1939 New York World's Fair

The 1939–1940 New York World's Fair was a world's fair held at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, United States. It was the second-most expensive American world's fair of all time, exceeded only by St. Louis's Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904. Many countries around the world participated in it, and over 44 million people attended its exhibits in two seasons.^[2] It was the first exposition to be based on the future, with an opening slogan of "Dawn of a New Day", and it allowed all visitors to take a look at "the world of tomorrow".

When World War II began four months into the 1939 World's Fair, many exhibits were affected, especially those on display in the pavilions of countries under Axis occupation. After the close of the fair in 1940, many exhibits were demolished or removed, though some buildings were retained for the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair, held at the same site.

Planning

In 1935, at the height of the

Over the next four years, the committee planned, built, and organized the fair and its exhibits, with countries around the world taking part in creating the biggest international event since World War I. Working closely with the Fair's committee was New York City Parks Commissioner Robert Moses, who saw great value to the city in having the World's Fair Corporation (at its expense) remove a vast ash dump in Queens that was to be the site for the exposition. This event turned the area into a City park after the exposition closed.

The delivery of materials for the fair faced a speedbump in 1938 when it was temporarily halted for the duration of the New York City truckers strike.^[3]

Ford pavilion

RCA Exhibit Building

On April 30, 1939, a very cloudy Sunday, the fair had its grand opening, with 206,000 people in attendance. The April 30 date coincided with the 150th anniversary of George Washington's inauguration, in Lower Manhattan, as the first President of the United States. Although many of the pavilions and other facilities were not quite ready for this opening, it was put on with pomp and great celebration.^[8]

Plans for the United States Navy Fleet to visit New York City for the opening of the fair following maneuvers in the Caribbean were canceled, however, due to aggressive moves being made by Japan in the South China Sea, and the fleet instead transferred to the Pacific via the Panama Canal in April.^[9]

David Sarnoff, then president of RCA and a strong advocate of television, chose to introduce television to the mass public at the RCA pavilion. As a reflection of the wide range of technological innovation on parade at the fair, Franklin D. Roosevelt's speech was not only broadcast over the various radio networks but also was televised along with other parts of the opening ceremony and other events at the fair. That day, the opening ceremony and President Roosevelt's speech were seen on black and white television sets with 5 to 12-inch tubes.^[10] NBC used the event to inaugurate regularly scheduled television broadcasts in New York City over their station W2XBS (now WNBC). An estimated 1,000 people viewed the Roosevelt telecast on about 200 television sets scattered throughout the New York metropolitan area.^{[citation needed]}

In order to convince skeptical visitors that the television sets were not a trick, one set was made with a transparent case so that the internal components could be seen. As part of the exhibit at the RCA pavilion, visitors could see themselves on television. There were also television demonstrations at the General Electric and Westinghouse pavilions. During this formal introduction at the fair, television sets became available for public purchase at various stores in the New York City area.^[10]

After Albert Einstein gave a speech that discussed cosmic rays, the fair's lights were ceremonially lit. Dignitaries received a special Opening Day Program which contained their names written in Braille.^{[citation needed]}

• 1939 World's Fair ephemera
• 
  This 1940 general admission ticket also included visits to "5 concessions" (listed on backside)
• 
  Ticket backside
• 
  Trylon and Perisphere on 1939 US stamp

Exhibits

One of the first exhibits to receive attention was the

On July 3, 1940, the fair hosted "Superman Day". Notable was the crowning of the "Super-Boy and Super-Girl of the Day" following an athletic contest, and a public appearance by Superman, played by an unidentified man. Broadway actor Ray Middleton, who served as a judge for the contest, is often credited with having appeared in the Superman costume on Superman Day, but he did not; however, he may have played Superman during a live radio broadcast from the scene. Although the unknown man in the costume is often said to have been the first actor ever to play Superman, Bud Collyer had been performing the role on the Superman radio series since the preceding February.

The fair was also the occasion for the 1st World Science Fiction Convention, subsequently dubbed "Nycon 1".^[13][14]

Ceramic sculptor Waylande Gregory created The Fountain of the Atom, which displayed the largest ceramic sculptures in modern times.^[17] It included the four Elements, each measuring 72 inches (180 cm) high and each weighing over a ton. There were also eight electrons, which were illustrated in Life Magazine (March 1939). Gregory also created two exhibitions featuring his ceramic sculptures for the General Motors Building, American Imports and American Exports.

Zones

The fair was divided into seven geographic or thematic zones, five of which had "Focal Exhibits", as well as two Focal Exhibits housed in their own buildings.

Fairgoers walking to the north of the Theme Center on the Avenue of Patriots would encounter the Communications and Business Systems exhibits. The focal point of this area was the Communications Building, a large structure with a pair of 160-foot-high (49 m) pylons flanking it.[20]^{: 73 [21]: 39}

At the AT&T Pavilion the

The Community Interest Zone was located just east of the Communications & Business Systems Zone.^[21]: 79 The region's exhibits showcased several trades or industries that were popular among the public at the time. It included buildings dedicated to home furnishings, plumbing, contemporary art, cosmetics, gardens, the gas industry, fashion, jewelry, and religion. Organizations such as the American Standard Companies, Christian Science, Johns Manville, Works Progress Administration, and YMCA also had buildings in the Community Interest Zone.^{[20]: 85–101} In addition, there was also the "Electrified Farm", a working farm,^[20]: 91 and the Town of Tomorrow, which included 15 "demonstration homes" on a bowling green adjacent to the World's Fair station of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company.^[20]: 100

Government Zone

The Government Zone was located at the east end of the fair, on the eastern bank of the Flushing River. It contained 21 pavilions, several smaller buildings, a centrally located Court of Peace, a Lagoon of Nations, and a smaller Court of States. The 60 foreign governments contributed a wide diversity of creatively designed pavilions housing a myriad of cultural offerings to fairgoers.^{[20]: 116–117 [21]: 55}

British Pavilion

The Pavilion of Great Britain and the British Colonial Empire consisted of two buildings with a first-floor connection. The copy of Magna Carta belonging to Lincoln Cathedral also left Britain in 1939 for the first time to be in the British Pavilion at the fair.^[20]: 129 Within months Britain joined World War II and it was deemed safer for it to remain in America until the end of hostilities. It therefore remained in Fort Knox, next to the original copy of the American constitution, until 1947.^{[citation needed]} The pavilion included a collection of stamps celebrating Rowland Hill, and the 100th anniversary of the postage stamp. One of the stamps was the British Guiana 1c magenta.^[23]

French Pavilion

The French pavilion, on the Court of Peace that was the grand open space northeast of the Theme Center, was a two-story structure whose facade featured enormous windows with "majestic curves".^{[20]: 127–128} After the fair closed and World War II ended, its French restaurant remained in New York City as Le Pavillon.^{[citation needed]}

Greek Pavilion

The Greek pavilion was in the Hall of Nations and was a mirror of how the

The Italian pavilion aimed to fuse ancient Roman splendor with modern styles, and a 200-foot (61 m) high waterfall dedicated to Guglielmo Marconi, the inventor of the radio defined the pavilion's facade. The pavilion occupied 100,000 square feet of space on plot GJ-1 at Presidential Row North and Continental Avenue and cost more than $3 million.^[25]: 197 Italy paid for the right to use another ten thousand feet of space in the fair's Hall of Nations.^[25] There, the mosaic floor was to be graced by a high pillar upon which rested the ubiquitous She-Wolf, mother of Romulus, the legendary founder of Rome. Above Nino Giordano's Capitoline She-Wolf extended the lines of a Roman triumphal arch. The long side walls, adorned with emblems of ancient and modern Rome and maps of its new colonial 'empire' were divided into three sections by columns with rostra rising on a plinth of black marble and accentuated by Roman stucco of a velvety-white color. These walls sheltered Romano Romanelli's bronze statue of Mussolini which stood tall upon a black marble pedestal in the very center of the room.^[25]: 198

The pavilion's popular restaurant was designed in the shape of the nation's luxury cruise line ships.^{[20]: 133, 135}

Japanese Pavilion

The Japanese pavilion was designed by the Japanese-American architect

The interior of the pavilion was designed by the Japanese architect and photographer Iwao Yamawaki, who studied at the Bauhaus school in Germany in the early 1930s.^[27]

Jewish Palestine Pavilion

The

Over 2 million visitors flocked to the Jewish Palestine Pavilion, making it one of the most successful exhibits in the fair.[28] The pavilion sought to showcase the achievements of Jews and their advancement of the land.^[28] Several major Israeli artists presented their work, including Isaac Frenkel Frenel, Shimshon Holzman and more.^[29]

Netherlands Pavilion

This exhibit presented a comprehensive survey of the cultural importance of the three parts of the empire: the Kingdom of Europe, the Dutch East Indies and the territories of Suriname and Curaçao in South America.^[30]

Pan American Union Pavilion

The 21 countries of the

The Good Neighbor policy at the 1939 World's Fair was an extension of Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy, which sought to redefine negative Latin American stereotypes.^[31] Each country seized the opportunity to showcase their country and to make it more appealing to those around the world, especially in the United States. In their bid to increase cultural awareness at the World's Fair, the countries promoted tourism and strove to compare itself to the United States in an effort to appeal to Americans.^[32]

Polish Pavilion

Polish Pavilion

USSR Pavilion at night

The Polish Pavilion was composed of a steel tower with gold-plated copper shields and a sandstone building plus Polish restaurant in a round building. The

The Swedish pavilion “Swedish Modern – A movement towards sanity in design” was designed by Sven Markelius and highlighted the progress of democracy and welfare in Sweden. The pavilion buildings were grouped around a central garden and included a restaurant and a cinema, as well as a 2.8 meter tall Dalecarlian horse.^[34]

USSR Pavilion

The USSR (Soviet) Pavilion was a semicircular structure with two wings partially enclosing a courtyard.^[20]: 148 Exhibitions included the life-size copy of the interior of the showcase Mayakovskaya station of the Moscow Metro, whose designer Alexey Dushkin was awarded Grand Prize of the 1939 World's Fair.^[35] The USSR Pavilion's courtyard contained a statue on a pylon, which was 260 feet (79 m) tall.^[36][37] The pavilion was only open for 1939 and was razed at the end of that year.^[38]

United States (Federal) Building

The United States Federal Building's main building was set between two 150-foot (46 m) pylons. The Federal Building and several surrounding structures contained a combined 23 exhibits, dedicated to 22 states and Puerto Rico.^[20]

Midway through the fair, the world's largest

Southwest of the Government Zone was the Food Zone, composed of 13 buildings in total (excluding the Turkey and Sweden exhibits, which were physically located within the Food Zone but considered part of the Government Zone). Its Focal Exhibit was Food No. 3, a rhomboidal structure with four shafts representing wheat stalks.[20]^{: 102–103 [21]: 45}

Among the many unique exhibits was the Borden's exhibit, that featured 150 pedigreed cows (including the original

The Production and Distribution Zone was dedicated to showcasing industries that specialized in manufacturing and distribution.[20]^{: 175 [21]: 87} The focal exhibit was the Consumers Building, a L-shaped structure occupying a triangular plot on the Avenue of Pioneers, illustrated with murals by Francis Scott Bradford.^{[20]: 175–178} Numerous individual companies hosted exhibitions in this region. There were also pavilions dedicated to a generic industry, such as electrical products, industrial science, pharmaceuticals, metals, and men's apparel.^{[20]: 176–195}

Transportation Zone

The Transportation Zone was located west of the Theme Center, across the Grand Central Parkway.^[21]: 25 Perhaps the most popular of the Transportation Zone pavilions was the one built for General Motors (GM), which contained the 36,000-square-foot (3,300 m²) Futurama exhibit, designed by famed industrial designer and theater set designer Norman Bel Geddes, which transported fair visitors over a huge diorama of a fictional section of the United States with miniature figures. Along the way, visitors would encounter increasingly larger figures until they exited into a representation of a life-size city intersection.^[41] Stores in the GM Pavilion included an auto dealership and an appliance store where visitors could see the latest GM and Frigidaire products.^{[20]: 207–209}

Adjacent to the GM Pavilion was the Ford Pavilion, where race car drivers drove on a figure eight track on the building's roof endlessly, day in and day out.^{[20]: 205, 207} Not far from GM and Ford was the focal exhibit of the Transportation Zone, a Chrysler exhibit group. In the focal exhibit, an audience could watch a Plymouth being assembled in an early 3D film in a theater with air conditioning, then a new technology.^{[20]: 199–201} Other structures included an aviation and marine transport building, as well as exhibits for the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company and Goodrich Corporation.^{[20]: 202, 204–205, 208–209}

Another large building was the Eastern Railroads Presidents' Conference, dedicated to rail transport.

Beyond the corporate and government zones, the wildly popular but less uplifting Amusements Area was not integrated into the thematic matrix, and was classified as an Area rather than a Zone. It was located south of the World's Fair Boulevard, along 230 acres (93 ha) on the east shore of Fountain Lake.

Attendance was disappointing in 1939. As a result, in 1940, a provocative show was added to the temple,[57] which detailed "the erotic temptations of a young Buddhist priest." The show involved multiple nude women.^[58][59]

Aquacade

Billy Rose's Aquacade was a spectacular musical and water extravaganza foreshadowing the form of many popular Hollywood musicals in the ensuing years. The show was presented in a special amphitheater seating 10,000 people and included an orchestra to accompany the spectacular synchronized swimming performance. It featured Johnny Weissmuller and Eleanor Holm, two of the most celebrated swimmers of the era, and dazzled fairgoers with its lighting and cascades and curtains of water, pumped in waterfalls at 8,000 gallons a minute. The cost of admission was 80 cents.^[20]: 52

The Aquacade facility itself served as an entertainment venue in the park for many years afterward, including the 1964–65 World's Fair, but fell into disrepair in the 1980s and was finally demolished in 1996.

Temple of Religion

There were two focal exhibits that were not located within any of the 1939 Fair's "zones". The first was Medical and Public Health Building, which was located on Constitution Mall and the Avenue of Patriots (immediately northeast of the Theme Center). This structure contained a massive "Hall of Man" dedicated to the human body, and a "Hall of Medical Science" dedicated to medical professions and devices.[20]^{: 168–173}

The other was the Science and Education Building, located on a curved portion of Hamilton Place between the Avenue of Patriots and Washington Square, just north of the Medical and Public Health Building. The building was not used to teach science, but it contained an auditorium and several exhibits on science and education.^{[20]: 196–197}

Themes

The colors blue and orange were chosen as the official colors of the fair, as they were the colors of New York City, and featured prominently.^{[citation needed]}

Outdoor public lighting was at the time of a very limited and pedestrian nature, perhaps consisting of simple incandescent pole lamps in a city and nothing in the country. Electrification was still relatively new and had not reached everywhere in the US. The fair was the first public demonstration of several lighting technologies that became common in the following decades.^[

]

Another theme of the fair was the emerging new middle class, leading a hoped-for recovery from the Great Depression. The fair promoted the "Middleton Family"—Babs, Bud, and their parents—who appeared in ads showing them taking in the sights of the fair and the new products being manufactured to make life easier and affordable, such as the new automatic dishwasher.

Each day at the fair was a special theme day,^{[20]: 215–219} for which a special button was issued; for example, May 18, 1939, was "Asbury Park, New Jersey Day". Some of these buttons are very rare and all are considered collectibles.^{[citation needed]}

Transportation

A special

Jamaica Yard, which is still in use.^[63]

For the 1939–40 Fair, a special fleet of 50 "

World's Fair Steinway" cars were delivered in late 1938 by the St. Louis Car Company for Flushing Line service. Car #5655 survives in the New York Transit Museum

fleet.

Closure and current status

The fair was open for two seasons, from April to October each year, and was officially closed permanently on October 27, 1940.^[64] To get the fair's budget overruns under control before the 1940 season and to augment gate revenues, Whalen was replaced by banker Harvey Gibson. In addition, much greater emphasis was placed on the amusement features and less on the educational and uplifting exhibits. The great fair attracted over 45 million visitors and generated roughly $48 million in revenue. Since the Fair Corporation had invested 67 million dollars (in addition to nearly a hundred million dollars from other sources), it was a financial failure, and the corporation declared bankruptcy.^{[citation needed]}

Many of the rides from the World's Fair were sold after its closure to Luna Park at Coney Island, which was allowed to call itself the New York World's Fair of 1941.^[65] The Life Savers Parachute Jump was sold that same year and relocated to Steeplechase Park in Coney Island, where it was renamed the Parachute Jump.^[46]

The

Perisphere

during the earlier Fair.

World War II

Although the United States did not enter World War II until the end of 1941, the fairgrounds served as a window into the troubles overseas. The pavilions of Poland and Czechoslovakia, for example, did not reopen for the 1940 season. Also on July 4 that same year, two New York City Police Department officers were killed by a blast while investigating a time bomb left at the British Pavilion.^[66] The bombing has never been solved, but there is evidence that bombing was an inside job by William Stephenson, a British agent based in New York.^[67]

Countries under the thumb of the Axis powers in Europe in 1940 like Poland, Czechoslovakia, and France ran their pavilions with a special nationalistic pride. The only major world power that did not participate for the 1939 season was Germany, citing budget pressures. The USSR Pavilion was dismantled after the first season, leaving an empty lot called "The American Commons". When the fair closed, many among the European staff were unable to return to their home countries, so they remained in the US and in some cases exercised a tremendous influence on American culture. For example, Henri Soulé moved from the French Pavilion at the fair to open Le Pavillon restaurant, retaining Pierre Franey as head chef.^[68][69]

World War II presented additional problems with what to do with the exhibits on display in the pavilions of countries under Axis occupation. In the case of the Polish Pavilion, most of the items were sold by the

Mayor Fiorello La Guardia took such a liking that he helped spearhead a campaign to have it installed in Central Park, where it still stands today.^[70]

Belgian Pavilion

Another building saved from 1940 was the

Henry Van de Velde. It was awarded to Virginia Union University in Richmond, Virginia, and shipped to Richmond in 1941. The school still uses the building for its home basketball games.^[71]

Bendix Lama Temple

After the Fair, the Temple was again disassembled, and placed in storage for many years. There were proposals to erect it at

Stockholm, Sweden, with plans to rebuild it in a nearby park, but objections from the neighboring Chinese Embassy have stalled the project indefinitely.^[54][55][72]

New York City Building

Some of the buildings from the 1939 fair were used for the first temporary headquarters of the United Nations from 1946 until it moved in 1951 to its

permanent headquarters in Manhattan. The former New York City Building was used for the UN General Assembly during that time.^[73] This building was later refurbished for the 1964 fair as the New York City Pavilion, featuring the Panorama of the City of New York, an enormous scale model of the entire city.^[74] It became the home of the Queens Center for Art and Culture (later renamed the Queens Museum of Art, and now called the Queens Museum

), which still houses and occasionally updates the Panorama.

One other structure from the 1939–40 Fair remains in original location: the

US Open Tennis

.

Cultural references

King George VI and Queen Elizabeth

of the United Kingdom, during a visit to the Canadian Pavilion

The 1939 World's Fair made a strong impression on attendees and influenced a generation of Americans. Later generations have attempted to recapture the impression it made in fictional and artistic treatments.

Film and television

• Finale of the 1939 film Eternally Yours takes place in the fair
• In Walt Disney's Pinocchio (1940), the pool hall on Pleasure Island is shaped as an eight ball, with a cue next to it, a parody of the Trylon and Perisphere of the 1939 World's Fair.
• In the film Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941), a comedy directed by Alfred Hitchcock, Carole Lombard and Gene Raymond visit the fair after a dinner date and find themselves stuck high in the air on the Parachute Jump when it malfunctions.
• The 1984 documentary
  archival footage
  of said fair.
• The 1997 Pinky and the Brain episode "Mice Don't Dance" (3-11a) takes place in the 1939 World's Fair.
• The Twilight Zone Season 2 episode "The Odyssey of Flight 33" (1961) follows Flight 33 lost in time and briefly in 1939, with a sky view of the World's Fair. However, the pilot incorrectly identifies the location as Lake Success, which actually is in Nassau County, not Queens County.
• In The Simpsons 2003 episode "Brake My Wife, Please", Mr. Burns gives Homer a ticket to the fair as a reward for being the first employee to arrive at work that day. The ticket shown features the Trylon and Perisphere, as well as the opening and closing dates of the fair.
• In the 2011 film Captain America: The First Avenger, a very similar "World Exposition of Tomorrow" is featured at the same Flushing Meadows location, albeit in 1943, a year when no World Fair was held anywhere due to World War II.
• Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) features “The World Of The Future” fair, Gotham City's version. It provides inspiration for the Batmobile to Bruce Wayne, and later serves as a hideout for The Joker.
• TV show Futurama's namesake comes from the Futurama pavilion^[75]
• In the 1992 film Forever Young, Nat (Elijah Wood) explains to Daniel (Mel Gibson) that what he is watching is called "television". Daniel replies to a disbelieving Nat, "I know, I saw it at the World's Fair in 1939."
• The X-files references the 1939 World Fair in season 2 episode 12

Literature

• E.B. White recounts a visit to the fair in his 1939 essay "The World of Tomorrow".^[76]
• The still under-construction fair was the focus of the entire book The World's Fair Goblin (1939);
• DC Comics published a 1939 New York World's Fair Comics comic book, followed by a 1940 edition in the next year. It became the precursor of the long-running Superman/Batman team-up book World's Finest Comics.
• Pulp Era who used scientific detection in his adventures, was seen as a perfect match for the fair's "world of the future" concept. President Grover Whalen to do a Grand Opening cross promotion with the publisher, Street & Smith.^{[citation needed]} The still under-construction fair appeared in the finale of The Giggling Ghosts (1938).^{[citation needed}
  ]
• In the novel The Nick of Time (1985) by George Alec Effinger, the main character travels through time to the fair and relives the same day over and over before he is rescued from the future.
• In the novel The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay (2000) by Michael Chabon, one of the main characters breaks into the abandoned fairgrounds and the Perisphere.
• The fair is featured prominently in the graphic novel Whatever Happened to the World of Tomorrow? by Brian Fies. In it, a father takes his young son to the fair which inspires him to a lifelong fascination with the promise of a hopeful, wonder-filled future.^{[citation needed]}
• Australian novelist and scriptwriter Frank Moorhouse places several chapters of his award-winning novel Dark Palace at the World's Fair. The novel's protagonist, Edith Campbell Berry, works for the League of Nations and in one episode she is presented as the driving force behind the flying of the League's flag alongside those of the United States and the State of New York.
• The World's Fair
  (1985) culminates with a lengthy description of a young boy's visit to the Fair.
• DC Comics' All-Star Squadron (1981–1987) started using the Perisphere and Trylon as the Squadron's base of operations starting in All-Star Squadron #21.
• Susie Orman Schnall's novel We Came Here to Shine (St. Martin's Press Griffin 2020) is historical fiction set at the 1939 World's Fair. The novel features two main characters: Vivi works as Aquabelle Number One in Billy Rose's Aquacade. Max is a journalist for the fair's daily paper, Today at the Fair.
• Before Tomorrowland, the novel prequel to the 2015 film Tomorrowland is set around the 1939 New York World's Fair, where the Plus Ultra organization originally planned to reveal their existence until conflict with Nazi spies resulted in them backing out.

Other

• Three French restaurants—La Caravelle, Le Pavillon, and La Côte Basque—were offshoots "of the seminal restaurant in the French pavilion of the 1939 New York World's Fair, where Charles Masson père began as a waiter under the eye of the legendary Henri Soulé".^[77]

Archives

An archive of documents and films from the 1939 New York World's Fair is maintained at the New York Public Library (NYPL).^[78]

In October 2010, the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C. opened an exhibition titled Designing Tomorrow: America's World's Fairs of the 1930s.^[79] This exhibition, which was available for view until September 2011, prominently featured the 1939 New York World's Fair.

See also

• Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations – 1853 World's Fair in Bryant Park, New York City
• List of world expositions

References

Notes

1. ^ "1939 New York World's Fair". www.1939nyworldsfair.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
2. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4
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3. ISSN 0362-4331
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4. ^ Curtis, Adam. The Century of the Self, part 1 of 4.
5. JSTOR 2713269
   .
6. ^ Sagan, The Demon-Haunted World 1996:404.
7. ^ Brenner, Anita (April 10, 1938). "America creates American murals". New York Times Magazine: 10–11, 18–19.
8. ^ "New York World's Fair 1939". LOC's Public Domain Archive. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
9. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot, "History of United States Naval Operations in World War II – Volume III: The Rising Sun in the Pacific 1931 – April 1942", Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1948, 1988, page 38.
10. ^ ^{a b} Barnouw, E. (1990). Tube of plenty: The evolution of American television (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press
11. OCLC 1447704
    . Retrieved March 1, 2007.
12. YouTube
13. ^ Abbattista, Guido; Iannuzzi, Giulia (2016). "World Expositions as Time Machines: Two Views of the Visual Construction of Time between Anthropology and Futurama". World History Connected. 13 (3).
14. JSTOR 4239455
    .
15. ISBN 1-55553-472-4
    ).
16. ^ Bliss, Sir A. (1939) Concerto for Piano and Orchestra. London: Novello and Company, Limited.
17. ^ "Waylande Gregory: Art Deco Ceramics and the Atomic Impulse - University Museums - University of Richmond". Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
18. ^ "Vermeer's Masterpiece The Milkmaid". Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2009. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
19. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4
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20. ^
    OCLC 575567
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21. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7385-6534-7
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22. ^ "Sculpture". Joseph Kiselewski. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
23. ISBN 9781616205188
    .
24. ^ "The Greek pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair". Markessinis, Andreas, (2013), p. 6
25. ^
    ISSN 2211-6257
    .
26. OCLC 56796579
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27. ^ Čapková, Helena, (2014)Transnational Networkers—Iwao and Michiko Yamawaki and the Formation of Japanese Modernist Design in Journal of Design History vol.27, no.4
28. ^ ^{a b} "Jewish Palestine Pavilion". www.1939nyworldsfair.com. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
29. ^ "1940 Jewish Palestine Pavilion Catalog". www.1939nyworldsfair.com. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
30. ^ "Netherlands – The Government Zone". 1939 New York World's Fair. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
31. ^ Martha Gil-Montero, Brazilian Bombshell (Donald Fine, Inc., 1989)
32. ^ 1939 World's Fair Collection, Henry Madden Library Special Collections, California State University, Fresno
33. ^ Steam locomotive Pm36-1 https://www.konstrukcjeinzynierskie.pl/wybor-redakcji/16-tematyka/historia/87-polska-myl-techniczna-na-expo39?showall=1
34. ^ "När Dalahästen blev en svensk symbol i världen | Svensk Form" (in Swedish). Retrieved July 7, 2022.
35. ISBN 978-2-86770-068-2
    .
36. ISSN 0362-4331
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37. ^ "Boro Veterans Plan to Give Fair a Flagpole". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 31, 1939. p. 7. Retrieved July 14, 2019 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com .
38. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved July 18, 2019.
39. ^ "Big Carillon For Fair to be Built by Deagan" (PDF). The Diapason. 30 (2): 2. January 1, 1939. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
40. ^ "Stephen Foster CSO - Carillon". www.stephenfostercso.org. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
41. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4
    .
42. ^ "Bill of the Play: Railroads on Parade – A Pageant Drama of Transportation" (PDF). 1939nyworldsfair.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
43. ^ "Coronation Scot – Trains on Display". Archived from the original on September 7, 2012.
44. ISBN 0-04-385053-7
45. ISSN 0362-4331
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46. ^ ^{a b} "Steeplechase Park Highlights". Parachute Jump: NYC Parks. June 26, 1939. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
47. ^ "39 NYWF legacy". The World's Fair Community.
48. ^ "Frank Buck's Jungleland". Archived from the original on July 16, 2009. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
49. ISBN 978-1-56898-359-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
50. ^ "Salvador Dalí's Dream of Venus". Louise Weinberg, Queens Museum
51. ISSN 0362-4331
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52. ^ "lama temple image". 1939nyworldsfair.com. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
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Further reading

• James Mauro (2010). Twilight At The World of Tomorrow: Genius, Madness, Murder, and the 1939 World's Fair on the Brink of War. Ballantine Books.
  ISBN 978-0-345-51214-7
  .
• World's Fairs on the Eve of War: Science, Technology, and Modernity, 1937–1942 by Robert H. Kargon and others, 2015, University of Pittsburgh Press
• Wright, Christopher C. (1986). "The U.S. Fleet at the New York World's Fair, 1939: Some Photographs from the Collection of the Late William H. Davis". Warship International. XXIII (3): 273–285.
  ISSN 0043-0374
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1939 New York World's Fair.

• New York World's 1939–1940 records, 1935–1945 Manuscripts and Archives, New York Public Library.
• Official website of the BIE
• Tour of the 1939 World's Fair
• 1939-1940 New York World's Fair Poster Stamps
• WNYC Broadcasts from the 1939-1940 New York World's Fair