This system tracked northeast along the interior of the East Coast of the United States
before dissipating near the Saint Lawrence River on October 4.

Poorly-built structures and ships were destroyed throughout the Bahamas. Andros Island was within the envelope of the storm's

hurricane-force winds and storm surge for two days. Parts of the island were inundated by a 12 ft (3.7 m) surge that advanced 20 mi (32 km) inland, wiping out all crops and most fruit trees and livestock. A wind gust of 164 mph (264 km/h) was measured in Nassau, which also experienced the calm of the hurricane's eye for two hours. An estimated 73% of the city's homes and businesses sustained damage, leaving more than 5,000 people without homes. The hurricane was a heavy blow to the declining sponge industry on the islands. Following the storm, wild birds and crops were brought from the Caribbean to replenish their losses in the Bahamas. New building codes
were enacted after the 1929 storm to prevent similarly extensive destruction.

A 6–9 ft (1.8–2.7 m) storm surge battered the

The Carolinas due to the continuous influx of moisture from the slowly-moving hurricane. A maximum rainfall total of 20.0 in (510 mm) was registered in Glennville, Georgia. The Savannah River reached a record stage of 46.1 ft (14.1 m) at Augusta, Georgia
, breaching a levee and inundating much of the surrounding floodplain. The damage toll in the United States totaled to at least $9.31 million.

Background

American dollar, and a severe drought in the central and southern islands.[5] Hurricane warning systems in the Bahamas were mostly non-existent in 1929; islanders relied on personal weather instruments or the behavior of clouds, tides, and fauna to assess risk. District officers were responsible for informing others of a storm's approach based on the barometer housed in their homes.[6] Flags signaling a hurricane's approach were present at Bahamian forts but were raised arbitrarily and inconsistently.[7]

Meteorological history

The track of the storm over the Bahamas and Gulf of Mexico as a tropical system, followed by an extended trajectory across the U.S. East Coast and Canadian Maritimes as an extratropical storm
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The hurricane can be traced back to a complex of disturbed weather near

inHg), suggesting wind speeds of 155 mph (250 km/h): a high-end Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale.[9]

At 00:30 

Saint Lawrence River by October 5.[9]

Effects in the Bahamas

Effects of the 1929 Bahamas hurricane
Country Total Deaths Total Damage State State Deaths State Damage
The Bahamas 142 Unknown
USA 13 $9.31 million Alabama 0 $1,800
Florida 11 $676,000
Georgia 2 $4 million
North Carolina 0 $800,000
South Carolina 0 $3.83 million
Totals 155 $9.31 million
Because of differing sources, totals may not match.

The 1929 hurricane brought catastrophic damage to parts of the Bahamas, killing 142 people.

Great Abaco Island and the Berry Islands.[22]

The weaker construction standards of the era succumbed to the force of the hurricane.[7] Poorly-built structures were destroyed en masse by the storm.[23] Many ships throughout the Bahamas were driven ashore and destroyed.[19] The sponging industry, at the time the colony's most prominent economic activity, was badly affected; nearly all sponge warehouses and roughly 70% of sponge vessels were destroyed, with many other ships sustaining serious damage.[7] Communication was lost between many of the islands in the Bahamas.[24] Only a few radio stations remained in the Out Islands, with limited capacity for international communications. Crops sustained widespread losses and roads required significant repairs.[7]

Andros and New Providence experienced the heaviest blow in the Bahamas.

Great Exuma Island, Long Island, and Ragged Island;[25] one schoolhouse collapsed in Ragged Island.[7]

Andros Island

Sketch of Andros and New Providence islands with the hurricane's center, local communities, and relative distances marked
Map of Andros and New Providence islands showing the position of the storm's center as it crossed Andros Island

Andros Island experienced its worst storm in at least a century, with the entire island thoroughly devastated.

Havana, Cuba, encountered the core of the hurricane and broke into two on Andros Island after documenting the lowest pressure associated with the hurricane.[16][9] Having transported a cargo of oil, the mangled vessel was at risk of an explosion; the captain of the ship took to the boiler room to shut off valves himself. Three ships bound for Andros Island were caught in the storm. Among them was the 43 ft (13 m) schooner Pretoria, which sank at the entrance to the Fresh Creek Harbor Channel, killing 35 people with only 3 surviving.[7] The schooner Repeat sank near Grassy Creek with the loss of most lives.[30][7] At Water Cay, at least sixteen ships lost their entire yields of sponges. Many other boats were destroyed or seriously damaged.[30] Six large sloops and another large vessel undergoing repairs were destroyed at Mangrove Cay. Many other vessels were damaged. The wind and waves vacated the seas of any ships, depositing them inland several hundred feet from their anchorage.[30][7] Ten people drowned at Mangrove Cay. Another 18 drowned en route to the district after their ship sank.[7]

Many communities on Andros Island lost homes and were littered by debris from destroyed buildings and storm-tossed boats. All churches on Andros Island were destroyed.[7] Fresh Creek and Staniard Creek saw extensive damage from the hurricane.[30] Six homes were razed and ten were badly damaged in Fresh Creek. Two jail cells were unroofed and the commissioner's office, residency, and outbuildings were damaged. The local telegraph station was knocked out of commission and the seawall was damaged.[28][31] More than 20 people drowned following the sinking of four boats near the Andros Lighthouse at Fresh Creek.[32] Twelve houses were destroyed in Staniard Creek; every remaining home was damaged. The local wharf and a recently completed bridge were washed away. People in the district were urged to seek shelter as water began to overtake the district. Seventy sought refuge at a Wesleyan mission house only for the building to be inundated by water, forcing the evacuees to relocate to the local schoolhouse. The house eventually held over 100 people; another 50 took shelter at a second school.[28] A church collapsed during the storm with over a hundred inside, injuring one.[29] Cargill Creek was abandoned after being entirely flooded, with only hills rising above the water.[33] All homes were damaged in Blanket Sound, and 13 among them collapsed. Wrecked boats littered the area between Blanket Sound and Stafford Creek.[28] All ships at Love Hill and Small Hope were damaged. Five homes were destroyed.[28] Along Calabash Bay, seven houses were flattened. At the graveyard, 22 coffins were exhumed by the rough sea.[28] Fifteen people went missing from Behring Point, where 12 homes were destroyed.[33] Three homes remained in Rolle Town, with the rest destroyed. The wharf on Deep Creek was destroyed and its ships scattered. One ship was set adrift 18 mi (29 km) away. Only three of the twenty-seven homes in Black Point, which lies along Deep Creek, remained after the storm.[33][34] The storm surge along Andros Island's west coast killed ten people tending their crops in Southern Bight.[29]

I regret exceedingly to report that on September 25, 26, and 27 the most destructive hurricane in the history of [Mangrove Cay] swept the island. Its extreme duration and sustained violence without precedent in my experience. The whole place appears as though burned with fire and fields once full of promise are naked stripped of all vegetation. The situation is the most serious the island has ever had to face.

— E. W. Forsyth, commissioner of Mangrove Cay[28]

New Providence Island

Painting depicting sponge fishermen on a small boat at a wharf
Watercolor of sponge fishermen by Winslow Homer. The declining sponging industry in The Bahamas was dealt a heavy blow by the 1929 hurricane.

Nassau received its first bulletin from the U.S. Weather Bureau on the morning of September 25, shortly before the onset of gale-force winds by noon and hurricane-force winds that evening.[20] Sustained winds at Nassau reached an estimated 120–140 mph (195–225 km/h),[20] punctuated by a maximum gust of 164 mph (264 km/h). The air pressure bottomed out at 936 mbar (hPa; 27.64 inHg).[7] Radio contact between Florida and Nassau was lost between September 25 and the night of September 27.[35] Few homes were left unscathed, with damage to private property "enormous" according to an Associated Press report and meteorologist Ivan Ray Tannehill.[11][24] Many homes were unroofed, particularly in the colored quarter of Nassau.[24] An estimated 73% of all homes and businesses in the city and 95% of churches were destroyed. Several of the remaining churches lost their roofs. The Government House's eastern wing was partially unroofed and the mansion of the Ministry of Education was razed. The police barracks and much of the prison lost their roofs; the prison's eventual repair was one of the costliest parts of the post-storm cleanup. Forty prisoners were released due to safety concerns. Parts of the Nassau hospital were damaged beyond repair, requiring demolition and reconstruction. The strength of the winds bent telephone poles at right angles to the ground and stripped the city's ceiba trees of their branches.[7][35]

Nassau was also inundated by the storm surge and heavy rainfall, submerging parts of the city's southern district with over 4 ft (1.2 m) of water for several days.[23] One street was submerged under 6 ft (1.8 m) of water. Water reached the second floor of a hotel, where a boat was later found. Floodwaters in homes were 18 in (0.46 m) deep in living rooms. Some people resorted to boring holes in the floors of their houses to drain the water. Potter's Cay was bifurcated by floodwaters. Fields, gardens, and orchards in Nassau were left in disarray. All poultry farms in Nassau were destroyed.[7] On one chicken farm, only 90 of 500 chickens survived.[36] Shipping in the Nassau area suffered a heavy blow. The hurricane wreaked havoc on Nassau Harbour, where many shipowners chose to remain on their ships, which were blown away and never recovered. The sponging fleet was a near-total loss. East Bay Street was littered by the remains of small boats.[7] The mail steamer Princess Montagu was blown out of her harbor and stranded on Tony Rock. Her passengers and crew were rescued on September 25.[24] Three other mail ships capsized in the hurricane, including the Priscilla, which serviced the Abaco Islands and Eleuthera; the Ollie Forde, which serviced Andres Island; and the Magic, which had also been fulfilling the Ollie Forde's duties.[7] Long Wharf was also decimated by the storm.[37] In total, nine people died in Nassau, including three drownings.[7]

The shores of New Providence Island were tattered by the storm and their structure altered by the force of the waves. Coastal streets were washed out and nearby homes were wrecked.[7] Storm surge flooded roads and swept away homes and parts of the seawall.[24] Boulders and mounds of sand piled up along the main street on Western Esplanade. Sixty-four ships of various types on New Providence Island were destroyed. Numerous buildings throughout the island sustained the collapse of walls and loss of roofs. On some streets, no home was left standing. In total, 456 houses were destroyed and another 640 sustained severe damage throughout New Providence Island. Of the 13,000 people who lived on the island in 1929, over 5,000 were left without homes.[7] Most schools were damaged, and severe impacts were wrought to churches, stores, and shipping.[7][24] The fruit trees that served as the principal export of the Fox Hill neighborhood were blown down.[7] At Grant's Town, homes were destroyed or unroofed.[35] The eastern wall at Fort Montagu collapsed. Virtually all trees near the fort were denuded of their leaves and branches. One baby was killed and thirty people were stranded on Athol Island just off New Providence, with many others injured. Homes on Hog Island were swept away.[7]

Aftermath

A building featuring a pediment and portico with a statue in front
The Bahamas Government House in Nassau was repaired and remodeled after suffering extensive damage during the storm

With their homes lost, many of the 300 people who sheltered at a church in Grant's Town on New Providence Island remained there for several weeks. Schools delayed their typical opening in September to October 7.[7]

The House of Assembly of The Bahamas held a special session between October 16–24, 1929, authorizing relief funds for the islands after assessing the damage and reconstruction needs.[7] The Bahamas Parliament passed The Poor People's Housing Hurricane Act of 1929, creating a hire purchase system through which the colonial government could lend £6,000 to individual tenants. The government could purchase homes for £40 each; at least 150 homes were provided to the homeless by the act.[38] Approximately 77% of the Bahamian government's annual budgets in 1930 and 1931 were allocated towards repairing the damage caused by the hurricane. Relief efforts were organized by various groups, including the Bahamas Humane Society, Daughters of the Empire, Infant Welfare Association, and Wesleyan Methodist Missionary School.[7] Aid from the central and southeastern islands in the Bahamas less seriously affected by the storm was hindered by an ongoing drought.[39]

New

fungal disease that killed 99% of sponges in the Bahamas,[41] the storm precipitated the demise of the sponging industry in the colony, leading to tourism becoming the islands' chief industry.[7] The song "Run Come See Jerusalem" by calypso artist Blake Alphonso Higgs, recorded in 1951 and one of the most recognized and recorded folk songs from the Bahamas, recalls the events concerning three ships that were caught in the storm, including the sinking of the Pretoria.[7]

Effects in the United States and Canada

Preparations

The U.S. Weather Bureau began issuing advisories on the storm on September 23, and continued warning on the storm at least twice daily until September 30 after it moved ashore a final time.

Miami, Florida, and Charleston, South Carolina. Weather Bureau forecasters were forced to frequently change the scope of their warnings due to the hurricane's slow movement, unusual southwesterly track, and lack of observations in the region. The bureau stated it was "impossible to locate the exact center or direction of movement" on September 26, with their storm bulletins communicating this uncertainty. Hurricane warnings were ultimately issued for the Florida Keys once the hurricane reached the Florida Straits on September 27. Additional hurricane warnings were later issued for coastal extents between Mississippi and Apalachicola, Florida, in advance of the storm's final landfall.[8]

American and Cuban meteorologists initially anticipated the hurricane to strike Florida north of

Havana, Cuba, and also evacuated ten planes from Miami worth $700,000 total to Havana.[49] A partial evacuation of the Everglades was conducted on September 25; several hundred people sought refuge in West Palm Beach while others fled to Arcadia and Sebring.[50][51] Free travel on railroads was arranged for Pahokee residents evacuating to Fort Myers, Tampa, and Sebring.[52] Evacuees also left West Palm Beach for points farther north.[53] Residents lining the coasts of Lake Okeechobee evacuated for higher ground,[44]: 1  with Sebring serving as their most common haven.[44]
: 2 

Public buildings in the Fort Lauderdale area, such as the courthouse and public schools, were repurposed as shelters.[54] Schools in the area dismissed at noon on September 26. Employees in both private businesses and municipal government were released early to allow individuals to prepare their personal property.[48] In Miami, water reservoirs were filled to ensure adequate water supplies following the storm.[43] Boats were moved into safer areas of harbor or out of the water, including ferries operating between West Palm Beach and Palm Beach.[48] An emergency organization chaired by the American Red Cross and made of several committees was convened at the Comeau Building in West Palm Beach.[55] Florida Power & Light increased its electricity supply to meet potential emergency demands for the West Palm Beach area.[56] The municipal water and electricity plants in Lake Worth Beach suspended their operations during the storm's duration.[48] Six hundred members of the American Legion around West Palm Beach were directed to convene and aid in emergency efforts under the supervision of the Red Cross.[57] Another joint effort between the American Legion, Red Cross, and other volunteer groups was established in Miami.[58] Similar units were formed in Jupiter and Lake Worth.[59][60] The Red Cross designated the lobby of a hotel in West Palm Beach as an emergency hospital to process all medical and surgical cases during the storm.[61]

Preparations in parts of mainland Florida were scaled back once it became evident that the storm would mostly affect the Florida Keys,

Key West to render aid to ships in the area.[65] Ferry service between Matecumbe Key and No Name Key was discontinued.[66] For the hurricane's landfall in the Florida panhandle, the Weather Bureau recommended the evacuation of residents living along the coast in the Pensacola area.[67]

Florida

Contour map of pressure associated with the hurricane
Surface weather analysis of the storm passing through the Florida Keys on September 28

The hurricane's track through the southernmost regions of Florida spared the more densely populated

Gold Coast from the storm's worst effects. The resulting damage was "remarkably small for a storm of this character" according to the Weather Bureau, with the state incurring $676,000 in losses; other accounts estimated $821,000,[13] while a figure of $1 million was published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.[16] Property losses stemmed from both agricultural and utility interests, with damage maximized near the storm's center.[13] Damage to highways accounted for an estimated $300,000 of the toll.[9] Many miles of the Florida East Coast Railway were damaged.[16] Three deaths occurred in Florida, with one each in Marathon, Panama City, and Wewahitchka.[68] Another eight deaths occurred offshore due to the loss of the fishing schooner Mercia Montgomery, which departed from Apalachicola on September 28.[24][7] The storm's slow forward motion contributed to torrential rainfall over South Florida, peaking at 10.63 in (270 mm) in Miami on September 28.[13] Low-lying areas of the city were flooded.[9] Inundation as deep as 3 ft (0.91 m) occurred in Homestead.[69]

Damage in the Florida Keys was worst north of the hurricane's eye, such as in

Dade County were ultimately greater, reaching $1.5 million according to monthly records maintained by the National Centers for Environmental Information.[9]

At least five tornadoes occurred in the hurricane's

tornadoes occurring within a hurricane. Most of the tornadoes were short-lived and were limited to the coast, producing marginal damage.[13] One tornado struck Fort Lauderdale, taking a 0.75 mi (1.21 km) long and 150–300 ft (46–91 m) wide path through the city's business center. Frame homes and garages were destroyed. Much of the roof and parapet of a 4-story concrete hotel was torn away by the twister.[75] The tornado lifted within a minute of touching down and produced the severest impacts from the hurricane in Fort Lauderdale,[76] inflicting $100,000 in damage and injuring 16 people.[24][77]

Gusts of 100 mph (160 km/h) accompanied the hurricane's landfall on the Florida panhandle, with winds near hurricane-force extending west to Pensacola where a peak gust of 102 mph (164 km/h) was recorded.[78][16] The damage in Pensacola was estimated at $60,000. Docks and small craft were damaged, while trees and telegraph lines were downed.[78] Citrus unshiu pine trees saw significant impacts.[24] Along the Apalachicola waterfront, the storm surge destroyed nearly all wharves and damaged all coastal fish and oyster storehouses and canning plants. The surge inundated low-lying portions of the city, flooding additional inland warehouses. Parts of a newly built coastal highway west of Apalachicola were washed out by the waves. Panama City incurred $100,000–$150,000 in damage from destroyed wharves and fish storehouses.[70] Apalachicola incurred a $66,000 damage toll, primarily to shipping.[74]

Eastern U.S.

Contour map of rainfall totals in the Southeastern United States
September 23–28, 1929, rainfall in the United States

In Alabama, the damage was generally minor but most pronounced to crops. Coastal damage amounted to $1,800 excluding crop losses. The winds caused some damage to roofs and blew down fences. Citrus unshiu branches bearing fruit were torn from trees. Pecans suffered the same fate, though their quality remained at market-grade. While most cotton in Alabama's southeastern counties had already been harvested, extensive damage was wrought to the remaining crops.[79]

Crops and property sustained considerable damage along the central and southern U.S. Atlantic coasts. The storm supplied a continuous stream of moisture and rainfall into the region from September 20 to October 1, causing rivers to flood their banks.[80] The first part of this heavy rainfall event was attributed to a convergence zone that remained over the southeastern U.S. from September 23–28, repeatedly drawing moisture from the hurricane. Rains between September 30–October 1 was associated with the interaction of tropical moisture and an eastward-moving cold front over the Southeastern U.S. The maximum rainfall total during the entire event was 20.0 in (510 mm) in Glennville, Georgia.[81] Flooding in Georgia occurred in two episodes, with one on September 25 and the other from October 1–2.[82] Two people were killed in the state.[83] Flooding was widespread in Georgia's Lower Coastal Plain. Crops, especially cotton and corn, suffered a heavy blow in this region. The floods blocked highways and washed out railroads. One train engineer was killed after his train fell into a washout along the Central of Georgia Railway between Almira and Davisboro.[84]

Aerial photo showing large swaths of land and homes flooded by a swollen river.
Areas in and around Augusta, Georgia, experienced damaging flooding

The

Flint rivers.[82] Total losses in the Altamaha River basin amounted to $500,000.[87] In the southwestern part of Georgia, damage from the storm was primarily wind-driven, and many pecans were blown from trees. A conservative estimate from the Weather Bureau appraised damage to agriculture, highways, and railroads at $3 million.[82]

Flood damage in South Carolina from heavy rains on September 26–27 were exacerbated by additional rains associated with the hurricane on September 30 and October 1.

The Berkshires by strong winds enhanced by the local topography.[83] In Maine, heavy rains up to 1.88 inches (48 mm) flooded storm cellars and broke a prolonged dry spell in the state, though damage was minimal.[92]

Canada

The extratropical remnants of the hurricane exhibited winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) as they passed over New Brunswick and Quebec. Heavy rainfall and flooding were reported in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. A peak rainfall total of 3.8 in (95 mm) was measured in Saint John, New Brunswick. Cellars and streets in the Saint John area had flood depths of 1 ft (0.30 m). Streets were flooded and damaged in Digby and Truro, Nova Scotia.[93]

See also

  • 1926 Nassau hurricane – passed directly over Nassau at a similar intensity
  • Hurricane Betsy – took a similar southwestward path through the Bahamas and Florida Keys
  • Hurricane Dorian – slow-moving Category 5 hurricane that caused catastrophic damage on Grand Bahama and Great Abaco islands

Notes

  1. ^ HURDAT, the official database for the intensities and tracks of Atlantic tropical cyclones maintained by the National Hurricane Center,[1] lists the maximum sustained winds of storms to the nearest five knots.[2] Conversions to miles per hour (mph) and kilometers per hours (km/h) based on this database are derived from the original value in knots and rounded to the nearest five.
  2. ^ All monetary values are in 1929 United States dollars unless otherwise indicated.

References

Sources
  • Barnes, Jay (May 2007). "Hurricanes in the Sunshine State, 1900–1949". Florida's hurricane history (2nd ed.). United States: The
    ISBN 978-0-8078-5809-7
    .
  • Brooks, Charlie F. (October 1929). "Sidelights on the Hurricane of September, 1929". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 10 (10). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 188–190.
    doi:10.1175/1520-0477-10.10.188. Open access icon
  • Hills, George B. (October 1929). "The September 28, 1929, Tornado in Fort Lauderdale, Fla" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 57 (10). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Silver Spring, Maryland: 420–421.
    doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1929)57<420:TSTIFL>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved August 13, 2019. Open access icon
  • Mitchell, Charles L. (October 1929a). "The Tropical Cyclone of September 18–October 4, 1929" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 57 (10). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: 418–420.
    doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1929)57<418:TTCOSO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved August 13, 2019. Open access icon
  • Spencer, R. E. (October 1929). "Rivers and Floods" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 57 (10). Washington, D.C.: United States Weather Bureau: 435–437.
    doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1929)57<435b:RAF>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved March 29, 2020 – via National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Open access icon
  • Neely, Wayne (2011). The Great Bahamas Hurricane of 1929. Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse LLC.
    ISBN 9781491716137
    .
  • Rosenberg, Pierce S. (1970). The Great Andros Hurricane (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
Citations
  1. ^ Landsea, Chris; Franklin, James; Beven, Jack (May 2015). "The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2)" (PDF). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  2. ^ "Original HURDAT Format". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  3. ^ "Assessment of the Effects and Impacts of Hurricane Dorian in the Bahamas" (PDF). Inter-American Development Bank. November 15, 2019. p. 1. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  4. ^ Neely 2011, p. xiii–xiv.
  5. ^ Neely 2011, p. xxi.
  6. ^ Neely 2011, p. xxvi.
  7. ^
    OCLC 1132243360
    .
  8. ^ a b c d e Mitchell 1929a, p. 418.
  9. ^
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    : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1929/02 - 2010 Revision. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  10. ^ a b c d "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2024. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ^ a b Barnes 2007, p. 140.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Rosenberg 1970, p. 3.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Barnes 2007, p. 141.
  14. ^ Brooks 1929, p. 188.
  15. ^ a b Rosenberg 1970, p. 4.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Brooks 1929, p. 189.
  17. ^ Neely 2011, p. xiv.
  18. ^ Neely 2011, p. ix.
  19. ^ a b Neely 2011, p. 114.
  20. ^ a b c Rosenberg 1970, p. 7.
  21. ^ Neely 2011, p. 113.
  22. ^ Rosenberg 1970, p. 15.
  23. ^ a b Neely 2011, p. xxiii.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mitchell 1929a, p. 419.
  25. ^ a b c d Rosenberg 1970, p. 14.
  26. ^ "Death Looms for Steamer's Crew". The Palm Beach Post. Vol. 21, no. 228. West Palm Beach, Florida. Associated Press. September 26, 1929. p. 1. Retrieved March 30, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ a b "Hurricane Sweeps Out of Bahamas Toward Florida". The Atlanta Constitution. Vol. 62, no. 102. Atlanta, Georgia. Associated Press. September 25, 1929. p. 1. Retrieved March 30, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Rosenberg 1970, p. 8.
  29. ^ a b c Rosenberg 1970, p. 13.
  30. ^ a b c d Rosenberg 1970, p. 6.
  31. ^ Neely 2011, p. 115.
  32. ^ Neely 2011, p. 116.
  33. ^ a b c Rosenberg 1970, p. 9.
  34. ^ Rosenberg 1970, p. 10.
  35. ^ a b c "3-Day Storm Leaves 20 Dead in Bahama City". The Palm Beach Post. Vol. 21, no. 230. West Palm Beach, Florida. Associated Press. September 28, 1929. p. 1. Retrieved April 3, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ^ Neely 2011, p. 129.
  37. ^ Neely 2011, p. xxxi.
  38. ^ Neely 2011, p. 118.
  39. ^ a b Neely 2011, p. 119.
  40. ^ "Historical Sites". Places of Interest. Nassau, The Bahamas: The Government of The Bahamas. 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  41. ^ Webbe, Stephen (July 24, 1980). "Bounty from the Bahamian seas; Return of the sponge". Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  42. ^ "Storm Presents Phenomena Never Before Recorded". The Palm Beach Post. Vol. 21, no. 228. West Palm Beach, Florida. Associated Press. September 26, 1929. p. 1. Retrieved March 30, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  43. ^ a b "Storm Slow in March to East Coast". The Miami Herald. Vol. 19, no. 300. Miami, Florida. September 26, 1929. p. 13. Retrieved April 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
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External links

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