1936 Spanish general election
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All 473 seats of the Congress of Deputies 237 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Turnout | 72.95% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legislative elections were held in Spain on 16 February 1936. At stake were all 473 seats in the unicameral
The electoral process and the accuracy of the results have been historically disputed. Some of the causes of this controversy include the formation of a new cabinet before the results were clear, a lack of reliable electoral data, and the overestimation of election fraud in the official narrative that justified the coup d'état.[1][2][3][4] The topic has been addressed in seminal studies by renowned authors such as Javier Tusell and Stanley G. Payne.[5][6] A series of recent works has shifted the focus from the legitimacy of the election and the government to an analysis of the extent of irregularities.[7][8] Whilst one of them suggests that the impact of fraud was higher than previously estimated when including new election datasets, the other disputes their relevance in the election result.[7][8]
The elections were the last of three legislative elections held during the
Background
After the 1933 election, the Radical Republican Party (RRP) led a series of governments, with Alejandro Lerroux as a moderate Prime Minister. On 26 September 1934, the CEDA announced it would no longer support the RRP's minority government, which was replaced by a RRP cabinet, led by Lerroux once more, that included three members of the CEDA.[11] The concession of posts to CEDA prompted the Asturian miners' strike of 1934, which turned into an armed rebellion.[12] Some time later, Robles once again prompted a cabinet collapse, and five ministries of Lerroux's new government were conceded to CEDA, including Robles himself.[13] Since the 1933 elections, farm workers' wages had been halved, and the military purged of republican members and reformed; those loyal to Robles had been promoted.[14] However, since CEDA's entry into the government, no constitutional amendments were ever made; no budget was ever passed.[13]
In 1935,
As in the 1933 election, Spain was divided into multi-member constituencies; for example, Madrid was a single district electing 17 representatives. However, a voter could vote for fewer than that – in Madrid's case, 13. This favoured coalitions, as in Madrid in 1933 when the Socialists won 13 seats, and the right, with just 5,000 votes fewer, secured only the remaining four.[19]
Election
Vatican Fascism offered you work and brought hunger; it offered you peace and brought five thousands tombs; it offered you order and raised a gallows. The Popular Front offers no more and no less than it will bring: Bread, Peace and Liberty!
— One election poster.[20]
There was significant violence during the election campaign, most of which initiated by the political left, though a substantial minority was by the political right.[
34,000 members of the
Outcome
Just under 10 million people voted,[27] with an abstention rate of 27-29 per cent, a level of apathy higher than might be suggested by the ongoing political violence.[33][nb 2] A small number of coerced voters and anarchists formed part of the abstainers.[33] The elections of 1936 were narrowly won by the Popular Front, with vastly smaller resources than the political right, who followed Nazi propaganda techniques.[15] The exact numbers of votes differ among historians; Brenan assigns the Popular Front 4,700,000 votes, the Right around 4,000,000 and the centre 450,000,[34] while Antony Beevor argues the Left won by just 150,000 votes.[24] Stanley Payne reports that, of the 9,864,763 votes cast, the Popular Front and its allies won 4,654,116 votes (47.2%), while the right and its allies won 4,503,505 votes (45.7%), however this was heavily divided between the right and the centre-right. The remaining 526,615 votes (5.4%) were won by the centre and Basque nationalists.[35] It was a comparatively narrow victory in terms of votes, but Paul Preston describes it as a 'triumph of power in the Cortes'[36] – the Popular Front won 267 deputies and the Right only 132, and the imbalance caused by the nature of Spain's electoral system since the 1932 election law came into force. The same system had benefited the political right in 1933.[34] However, Stanley Payne argues that the leftist victory may not have been legitimate; Payne says that in the evening of the day of the elections leftist mobs started to interfere in the balloting and in the registration of votes distorting the results; Payne also argues that President Zamora appointed Manuel Azaña Díaz as head of the new government following the Popular Front's early victory even though the election process was incomplete. As a result, the Popular Front was able to register its own victory at the polls and Payne alleges it manipulated its victory to gain extra seats it should not have won. According to Payne, this augmented the Popular Front's victory into one that gave them control of over two-thirds of the seats, allowing it to amend the constitution as it desired. Payne thus argues that the democratic process had ceased to exist.[37] Roberto García and Manuel Tardío also argue that the Popular Front manipulated the results,[38] though this has been contested by Eduardo Calleja and Francisco Pérez, who question the charges of electoral irregularity and argue that the Popular Front would still have won a slight electoral majority even if all of the charges were true.[39]
The political centre did badly. Lerroux's Radicals, incumbent until his government's collapse, were electorally devastated; many of their supporters had been pushed to the right by the increasing instability in Spain. Portela Valladares had formed the Centre Party, but had not had time to build it up.
Because, unusually, the first round produced an outright majority of deputies elected on a single list of campaign pledges, the results were treated as granting an unprecedented mandate to the winning coalition: some socialists took to the streets to free political prisoners, without waiting for the government to do so officially; similarly, the caretaker government quickly resigned on the grounds that waiting a month for the parliamentary resumption was now unnecessary.
First-round results
The below table summarises results of the first round, i.e. of the voting which took place on February 16. It does not take into account elections of the second round, which took place in 5 electoral districts (Álava, Castellón, Guipúzcoa, Soria, Vizcaya provincia) on March 1. It includes results in electoral districts (Cuenca, Granada), where results would be declared invalid, elections annulled and repeated in May.
The numbers given are votes, not voters. Each voter was entitled to vote for a number of candidates; the maximum number of selections allowed differed across the electoral districs, from 16 in Barcelona (city) to 1 in Álava, Ceuta and Melilla. All the selections made for individual candidates (there were 993 contestants running) are summarised. Example: Partido Republicano Federal fielded 3 candidates: Luis Cordero Bel on Frente Popular list in Huelva got 79.667 votes, Bernardino Valle Gracia on Frente Popular list in Las Palmas got 32.900 votes and José Bernal Segado running as independent in Murcia (city) got 1.329 votes, which produced sub-totals of 112.567 votes on Frente Popular lists and 1.329 votes for independents, which totals in 113.896 votes.
All tables purporting to present number of voters, which supported specific parties or blocs, are based on various statistical methodologies, constructed ex post by historians and intended to translate the number of votes into the number of voters; this applies also to tables presented in the section below. Their accuracy might be and is disputed. The below table is not based on any such data manipulations and summarises number of votes received by individual candidates as recorded by electoral authorities.[49]
party | Frente Popular 35.514.447 |
CEDA-led alliances 32.977.932 |
Portela-led alliances 2.582.542 |
independents & own lists 1.772.687 |
TOTAL SPAIN 72.847.608 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas | 15524558 | 60067 | 15584625 | ||
Partido Socialista Obrero Español | 11827855 | 15187 | 11843042 | ||
Izquierda Republicana | 9353291 | 186815 | 6457 | 9546563 | |
Unión Republicana | 4150491 | 87116 | 19231 | 4256838 | |
non-party candidates | 1142396 | 2310955 | 202587 | 256257 | 3912195 |
Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya | 3701939 | 3701939 | |||
Partido del Centro Democrático | 2072434 | 1385573 | 3458007 | ||
Lliga Regionalista | 2705152 | 2705152 | |||
Renovación Española | 2599381 | 52689 | 2652070 | ||
Partido Republicano Radical | 2040614 | 997 | 479987 | 2521598 | |
Partido Comunista de España | 2260367 | 2260367 | |||
Comunión Tradicionalista | 2120091 | 62833 | 2182924 | ||
Partido Agrario Español | 194143 | 1493430 | 171126 | 1858699 | |
Partido Republicano Progresista | 868497 | 137630 | 1006127 | ||
Partido Republicano Liberal-Demócrata | 905244 | 76480 | 19189 | 1000913 | |
Acció Catalana Republicana | 896275 | 896275 | |||
Unió Socialista de Catalunya | 718274 | 718274 | |||
Partido Nacionalista Vasco | 431970 | 431970 | |||
Partido Galleguista | 426624 | 4991 | 431615 | ||
Partido Republicano Conservador | 272674 | 108170 | 380844 | ||
Partido de Unión Republicana Autonomista | 311201 | 311201 | |||
Partit Nacionalista Republicà d'Esquerra | 278111 | 278111 | |||
Partit Català Proletari | 256880 | 256880 | |||
Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista | 256723 | 256723 | |||
Partido Republicano Federal | 112567 | 1329 | 113896 | ||
Partido Sindicalista | 97667 | 97667 | |||
Falange Española | 82939 | 82939 | |||
Partido Nacionalista Español | 64902 | 64902 | |||
Acción Nacionalista Vasca | 34987 | 34987 | |||
Acción Católica Obrera | 265 | 265 |
Final results
Party | Abbr. | Voters | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Popular Front (Frente Popular) | FP | 3,750,900 | 39.63 | ||
Left Front (Front d’Esquerres)[nb 3] | FE | 700,400 | 7.40 | ||
Total Popular Front: | 4,451,300 | 47.03 | |||
Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups and right[nb 4]
|
CEDA-RE | 1,709,200 | 18.06 | ||
Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups and Radical Republican Party[nb 5]
|
CEDA-PRR | 943,400 | 9.97 | ||
Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups and centre[nb 6]
|
CEDA-PCNR | 584,300 | 6.17 | ||
Front Català d'Ordre - Lliga Catalana
|
LR | 483,700 | 5.11 | ||
Progressive Republican Party[nb 7]
|
CEDA-PRP | 307,500 | 3.25 | ||
Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups and Conservative Republican Party[nb 8]
|
CEDA-PRC | 189,100 | 2.00 | ||
Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups and Liberal Democrat Republican Party[nb 9]
|
CEDA-PRLD | 150,900 | 1.59 | ||
Spanish Agrarian Party (Partido Agrario Español)[nb 10] | PAE | 30,900 | 0.33 | ||
Total National Bloc: | 4,375,800 | 46.48 | |||
Party of the Democratic Centre (Partido del Centro Democrático) | PCD | 333,200 | 3.51 | ||
Basque Nationalist Party (Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea-Partido Nacionalista Vasco) | EAJ-PNV | 150,100 | 1.59 | ||
Radical Republican Party (Partido Republicano Radical)[nb 11] | PRR | 124,700 | 1.32 | ||
Conservative Republican Party (Partido Republicano Conservador)[nb 12] | PRC | 23,000 | 0.24 | ||
Progressive Republican Party (Partido Republicano Progresista)[nb 13]
|
PRP | 10,500 | 0.11 | ||
Falange Española de las J.O.N.S.[nb 14]
|
6,800 | 0.07 | |||
Total | 9,465,600 | 100 |
Seats
Affiliation | Party | Name in Spanish (* indicates Catalan, ** indicates Galician )
|
Abbr. | Seats (May) | Seats (Feb) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unknown | Payne[33] | |||||||||
Popular Front | ||||||||||
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party | Partido Socialista Obrero Español | PSOE | 99 / 473
|
89 | 88 | |||||
Republican Left | Izquierda Republicana | IR | 87 / 473
|
80 | 79 | |||||
Republican Union | Unión Republicana | UR | 37 / 473
|
36 | 34 | |||||
Republican Left of Catalonia | Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya* | ERC | 21 / 473
|
21 | 22 | |||||
Communist Party of Spain | Partido Comunista de España | PCE | 17 / 473
|
15 | 14 | |||||
Catalan Action EC
|
Acció Catalana Republicana* | ACR | 5 / 473
|
5 | 5 | |||||
Socialist Union of Catalonia EC | Unió Socialista de Catalunya* | USC | 4 / 473
|
4 | 3 | |||||
Galicianist Party IR | Partido Galeguista** | PG | 3 / 473
|
3 | 3 | |||||
Federal Democratic Republican Party | Partido Republicano Democrático Federal | PRD Fed. | 2 / 473
|
2 | 2 | |||||
Union of Rabassaires EC | Unió de Rabassaires* | UdR | 2 / 473
|
2 | 2 | |||||
National Left Republican Party EC | Partit Nacionalista Republicà d'Esquerra* | PNRE | 2 / 473
|
2 | 1 | |||||
Valencian Left EC | Esquerra Valenciana* | EV | 1 / 473
|
1 | 1 | |||||
Syndicalist Party | Partido Sindicalista | 1 / 473
|
1 | 2 | ||||||
Independent Syndicalist Party | Partido Sindicalista Independiente | PSI | 1 / 473
|
1 | – | |||||
Workers' Party of Marxist Unification
|
Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista | POUM | 1 / 473
|
1 | 1 | |||||
Proletarian Catalan Party | Partit Català Proletari* | PCP | 1 / 473
|
1 | 1 | |||||
Independent Republicans (Leftist) | Republicanos Independientes (de Izquierdas) | 3 / 473
|
2 | – | ||||||
Socialist Independents (Payne: "Leftist independents") | Socialista Independiente | 0 / 473
|
1 | 4 | ||||||
Total Popular Front: | 286 / 473 [51]
|
267[51] | 263[nb 15] | |||||||
Centre & PNV | Centre Republicans | |||||||||
Party of the Democratic Centre | Partido del Centro Democrático | PCD | 17 / 473
|
20 | 21 | |||||
Progressive Republican Party R [n 1] | Partido Republicano Progresista | PRC | 6 / 473
|
6 | 6 | |||||
Radical Republican Party[n 2] | Partido Republicano Radical | PRR | 5 / 473
|
8 | 9 | |||||
Conservative Republican Party R | Partido Republicano Conservador | PRC | 3 / 473
|
3 | 2 | |||||
Liberal Democrat Republican Party BN [n 3] | Partido Republicano Liberal Demócrata | PRLD | 2 / 473
|
1 | 1 | |||||
Republican Independents [n 4] | Republicanos Independientes | 4 / 473
|
3 | – | ||||||
PNV Group | Basque Nationalist Party | Partido Nacionalista Vasco | PNV | 9 / 473
|
9 | 5 | ||||
Basque Social-Christian | Socialcristiano Vasco | 1 / 473
|
1 | – | ||||||
Total Centre & PNV Group: | 46 / 473
|
60 | 54 | |||||||
Right | ||||||||||
Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right
|
Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas | CEDA | 88 / 473
|
97 | 101 | |||||
National Bloc
|
Bloque Nacional (Renovación Española ) | RE | 12 / 473
|
13 | 13 | |||||
Catalan League[n 5]
|
Lliga Catalana* | LC | 12 / 473
|
12 | 12 | |||||
Spanish Agrarian Party | Partido Agrario Español | PAE | 10 / 473
|
11 | 11 | |||||
Traditionalist Communion | Comunión Tradicionalista | CT | 9 / 473
|
12 | 15 | |||||
Independent monarchists | Monárquicos Independientes | 2 / 473
|
– | 2 | ||||||
Spanish Nationalist Party BN | Partido Nacionalista Español | PNE | 2 / 473
|
1 | 1 | |||||
Partido Mesócrata | Mesocratic Party | 1 / 473
|
1 | – | ||||||
Mallorcan Regionalist Party | Partido Regionalista de Mallorca | PRM | 1 / 473
|
1 | – | |||||
Catholic | Católico | 1 / 473
|
1 | 1 | ||||||
Rightist Independents | Independientes de Derecha | 4 / 473
|
8 | 10 | ||||||
Total Right: | 141 / 473
|
146 | 156 | |||||||
Total: | 473 | |||||||||
Notes | ||||||||||
R Joined the Republican parliamentary group together with the PCNR. ERC .IR Joined the Izquierda Republicana parliamentary group with IR .BN Joined the Bloque Nacional parliamentary group with RE .
|
References
Notes
- ^ compared to the results of the Republican Action (5 seats), the Galician Republican Party (6 seats) and the Independent Radical Socialist Republican Party (3 seats) in 1933, who merged to form IR in 1934
- ^ exact figures as to the number of voters, the number of electors and the turnout differ. The number of voters is quoted as 9.864.783 (Stanley G. Payne, Spain’s First Democracy, Madison 1993, ISBN 9780299136703, p. 274), 9.729.454 (Albert Carreras, Xavier Tafunell (eds.), Estadísticas históricas de España, vol. I, Bilbao 2005, ISBN 849651501X, p. 1098), 9.687.108 (Manuel Álvarez Tardío, Roberto Villa García, 1936, fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular, Barcelona 2017, ISBN 9788467049466, p. 412) or 9.572.908 (Juan J. Linz, Jesús de Miguel, Hacia un análisis regional de las elecciones de 1936 en España, [in:] Revista Española de la Opinion Pública 48 (1977), p. 34. Internet sources might provide even different figures, e.g. 9.792.700 (HistoriaElectoral website). The number of electors, e.g. Spaniards entitled to vote, is given as 13.578.056 (Álvarez Tardío, Villa García 2017, p. 412), 13.553.710 (Payne 1993, p. 274) or 13.338.262 (Carreras, Tafunell 2005, p. 1098). Accordingly, the turnout rate which emerges from these figures might be calculated as 72,97% (Carreras, Tafunell 2005, p. 1098), 72,78 (Payne 1993, p. 274) or 71,34% (Álvarez Tardío, Villa García 2017, p. 412).
- ^ Running only in Catalonia
- ^ Coalition of right-wing parties including CEDA in 30 constituencies
- ^ Coalition of right-wing parties and the Radicals in 10 constituencies
- ^ Coalition of right-wing parties and the centre in 6 constituencies
- ^ Coalition of right-wing parties and the PRP in 4 constituencies in Andalusia
- ^ Coalition of right-wing parties and the PRC in Lugo and A Coruña
- ^ Running only in Oviedo
- ^ Independent, separate Agrarian lists only in Burgos and Huelva
- ^ Independent, separate Radical lists in Cáceres, Castellón, Ceuta, Málaga (prov.), Ourense, Santander, Tenerife, Las Palmas and Córdoba
- ^ Running only in Soria
- ^ Running only in Ciudad Real
- ^ Running only in Oviedo, Sevilla, Toledo and Valladolid
- ^ Payne (2006) gives a total of 262.
Citations
- ^ "Revista de Libros: «Las elecciones generales de febrero de 1936: una reconsideración historiográfica» de Enrique Moradiellos". www.revistadelibros.com (in Spanish). 11 September 2017. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
- ^ Arrarás Iribarren, Joaquín (1964). Historia de la Segunda República Española. Madrid: Editora Nacional.
- ^ Gobernación, Espana Ministerio de la (1939). "Dictamen de la Comisión sobre ilegitimidad de poderes actuantes en 18 de Julio de 1936". Editora Nacional.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Bécarud, Jean (1967). La Segunda República Española. Madrid: Taurus.
- ^ Tusell, Javier (1971). Las elecciones del Frente Popular. Madrid: Edicusa.
- OCLC 1100348435.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ )
- ^ S2CID 240078416.
- ^ Gaston Leval, Social Reconstruction in Spain, London, 1938. Discussed in Woodcock, p. 373.
- ^ see James Woodcock, Anarchism (1960), London: Penguin, 1970, pp. 365–375.
- ^ Thomas (1961). p. 78.
- ^ Thomas (1961). p. 80.
- ^ a b Thomas (1961). p. 88.
- ^ a b Preston (2006). p. 81.
- ^ a b Preston (2006). pp. 82–83.
- ^ Brenan (1950). p. 294.
- ^ a b Thomas (1961). p. 89.
- ^ Brenan (1950). pp. 294–295.
- ^ Brenan (1950). p. 266.
- ^ a b c d Thomas (1961). p. 92.
- ^ Payne, S.G. and Palacios, J., 2014. Franco: A personal and political biography. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 101
- ^ Tardío, Manuel Álvarez. "The Impact of Political Violence During the Spanish General Election of 1936." Journal of Contemporary History 48, no. 3 (2013): 463–485.
- ^ a b Brenan (1950). p. 289.
- ^ a b c d e f Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. Hachette UK, 2012.
- ^ Beevor (2006). pp. 34–35.
- ^ Thomas (1961). pp. 91–2.
- ^ a b c d Payne (2006). p. 175.
- ^ a b Brenan (1950). p. 307.
- ^ a b Payne, S.G. and Palacios, J., 2014. Franco: A personal and political biography. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 102
- ^ Payne (2006). pp. 174–5.
- ^ a b Brenan (1950). p. 300.
- ^ a b Thomas (1961). p. 93.
- ^ a b c Payne (2006). p. 177.
- ^ a b c d Brenan (1950). p. 298.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. Spain's first democracy: the Second Republic, 1931–1936. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1993, p.274
- ^ a b Preston (2006). p. 83.
- ^ Payne, S.G. and Palacios, J., 2014. Franco: A personal and political biography. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 105
- ^ García, Roberto Villa, and Manuel Álvarez Tardío. 1936. Fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular. Espasa, 2017.
- ^ Calleja, Eduardo González, and Francisco Sánchez Pérez. "Revisando el revisionismo. A propósito del libro 1936. Fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular." Historia Contemporánea 3, no. 58 (2018).
- ^ Beevor (2006). pp. 38–39
- ^ Brenan (1950). p. 299.
- ^ Thomas (1961). pp. 93–94.
- ^ a b Thomas (1961). p. 100.
- ^ Beevor (2006). p. 38
- ^ Alvarez Tardio, Manuel. "Mobilization and political violence following the Spanish general elections of 1936." REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS POLITICOS 177 (2017): 147–179.
- ^ Jensen, Geoffrey. Franco. Potomac Books, Inc., 2005, p.66
- ^ a b Brenan (1950). p. 301.
- ^ James Woodcock, Anarchism (1962), London: Penguin, 1970, 374)
- ^ based on data as reproduced in Manuel Alvarez Tardio, Roberto Villa Garcia, 1936. Fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular, Barcelona 2017, ISBN 9788467054736, pp. 580-599
- ^ "Votos por candidatura 1936".
- ^ a b Lozano, Elecciones de 1936.
Further reading
- ISBN 0-297-84832-1.
- Brenan, Gerald (1950). The Spanish Labyrinth: an account of the social and political background of the Spanish Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-04314-X.
- Ehinger, Paul H. "Die Wahlen in Spanien von 1936 und der Bürgerkrieg von 1936 bis 1939. Ein Literaturbericht," ['The 1936 elections in Spain and the civil war of 1936-39: a bibliographical essay'] Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte (1975) 25#3 pp 284–330, in German.
- ISBN 0-300-11065-0.
- ISBN 0-00-723207-1.
- Thomas, Hugh(1961). The Spanish Civil War (1 ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.
- Vilanova, Mercedes. "Las elecciones republicanas de 1931 a 1936, preludio de una guerra y un exilo" Historia, Antropologia y Fuentes Orales (2006) Issue 35, pp 65–81.
- Villa García, Roberto. "The Failure of Electoral Modernization: The Elections of May 1936 in Granada," Journal of Contemporary History (2009) 44#3 pp. 401–429 in JSTOR
- Villa García, Roberto; Álvarez Tardío, Manuel (2017). 1936. Fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular. Espasa. ISBN 978-8467049466.