1936 Spanish general election

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1936 Spanish general election

← 1933 16 February 1936 (first round)
4 March 1936 (second round)
3 May 1936 (second round, partial re-run)
1967 →

All 473 seats of the Congress of Deputies
237 seats needed for a majority
Turnout72.95%
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Indalecio Prieto José María Gil-Robles Manuel Azaña
Party PSOE CEDA IR
Leader since 1935 4 March 1933 3 April 1934
Leader's seat Vizcaya-capital Salamanca Madrid-capital
Last election 59 seats 115 seats 14 seats [nb 1]
Seats won 99 88 87
Seat change Increase40 Decrease27 Increase73

  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Diego Martínez Barrio Lluís Companys
Manuel Portela
Party Republican Union Republican Left of Catalonia Party of the Democratic Centre
Leader since 1934 1932 1936
Leader's seat Madrid-province Barcelona-capital Pontevedra
Last election N/A 17 N/A
Seats won 37 21 17
Seat change Increase37 Increase4 Increase17


Prime Minister before election

Manuel Portela Valladares (acting)
PCD

Prime Minister after election

Manuel Azaña
IR

Legislative elections were held in Spain on 16 February 1936. At stake were all 473 seats in the unicameral

Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA), in terms of seats. The election had been prompted by a collapse of a government led by Alejandro Lerroux, and his Radical Republican Party. Manuel Azaña would replace Manuel Portela Valladares, caretaker, as prime minister
.

The electoral process and the accuracy of the results have been historically disputed. Some of the causes of this controversy include the formation of a new cabinet before the results were clear, a lack of reliable electoral data, and the overestimation of election fraud in the official narrative that justified the coup d'état.[1][2][3][4] The topic has been addressed in seminal studies by renowned authors such as Javier Tusell and Stanley G. Payne.[5][6] A series of recent works has shifted the focus from the legitimacy of the election and the government to an analysis of the extent of irregularities.[7][8] Whilst one of them suggests that the impact of fraud was higher than previously estimated when including new election datasets, the other disputes their relevance in the election result.[7][8]

The elections were the last of three legislative elections held during the

parliamentary democracy in Spain until the 1977 general election
.

Background

After the 1933 election, the Radical Republican Party (RRP) led a series of governments, with Alejandro Lerroux as a moderate Prime Minister. On 26 September 1934, the CEDA announced it would no longer support the RRP's minority government, which was replaced by a RRP cabinet, led by Lerroux once more, that included three members of the CEDA.[11] The concession of posts to CEDA prompted the Asturian miners' strike of 1934, which turned into an armed rebellion.[12] Some time later, Robles once again prompted a cabinet collapse, and five ministries of Lerroux's new government were conceded to CEDA, including Robles himself.[13] Since the 1933 elections, farm workers' wages had been halved, and the military purged of republican members and reformed; those loyal to Robles had been promoted.[14] However, since CEDA's entry into the government, no constitutional amendments were ever made; no budget was ever passed.[13]

In 1935,

corporate state, and his air of pride. He was looking to strengthen a new center party in place of the Radicals, but the election system did not favour this.[16] Manuel Portela Valladares was thus chosen to form a caretaker government in the meantime. The Republic had, as its opponents pointed out, faced twenty-six separate government crises.[17] Portela failed to get the required support in the parliament to rule as a majority.[18] The government was dissolved on 4 January; the date for elections would be 16 February.[17]

As in the 1933 election, Spain was divided into multi-member constituencies; for example, Madrid was a single district electing 17 representatives. However, a voter could vote for fewer than that – in Madrid's case, 13. This favoured coalitions, as in Madrid in 1933 when the Socialists won 13 seats, and the right, with just 5,000 votes fewer, secured only the remaining four.[19]

Election

electoral districts in proportion to number of mandates available, from Barcelona city (20) to Ceuta and Melilla (1 each)

Vatican Fascism offered you work and brought hunger; it offered you peace and brought five thousands tombs; it offered you order and raised a gallows. The Popular Front offers no more and no less than it will bring: Bread, Peace and Liberty!

— One election poster.[20]

There was significant violence during the election campaign, most of which initiated by the political left, though a substantial minority was by the political right.[

revolutionary slogans; however, they were strongly supportive of the Popular Front government. "Vote Communist to save Spain from Marxism" was a Socialist joke at the time.[28] Devoid of strong areas of working class support, already taken by syndicalism and anarchism, they concentrated on their position within the Popular Front.[28] The election campaign was heated; the possibility of compromise had been destroyed by the left's Asturian rebellion and its cruel repression by the security forces. Both sides used apocalyptic language, declaring that if the other side won, civil war would follow.[24]

34,000 members of the

caciques. Similarly, some right-wing voters were put off from voting in strongly socialist areas.[31] However, such instances were comparatively rare.[32] By the evening, it looked like the Popular Front might win and as a result in some cases crowds broke into prisons to free revolutionaries detained there.[27][29]

Outcome

first round. RED: Popular Front at least 5% more votes than counter-revolutionary bloc, BLUE: the opposite, GREY: less than 5% difference or another list coming first

Just under 10 million people voted,[27] with an abstention rate of 27-29 per cent, a level of apathy higher than might be suggested by the ongoing political violence.[33][nb 2] A small number of coerced voters and anarchists formed part of the abstainers.[33] The elections of 1936 were narrowly won by the Popular Front, with vastly smaller resources than the political right, who followed Nazi propaganda techniques.[15] The exact numbers of votes differ among historians; Brenan assigns the Popular Front 4,700,000 votes, the Right around 4,000,000 and the centre 450,000,[34] while Antony Beevor argues the Left won by just 150,000 votes.[24] Stanley Payne reports that, of the 9,864,763 votes cast, the Popular Front and its allies won 4,654,116 votes (47.2%), while the right and its allies won 4,503,505 votes (45.7%), however this was heavily divided between the right and the centre-right. The remaining 526,615 votes (5.4%) were won by the centre and Basque nationalists.[35] It was a comparatively narrow victory in terms of votes, but Paul Preston describes it as a 'triumph of power in the Cortes'[36] – the Popular Front won 267 deputies and the Right only 132, and the imbalance caused by the nature of Spain's electoral system since the 1932 election law came into force. The same system had benefited the political right in 1933.[34] However, Stanley Payne argues that the leftist victory may not have been legitimate; Payne says that in the evening of the day of the elections leftist mobs started to interfere in the balloting and in the registration of votes distorting the results; Payne also argues that President Zamora appointed Manuel Azaña Díaz as head of the new government following the Popular Front's early victory even though the election process was incomplete. As a result, the Popular Front was able to register its own victory at the polls and Payne alleges it manipulated its victory to gain extra seats it should not have won. According to Payne, this augmented the Popular Front's victory into one that gave them control of over two-thirds of the seats, allowing it to amend the constitution as it desired. Payne thus argues that the democratic process had ceased to exist.[37] Roberto García and Manuel Tardío also argue that the Popular Front manipulated the results,[38] though this has been contested by Eduardo Calleja and Francisco Pérez, who question the charges of electoral irregularity and argue that the Popular Front would still have won a slight electoral majority even if all of the charges were true.[39]

The political centre did badly. Lerroux's Radicals, incumbent until his government's collapse, were electorally devastated; many of their supporters had been pushed to the right by the increasing instability in Spain. Portela Valladares had formed the Centre Party, but had not had time to build it up.

Falangist party, under José Antonio Primo de Rivera received only 46,000 votes, a very small fraction of the total cast. This seemed to show little appetite for a takeover of that sort.[40] The allocation of seats between coalition members was a matter of agreement between them.[41] The official results (Spanish: escrutinio) were recorded on 20 February.[27] The Basque Party, who had not at the time of the election been part of the Popular Front, would go on to join it.[32] In 20 seats, no alliance or party had secured 40% of the vote; 17 were decided by a second vote on 3 March.[42] In these runoffs, the Popular Front won 8, the Basques 5, the Right 5 and the Centre 2.[43] In May, elections were reheld in two areas of Granada where the new government alleged there had been fraud; both seats were taken from the national Right victory in February by the Left.[43]

Because, unusually, the first round produced an outright majority of deputies elected on a single list of campaign pledges, the results were treated as granting an unprecedented mandate to the winning coalition: some socialists took to the streets to free political prisoners, without waiting for the government to do so officially; similarly, the caretaker government quickly resigned on the grounds that waiting a month for the parliamentary resumption was now unnecessary.

Manuel Azaña Díaz was called upon to form a government, but would shortly replace Zamora as president.[47] The right reacted as if radical communists had taken control, despite the new cabinet's moderate composition, abandoned the parliamentary option and began to conspire as to how to best overthrow the republic, rather than taking control of it.[36][24] The military coup in Spain was triggered by the so-called ‘Spanish Revolution’, a spontaneous popular wave of collectivisation and cooperativism, engaging up to three million people, which was ignited by the victory of the left in the general election of 1936, a wave described by historian James Woodcock as “the last and largest of the world's major anarchist movements”.[48]

First-round results

The below table summarises results of the first round, i.e. of the voting which took place on February 16. It does not take into account elections of the second round, which took place in 5 electoral districts (Álava, Castellón, Guipúzcoa, Soria, Vizcaya provincia) on March 1. It includes results in electoral districts (Cuenca, Granada), where results would be declared invalid, elections annulled and repeated in May.

The numbers given are votes, not voters. Each voter was entitled to vote for a number of candidates; the maximum number of selections allowed differed across the electoral districs, from 16 in Barcelona (city) to 1 in Álava, Ceuta and Melilla. All the selections made for individual candidates (there were 993 contestants running) are summarised. Example: Partido Republicano Federal fielded 3 candidates: Luis Cordero Bel on Frente Popular list in Huelva got 79.667 votes, Bernardino Valle Gracia on Frente Popular list in Las Palmas got 32.900 votes and José Bernal Segado running as independent in Murcia (city) got 1.329 votes, which produced sub-totals of 112.567 votes on Frente Popular lists and 1.329 votes for independents, which totals in 113.896 votes.

All tables purporting to present number of voters, which supported specific parties or blocs, are based on various statistical methodologies, constructed ex post by historians and intended to translate the number of votes into the number of voters; this applies also to tables presented in the section below. Their accuracy might be and is disputed. The below table is not based on any such data manipulations and summarises number of votes received by individual candidates as recorded by electoral authorities.[49]

party Frente
Popular
35.514.447
CEDA-led alliances
32.977.932
Portela-led alliances
2.582.542
independents & own lists
1.772.687
TOTAL
SPAIN
72.847.608
Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas 15524558 60067 15584625
Partido Socialista Obrero Español 11827855 15187 11843042
Izquierda Republicana 9353291 186815 6457 9546563
Unión Republicana 4150491 87116 19231 4256838
non-party candidates 1142396 2310955 202587 256257 3912195
Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya 3701939 3701939
Partido del Centro Democrático 2072434 1385573 3458007
Lliga Regionalista 2705152 2705152
Renovación Española 2599381 52689 2652070
Partido Republicano Radical 2040614 997 479987 2521598
Partido Comunista de España 2260367 2260367
Comunión Tradicionalista 2120091 62833 2182924
Partido Agrario Español 194143 1493430 171126 1858699
Partido Republicano Progresista 868497 137630 1006127
Partido Republicano Liberal-Demócrata 905244 76480 19189 1000913
Acció Catalana Republicana 896275 896275
Unió Socialista de Catalunya 718274 718274
Partido Nacionalista Vasco 431970 431970
Partido Galleguista 426624 4991 431615
Partido Republicano Conservador 272674 108170 380844
Partido de Unión Republicana Autonomista 311201 311201
Partit Nacionalista Republicà d'Esquerra 278111 278111
Partit Català Proletari 256880 256880
Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista 256723 256723
Partido Republicano Federal 112567 1329 113896
Partido Sindicalista 97667 97667
Falange Española 82939 82939
Partido Nacionalista Español 64902 64902
Acción Nacionalista Vasca 34987 34987
Acción Católica Obrera 265 265

Final results

Detailed results by region.
Summary of the popular vote in the 16 February and 4 March 1936
Congress of Deputies election results[50]
Party Abbr. Voters %
Popular Front (Frente Popular) FP 3,750,900 39.63
Left Front (Front d’Esquerres)[nb 3] FE 700,400 7.40
Total Popular Front: 4,451,300 47.03
Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups and right[nb 4]
CEDA-RE 1,709,200 18.06
Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups and Radical Republican Party[nb 5]
CEDA-PRR 943,400 9.97
Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups and centre[nb 6]
CEDA-PCNR 584,300 6.17
Front Català d'Ordre -
Lliga Catalana
LR 483,700 5.11
Progressive Republican Party[nb 7]
CEDA-PRP 307,500 3.25
Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups and Conservative Republican Party[nb 8]
CEDA-PRC 189,100 2.00
Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups and Liberal Democrat Republican Party[nb 9]
CEDA-PRLD 150,900 1.59
Spanish Agrarian Party (Partido Agrario Español)[nb 10] PAE 30,900 0.33
Total National Bloc: 4,375,800 46.48
Party of the Democratic Centre (Partido del Centro Democrático) PCD 333,200 3.51
Basque Nationalist Party (Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea-Partido Nacionalista Vasco) EAJ-PNV 150,100 1.59
Radical Republican Party (Partido Republicano Radical)[nb 11] PRR 124,700 1.32
Conservative Republican Party (Partido Republicano Conservador)[nb 12] PRC 23,000 0.24
Progressive Republican Party (Partido Republicano Progresista)[nb 13]
PRP 10,500 0.11
Falange Española de las J.O.N.S.[nb 14]
6,800 0.07
Total 9,465,600 100

Seats

Affiliation Party Name in Spanish (* indicates
Catalan, ** indicates Galician
)
Abbr. Seats (May) Seats (Feb)
Unknown Payne[33]
Popular Front
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party Partido Socialista Obrero Español PSOE
99 / 473
89 88
Republican Left Izquierda Republicana IR
87 / 473
80 79
Republican Union Unión Republicana UR
37 / 473
36 34
Republican Left of Catalonia Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya* ERC
21 / 473
21 22
Communist Party of Spain Partido Comunista de España PCE
17 / 473
15 14
Catalan Action
EC
Acció Catalana Republicana* ACR
5 / 473
5 5
Socialist Union of Catalonia EC Unió Socialista de Catalunya* USC
4 / 473
4 3
Galicianist Party IR Partido Galeguista** PG
3 / 473
3 3
Federal Democratic Republican Party Partido Republicano Democrático Federal PRD Fed.
2 / 473
2 2
Union of Rabassaires EC Unió de Rabassaires* UdR
2 / 473
2 2
National Left Republican Party EC Partit Nacionalista Republicà d'Esquerra* PNRE
2 / 473
2 1
Valencian Left EC Esquerra Valenciana* EV
1 / 473
1 1
Syndicalist Party Partido Sindicalista  
1 / 473
1 2
Independent Syndicalist Party Partido Sindicalista Independiente PSI
1 / 473
1
Workers' Party of Marxist Unification
Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista POUM
1 / 473
1 1
Proletarian Catalan Party Partit Català Proletari* PCP
1 / 473
1 1
Independent Republicans (Leftist) Republicanos Independientes (de Izquierdas)
3 / 473
2
Socialist Independents (Payne: "Leftist independents") Socialista Independiente  
0 / 473
1 4
Total Popular Front:
286 / 473
[51]
267[51] 263[nb 15]
Centre & PNV Centre Republicans
Party of the Democratic Centre Partido del Centro Democrático PCD
17 / 473
20 21
Progressive Republican Party R [n 1] Partido Republicano Progresista PRC
6 / 473
6 6
Radical Republican Party[n 2] Partido Republicano Radical PRR
5 / 473
8 9
Conservative Republican Party R Partido Republicano Conservador PRC
3 / 473
3 2
Liberal Democrat Republican Party BN [n 3] Partido Republicano Liberal Demócrata PRLD
2 / 473
1 1
Republican Independents [n 4] Republicanos Independientes  
4 / 473
3
PNV Group Basque Nationalist Party Partido Nacionalista Vasco PNV
9 / 473
9 5
Basque Social-Christian Socialcristiano Vasco
1 / 473
1
Total Centre & PNV Group:
46 / 473
60 54
Right
Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right
Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas CEDA
88 / 473
97 101
National Bloc
Bloque Nacional (Renovación Española ) RE
12 / 473
13 13
Catalan League[n 5]
Lliga Catalana* LC
12 / 473
12 12
Spanish Agrarian Party Partido Agrario Español PAE
10 / 473
11 11
Traditionalist Communion Comunión Tradicionalista CT
9 / 473
12 15
Independent monarchists Monárquicos Independientes  
2 / 473
2
Spanish Nationalist Party BN Partido Nacionalista Español PNE
2 / 473
1 1
Partido Mesócrata Mesocratic Party  
1 / 473
1
Mallorcan Regionalist Party Partido Regionalista de Mallorca PRM
1 / 473
1
Catholic Católico
1 / 473
1 1
Rightist Independents Independientes de Derecha  
4 / 473
8 10
Total Right:
141 / 473
146 156
Total:  473
Notes

R Joined the Republican parliamentary group together with the PCNR.
EC Joined the Esquerra Catalana parliamentary group together with

ERC
.
IR Joined the Izquierda Republicana parliamentary group with
IR
.
BN Joined the Bloque Nacional parliamentary group with
RE
.

  1. ^ All 6 in Andalusia, where the party is running with the Right
  2. ^ Four of them in constituencies in which they run with the Right
  3. ^ The 2 of them in Oviedo, where they present with the Right.
  4. ^ 3 elected on centre-right lists and 1 on his own. Includes former prime minister Chapaprieta, minister Villalobos, former radical deputy Pascual and Galician rep Cornide.
  5. ^ Heads the Front Català d'Ordre

References

Notes

  1. ^ compared to the results of the Republican Action (5 seats), the Galician Republican Party (6 seats) and the Independent Radical Socialist Republican Party (3 seats) in 1933, who merged to form IR in 1934
  2. ^ exact figures as to the number of voters, the number of electors and the turnout differ. The number of voters is quoted as 9.864.783 (Stanley G. Payne, Spain’s First Democracy, Madison 1993, ISBN 9780299136703, p. 274), 9.729.454 (Albert Carreras, Xavier Tafunell (eds.), Estadísticas históricas de España, vol. I, Bilbao 2005, ISBN 849651501X, p. 1098), 9.687.108 (Manuel Álvarez Tardío, Roberto Villa García, 1936, fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular, Barcelona 2017, ISBN 9788467049466, p. 412) or 9.572.908 (Juan J. Linz, Jesús de Miguel, Hacia un análisis regional de las elecciones de 1936 en España, [in:] Revista Española de la Opinion Pública 48 (1977), p. 34. Internet sources might provide even different figures, e.g. 9.792.700 (HistoriaElectoral website). The number of electors, e.g. Spaniards entitled to vote, is given as 13.578.056 (Álvarez Tardío, Villa García 2017, p. 412), 13.553.710 (Payne 1993, p. 274) or 13.338.262 (Carreras, Tafunell 2005, p. 1098). Accordingly, the turnout rate which emerges from these figures might be calculated as 72,97% (Carreras, Tafunell 2005, p. 1098), 72,78 (Payne 1993, p. 274) or 71,34% (Álvarez Tardío, Villa García 2017, p. 412).
  3. ^ Running only in Catalonia
  4. ^ Coalition of right-wing parties including CEDA in 30 constituencies
  5. ^ Coalition of right-wing parties and the Radicals in 10 constituencies
  6. ^ Coalition of right-wing parties and the centre in 6 constituencies
  7. ^ Coalition of right-wing parties and the PRP in 4 constituencies in Andalusia
  8. ^ Coalition of right-wing parties and the PRC in Lugo and A Coruña
  9. ^ Running only in Oviedo
  10. ^ Independent, separate Agrarian lists only in Burgos and Huelva
  11. ^ Independent, separate Radical lists in Cáceres, Castellón, Ceuta, Málaga (prov.), Ourense, Santander, Tenerife, Las Palmas and Córdoba
  12. ^ Running only in Soria
  13. ^ Running only in Ciudad Real
  14. ^ Running only in Oviedo, Sevilla, Toledo and Valladolid
  15. ^ Payne (2006) gives a total of 262.

Citations

  1. ^ "Revista de Libros: «Las elecciones generales de febrero de 1936: una reconsideración historiográfica» de Enrique Moradiellos". www.revistadelibros.com (in Spanish). 11 September 2017. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  2. ^ Arrarás Iribarren, Joaquín (1964). Historia de la Segunda República Española. Madrid: Editora Nacional.
  3. ^ Gobernación, Espana Ministerio de la (1939). "Dictamen de la Comisión sobre ilegitimidad de poderes actuantes en 18 de Julio de 1936". Editora Nacional. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ Bécarud, Jean (1967). La Segunda República Española. Madrid: Taurus.
  5. ^ Tusell, Javier (1971). Las elecciones del Frente Popular. Madrid: Edicusa.
  6. OCLC 1100348435.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  7. ^
    OCLC 976020486.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  8. ^ .
  9. ^ Gaston Leval, Social Reconstruction in Spain, London, 1938. Discussed in Woodcock, p. 373.
  10. ^ see James Woodcock, Anarchism (1960), London: Penguin, 1970, pp. 365–375.
  11. ^ Thomas (1961). p. 78.
  12. ^ Thomas (1961). p. 80.
  13. ^ a b Thomas (1961). p. 88.
  14. ^ a b Preston (2006). p. 81.
  15. ^ a b Preston (2006). pp. 82–83.
  16. ^ Brenan (1950). p. 294.
  17. ^ a b Thomas (1961). p. 89.
  18. ^ Brenan (1950). pp. 294–295.
  19. ^ Brenan (1950). p. 266.
  20. ^ a b c d Thomas (1961). p. 92.
  21. ^ Payne, S.G. and Palacios, J., 2014. Franco: A personal and political biography. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 101
  22. ^ Tardío, Manuel Álvarez. "The Impact of Political Violence During the Spanish General Election of 1936." Journal of Contemporary History 48, no. 3 (2013): 463–485.
  23. ^ a b Brenan (1950). p. 289.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. Hachette UK, 2012.
  25. ^ Beevor (2006). pp. 34–35.
  26. ^ Thomas (1961). pp. 91–2.
  27. ^ a b c d Payne (2006). p. 175.
  28. ^ a b Brenan (1950). p. 307.
  29. ^ a b Payne, S.G. and Palacios, J., 2014. Franco: A personal and political biography. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 102
  30. ^ Payne (2006). pp. 174–5.
  31. ^ a b Brenan (1950). p. 300.
  32. ^ a b Thomas (1961). p. 93.
  33. ^ a b c Payne (2006). p. 177.
  34. ^ a b c d Brenan (1950). p. 298.
  35. ^ Payne, Stanley G. Spain's first democracy: the Second Republic, 1931–1936. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1993, p.274
  36. ^ a b Preston (2006). p. 83.
  37. ^ Payne, S.G. and Palacios, J., 2014. Franco: A personal and political biography. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 105
  38. ^ García, Roberto Villa, and Manuel Álvarez Tardío. 1936. Fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular. Espasa, 2017.
  39. ^ Calleja, Eduardo González, and Francisco Sánchez Pérez. "Revisando el revisionismo. A propósito del libro 1936. Fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular." Historia Contemporánea 3, no. 58 (2018).
  40. ^ Beevor (2006). pp. 38–39
  41. ^ Brenan (1950). p. 299.
  42. ^ Thomas (1961). pp. 93–94.
  43. ^ a b Thomas (1961). p. 100.
  44. ^ Beevor (2006). p. 38
  45. ^ Alvarez Tardio, Manuel. "Mobilization and political violence following the Spanish general elections of 1936." REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS POLITICOS 177 (2017): 147–179.
  46. ^ Jensen, Geoffrey. Franco. Potomac Books, Inc., 2005, p.66
  47. ^ a b Brenan (1950). p. 301.
  48. ^ James Woodcock, Anarchism (1962), London: Penguin, 1970, 374)
  49. ^ based on data as reproduced in Manuel Alvarez Tardio, Roberto Villa Garcia, 1936. Fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular, Barcelona 2017, ISBN 9788467054736, pp. 580-599
  50. ^ "Votos por candidatura 1936".
  51. ^ a b Lozano, Elecciones de 1936.

Further reading