1944

1944 in various
Minguo calendar
	ROC 33; 民國33年
Nanakshahi calendar	476
Thai solar calendar	2487
Tibetan calendar	阴水羊年; (female Water-Goat); 2070 or 1689 or 917; — to —; 阳木猴年; (male Wood-Monkey); 2071 or 1690 or 918

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	19th century; 20th century ; 21st century;
Decades:	1920s; 1930s; 1940s ; 1950s; 1960s;
Years:	1941; 1942; 1943; 1944 ; 1945; 1946; 1947;

1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1944th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 944th year of the 2nd millennium, the 44th year of the 20th century, and the 5th year of the 1940s decade.

Events

Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.

January

Operation Shingle

, late January 1944.

January 2 – WWII:
- French Army B, part of the Sixth United States Army Group
  in North Africa.
- Landing at Saidor: 13,000 US and Australian troops land on Papua New Guinea, in an attempt to cut off a Japanese retreat.
Philippine Commonwealth troops enter the province of Ilocos Sur in northern Luzon
and attack Japanese forces.

January 11
- President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt proposes a Second Bill of Rights for social and economic security, in his State of the Union address.
- The Nazi German administration expands Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp into the larger standalone Konzentrationslager Plaszow bei Krakau in occupied Poland.
Marrakech
.
Novgorod
.
January 15
- WWII: The
  27th Polish Home Army Infantry Division is re-created, marking the start of Operation Tempest by the Polish Home Army
  , a resistance force.
- 1944 San Juan earthquake: An earthquake hits San Juan, Argentina, killing an estimated 10,000 people, in the worst natural disaster in Argentina's history.
January 17 – WWII:
- The
  Gustav Line south of Rome. The French Expeditionary Corps, under command of General Alphonse Juin, moves into the mountains north of Monte Cassino.^[1]
- The
  Mosin–Nagant 1891/30 sniper rifle
  .

January 20 – WWII:
- The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin.
- The United States 36th Infantry Division in Italy attempts to cross the Rapido River.
Operation Shingle: The Allies begin the assault on Anzio, Italy. The U.S. 45th Infantry Division
stand their ground at Anzio against violent assaults for four months.

January 25 – A total solar eclipse is visible in Pacific Ocean, South America, Atlantic Ocean and Africa, the 48th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 130.
January 27 – WWII:
- The two-year Siege of Leningrad is lifted.
- guided missile, from a German aircraft off Anzio
  , western Italy, with the loss of 46 men.

Nazi occupied Lithuania

.

January 30 – WWII:
- The Battle of Cisterna opens, as United States Army Rangers attempt to break out of the Anzio beachhead.
- United States troops invade
  Majuro, Marshall Islands
  .
January 31 – WWII: Battle of Kwajalein: American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands, in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands.

February

The Zadran tribe rises up against the Afghan government, starting the Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947.^[2]
February 2 – The first issue of Human Events is published in Washington, D.C.
February 3 – WWII: United States troops capture the Marshall Islands.
February 7 – WWII: At Anzio, German forces launch a counteroffensive.
February 8 – WWII:
- 2,765 drown when American
  Lima Maru.^[3]
- 2,670 drown when British submarine HMS Sportsman torpedoes German-captured Petrella carrying Italian prisoners of war.^[4]
February 14 – WWII: An anti-Japanese revolt breaks out on Java.
February 15 – WWII: Battle of Monte Cassino – The monastery atop Monte Cassino is destroyed by Allied bombing.
February 17 – WWII: Pacific War – The Battle of Eniwetok begins when U.S. forces invade the atoll in the Marshall Islands.
February 18 – WWII: British light cruiser HMS Penelope is torpedoed and sunk by U-410 in the Mediterranean; 417 of her crew, including the captain, go down with the ship; 206 survive.
February 20 – WWII:
- The "Big Week" begins, with American bomber raids on German aircraft manufacturing centers.
- The United States takes
  Eniwetok Atoll
  .
- Norwegian resistance sinks train ferry SF Hydro which is carrying a shipment of heavy water from the Vemork plant to Germany along Tinnsjå in Telemark
  .

US Army Air Forces

in Europe and Africa.

February 23 – WWII:
- Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush ("Operation Lentil"): Forced deportation of Chechens and Ingush people from North Caucasus to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia by the Soviet authorities begins.
- The
  Eniwetok Atoll
  .
February 24 – WWII: American submarine USS Rasher torpedoes Japanese transports Ryūsei Maru and Tango Maru; 7,998 drown.^[5]
February 26
- Theresienstadt concentration camp. He and many others who are featured in it are transferred to Auschwitz
  and gassed upon the film's completion.
- captain, in the United States Navy Nurse Corps
  .

February 29 – WWII: Pacific War – The Admiralty Islands campaign (Operation Brewer) opens when U.S. forces land on Los Negros Island in the Admiralty Islands.

March

March – Austrian-born economist Friedrich Hayek publishes his book The Road to Serfdom in London.
March 1 – WWII: American submarine USS Trout torpedoes Japanese merchant cruiser Sakito Maru; 2,495 drown.^[6]
March 2 – The 16th Academy Awards Ceremony is held, the first Oscar ceremony held at a large public venue, Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Casablanca, directed by Michael Curtiz, wins the Award for Best Picture.
USSR
.
Louis Buchalter, the leader of 1930s crime syndicate Murder, Inc., is executed at Sing Sing, in Ossining, New York, along with Emanuel Weiss and Louis Capone
.

March 6 – WWII: Soviet Army planes attack Narva, Estonia, destroying over 95% of the town.^[7]
March 9 – WWII: Soviet Army planes attack Tallinn, Estonia, killing 757 and leaving 25,000 homeless.
March 10
- In Britain, the prohibition on married women working as teachers is lifted.^[8]
- Resistance leader Joop Westerweel is arrested while returning to the Netherlands, having escorted a group of Jewish children to safety in Spain.
March 12 – WWII: The Political Committee of National Liberation is created in Greece.
March 15
- WWII: Battle of Monte Cassino: Allied aircraft bomb the monastery, and an assault is staged.
- WWII: The National Council of the French Resistance approves the Resistance programme.
- The Soviet Union introduces a new anthem, replacing The Internationale.
March 18
- The last eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Italy kills 26, and causes thousands to flee their homes.
- WWII: The Nazis execute almost 400 prisoners, Soviet citizens and anti-
  fascist Romanians at Rîbnița
  .

March 19
- WWII:
  Operation Margarethe
  : German forces occupy Hungary.
- The secular oratorio A Child of Our Time by Michael Tippett is premiered at the Adelphi Theatre in London.^[9]^[10]
March 20 – WWII:
- United States Marines land on Emirau Island in the Bismarck Archipelago to develop an airbase, as part of Operation Cartwheel
  .
- British Royal Air Force Flight Sergeant Nicholas Alkemade's bomber is hit over Germany, and he has to bail out without a parachute from a height of over 4,000 meters (13,123 ft). Tree branches interrupt his fall and he lands safely on deep snow.
Nazis
marching in Via Rasella, killing 33.
March 24 – WWII:
- Italian Resistance
  from various groups.
- In Markowa, Poland, German police kill Józef and Wiktoria Ulm, their 6 children and 8 Jews they were hiding.
- The "Great Escape": 76 Royal Air Force prisoners of war escape by tunnel "Harry" from Stalag Luft III in Silesia this night. Only 3 men (2 Norwegians and a Dutchman) return to the UK; of those recaptured, 50 are summarily executed soon afterwards, in the Stalag Luft III murders.^[11]
March 27 – In Sweden, Ruben Rausing patents Erik Wallenberg's method of packaging milk in paper, origin of the international company Tetra Pak.^[12]

April

April 1 – The Swiss city of Schaffhausen is accidentally bombed by the United States causing serious damage to the city and killing or wounding more than 100 people.^[13]
Gare d'Ascq
in France.
April 4 WWII:
- Allied bombardment of Bucharest, Romania begins. The United States Air Force and British Royal Air Force, with approximately 3,640 bombers of different types, accompanied by about 1,830 fighters bomb Romania for the following 4½ months. As collateral damage, 5,524 inhabitants are killed, 3,373 injured, and 47,974 left homeless.
- An Allied photoreconnaissance aircraft of 60 Squadron SAAF photographs part of Auschwitz concentration camp.
April 10
- The Holocaust: Rudolf Vrba and Alfréd Wetzler escape from Auschwitz concentration camp; on April 25–27 they prepare the Vrba–Wetzler report, one of the earliest and most detailed descriptions of the extermination of Jews in the camp.
- WWII: As part of the
  Odessa in Southern Ukraine.^[14]

April 14
- Bombay
  (India), sinking surrounding ships and killing around 800 people.
- WWII: As part of the Japanese-supported Axis forces led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, fighting for India's liberation from British rule, Col. Shaukat Ali Malik of the Bahadur Group of the Indian National Army enters Moirang in modern-day Manipur in northeastern India and raises the flag of the Azri Hukumat e-Azad Hind for the first time on Indian soil. This is considered to be one of the first times in British Indian history where an army of liberation raises the national flag on Indian mainland.^[15]
April 15 – Italian fascist philosopher Giovanni Gentile is assassinated in Florence by Bruno Fanciullacci, a member of the partisan Gruppi di Azione Patriottica.
April 16 – WWII: Allied forces start bombing Belgrade, killing about 1,100 people. This bombing falls on the Orthodox Christian Easter.
April 19 – WWII:
- The Japanese launch the Operation Ichi-Go offensive in central and south China.
- Semaine rouge: American and British planes bomb the city of Rouen.
April 20
- Members of
  Bežigrad stadium
  .
April 22 – WWII: Battle of Hollandia: American forces disembark at Tanahmerah Bay and at Yos Sudarso Bay, near Hollandia. The landings are undertaken simultaneously with the amphibious invasion of Aitape ("Operation Persecution") to the east.^[16]
April 25
- The Holocaust:
  SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann opens "blood for goods" negotiations with Joel Brand, to offer the release of thousands of Jews from eastern Europe to the Hungarian Aid and Rescue Committee, in exchange for supplies for the German Eastern Front
  .
- The
  United Negro College Fund is incorporated in the United States
  .

April 26 – WWII:
- German General Kreipe is kidnapped on Crete
  , Greece.
- American submarine USS Jack torpedoes Japanese cargo carrier Yoshida Maru No. 1; 2,649 drown.^[17]
April 28 – WWII: Allied convoy T4, forming part of amphibious Exercise Tiger (a full-scale rehearsal for the Normandy landings) in Start Bay, off the Devon coast of England, is attacked by E-boats, resulting in the deaths of 749 American servicemen from LSTs.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

May

The prime ministers of Britain and the four major dominions at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference, May 1, 1944.

May – Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist drama No Exit (Huis Clos) premières in Nazi-occupied Paris.
are shot by the Germans at Kaisariani, Athens, Greece, in reprisal for the killing of General Franz Krech by Partisans at Molaoi
.

Mohandas Gandhi

is released from jail in India, on health grounds.

Hitler to “fight to the last man.”^[22]

May 12 – WWII: Soviet troops finalize the liberation of the Crimea.
21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian) round up 281 Jews in Pristina, and hand them over to the Germans for transportation to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
.

Nazi concentration camps

.

May 18 – WWII:
- Polish II Corps
  , take the stronghold after a struggle that has claimed 20,000 lives.
- Crimean Tatars are deported by the Soviet Union.
May 24 – WWII: West Loch disaster: Six LSTs are accidentally destroyed and 163 men killed, in Pearl Harbor.
May 30 – Princess Charlotte Louise Juliette Louvet Grimaldi of Monaco, heir to the throne, resigns in favor of her son Prince Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi, who later reigns as Prince Rainier III of Monaco.
anti-submarine
warfare performance remains unmatched through the 20th century.

June

D-Day

.

French Morocco, with two stops.^[23]

June 2 – WWII: The Provisional Government of the French Republic is established.
June 3 – Hans Asperger publishes his paper on Asperger syndrome.^[24]^[25]
June 4 – WWII:
- Rome falls to the Allies, the first Axis capital to fall.
- A hunter-killer group of the United States Navy captures the German submarine U-505, marking the first time a U.S. Navy vessel has captured an enemy vessel at sea since the War of 1812. Some significant intelligence data is acquired.
June 5 – WWII:
- The German navy's Enigma messages are decoded in England almost in real time.
- British
  Group Captain James Stagg correctly forecasts a brief improvement in weather conditions over the English Channel, which will permit the following day's Normandy landings
  to take place (having been deferred from today due to unfavourable weather).
- At 10:15 p.m. local time, the BBC transmits coded messages including the second line of the Paul Verlaine poem "Chanson d'automne" to the French Resistance, indicating that the invasion of Europe is about to begin.^[26]^[27]
- More than 1,000 British bombers drop 5,000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries on the
  D-Day
  .
- US and British airborne divisions drop into Normandy, in preparation for D-Day.
- D-Day naval deceptions are launched.
Invasion of Normandy. The Allied soldiers quickly break through the Atlantic Wall and push inland, in the largest amphibious military
operation in history. This operation helps liberate France from Germany, and also weakens the Nazi hold on Europe.

June 7 – WWII:
- Bayeux is liberated by British troops.
- Operation Perch, a British attempt to capture Caen from the Germans, commences; it is abandoned on June 14.
- The steamer Danae (Greek: Δανάη), carrying 600 Cretans (including 350 Greek Jews) on the first leg of the journey to Auschwitz, is sunk, with no known survivors, off Santorini.
- Joel Brand is intercepted by British agents in Aleppo.
Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive
against Finland, with the intent of defeating Finland before pushing for Berlin.
June 10 – WWII: Oradour-sur-Glane massacre: 642 men, women and children are killed in France.
June 13 – WWII: Germany launches the first V-1 flying bomb attack on London.^[28]
June 15 – WWII: Battle of Saipan: United States forces land on Saipan.
June 15–16 – WWII: Bombing of Yawata – The United States Army Air Forces conduct the first air raid on the Japanese home islands.
African-American teenage boy George Stinney Jr. becomes the youngest person ever executed by electric chair
in the United States.

June 17 – Iceland declares full independence from Denmark.
June 19 – WWII: A severe storm badly damages the Mulberry harbours on the Normandy coast.
June 20 – WWII: A V-2 rocket becomes the first man-made object to cross the Kármán line and reach the edge of space.^[29]
June 22 – WWII:
- Operation Bagration: A general attack by Soviet forces clears the German forces from Belarus, resulting in the destruction of German Army Group Centre, possibly the greatest defeat of the Wehrmacht during WWII.
- Burma Campaign: The Battle of Kohima
  ends in a British victory.

Theresienstadt concentration camp, uncritically accepting the propaganda view of it presented by the Schutzstaffel
.

June 25 – WWII:
- Battle of Tali-Ihantala (the largest battle ever in the Nordic countries
  ): Finland is able to resist the Soviet attack, and thus manages to remain an independent nation.
- Cherbourg is bombarded by ships of the United States Navy and British Royal Navy, in support of U.S. ground troops.
June 26 – WWII: American troops enter Cherbourg.
June 29 – WWII: American submarine USS Sturgeon torpedoes Japanese troop transport Toyama Maru; 5,400 drown.^[4]
June 30 – WWII: American submarine USS Tang torpedoes Japanese troop transport SS Nikkin Maru; 3,219 drown.^[30]

July

July–October – WWII: Germans are driven out of Lithuania leading to reimposition of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.
United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference begins at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire
, United States.

July 3 – WWII:
- Soviet troops liberate Minsk.
- Battle of Imphal: Japanese forces call off their advance, ending the battle with a British victory.
Camp Hood, Texas, future baseball star and 1st Lt. Jackie Robinson is arrested and later court-martialed
, for refusing to move to the back of a segregated U.S. Army bus (he is eventually acquitted).

July 9 – WWII: British and Canadian forces capture Caen.
July 10–11 – WWII: Operation Jupiter during the Battle of Normandy of World War II: British strategic victory over German Panzer Corps.
July 10 – WWII: Soviet troops begin operations to liberate the Baltic countries from Nazi occupation.
July 12–21 – WWII: Dortan massacre – 35–36 French civilians are killed by Ostlegionen (Cossacks) serving with the Wehrmacht.
July 13 – WWII: Vilnius is freed by Soviet forces.
July 16 – WWII: The first contingent of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force arrives in Italy.
July 17 – WWII:
- The largest convoy of the war embarks from Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, under Royal Canadian Navy protection.
- Port Chicago disaster: The SS E. A. Bryan, loaded with ammunition, explodes at the Port Chicago, California, Naval Magazine, killing 320 sailors and civilian personnel.
July 18 – WWII:
- American forces push back the Germans in Saint-Lô, capturing the city.
- British forces launch Operation Goodwood, an armoured offensive aimed at driving the Germans from the high ground to the south of Caen. The offensive ends 2 days later with minimal gains.
- Hideki Tōjō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan due to numerous setbacks in the war effort and is succeeded on July 22 by Kuniaki Koiso
  .

July 20
- WWII: Adolf Hitler survives the 20 July plot to assassinate him led by Claus von Stauffenberg; he and his fellow conspirators in this and Operation Valkyrie are executed the following day.
- The annular solar eclipse of July 20, 1944 is visible in Africa, Indian Ocean, Asia, Pacific Ocean and Australia, and is the 35th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 135.
July 21 – WWII:
- Battle of Guam: American troops land on Guam (the battle ends August 10).
- The Soviet-sponsored Polish Committee of National Liberation is created, in opposition to the Polish government-in-exile.
July 22
- The Bretton Woods Conference ends with agreements signed to set up the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and International Monetary Fund.
- The new Polish Committee of National Liberation publishes the PKWN Manifesto in Chełm, calling for a continuation of fighting against Nazi Germany, radical reforms including nationalisation of industry, and a "decent border in the West" (the Oder–Neisse line).
- United States v. Masaaki Kuwabara,^{Japanese American
  draft avoidance case to be dismissed on a due process violation of the U.S. Constitution.}
July 24 – The Holocaust: Majdanek concentration camp is liberated by the Soviet Red Army and much incriminating evidence of the atrocities committed there is found.^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]
July 25 – WWII:
- Operation Spring: One of the bloodiest days for Canadian forces during the war results in 1,550 casualties, including 450 killed, during the Normandy Campaign.
- Operation Cobra: American forces launch an air and ground offensive against the German defenders in western Normandy, forcing them to retreat.
- Battle of Tannenberg Line (or "Battle of the Blue Hills") in northeastern Estonia begins: The Red Army will gain a Pyrrhic victory by August 10.
July 26 – WWII: A Messerschmitt Me 262 becomes the first jet fighter aircraft to have an operational victory.^[36]
Brest-Litovsk
.
July 31 – WWII: American submarine USS Parche torpedoes Japanese troop transport Yoshino Maru; 2,495 drown.^[6]

August

Batalion Zośka, August 5, 1944.

Crowds of French people line the Champs Élysées following the Liberation of Paris

, August 26, 1944.

August 1 – WWII: The Warsaw Uprising begins.
August 2 – WWII:
- Turkey
  ends diplomatic and economic relations with Germany.
- The First Assembly of
  ASNOM (the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the People's Liberation of Macedonia) is held in the Prohor Pčinjski monastery
  .

Tripartite system of education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.^[37]

August 4 – WWII:
- The Holocaust: A tip from a Dutch informer leads the Gestapo to a sealed-off area in an Amsterdam warehouse, where they find Jewish diarist Anne Frank, her family, and others in hiding. All will die in captivity, except for Otto Frank, Anne's father.^[38]
- The Finnish Parliament, by derogation, elects Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim as President of Finland to replace Risto Ryti, who has resigned.^[39]
August 5 – WWII:
- The Warsaw Uprising:
  - The Wola massacre begins. Between now and August 12, 40,000 to 50,000 Polish civilians will be indiscriminately massacred by occupying SS troops.
  - The Holocaust: Polish insurgents liberate a German labor camp in Warsaw, freeing 348 Jewish prisoners.
- Cowra breakout: Over 500 Japanese prisoners of war attempt a mass breakout from the Cowra camp in Australia. In the ensuing manhunt, 231 Japanese escapees and four Australian soldiers are killed.
August 7 – IBM dedicates the first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the Harvard Mark I).
Wartime Advertising Council release the first posters featuring Smokey Bear
.

August 12 – WWII:
- The Allies capture Florence, Italy.
- oil pipeline
  is laid between England and France.
August 15 – WWII: Operation Dragoon lands Allies in southern France. The U.S. 45th Infantry Division participates in its fourth assault landing at Sainte-Maxime, spearheading the drive for the Belfort Gap.
August 18 – WWII: American submarine USS Rasher sinks Teia Maru, Eishin Maru, Teiyu Maru, and aircraft carrier Taiyō from Japanese convoy HI71, in one of the most effective American "wolfpack" attacks of the war.^[40]
August 19 – WWII:
- American submarine USS Spadefish torpedoes Japanese landing craft depot ship Tamatsu Maru; more than 4,400 Japanese servicemen drown.^[41]
- Liberation of Paris starts with resistance forces staging an insurrection against the German occupiers.
August 20 – WWII:
- American forces successfully defeat Nazi forces at
  Falaise Pocket
  .
- 168 captured Allied airmen, including
  KLB Club
  .
August 21
- The Dumbarton Oaks Conference (Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization) opens in Washington, D.C.: U.S., British, Chinese, French and Soviet representatives meet to plan the foundation of the United Nations.^[28]
- WWII:
  Battle of Normandy
  .
August 22 – WWII:
- Akuseki-jima
  , killing 1,484 civilians, including 767 schoolchildren.
- Holocaust of Kedros: German Wehrmacht infantry begin an intimidatory razing operation, killing 164, against the civilian residents of nine villages in the Amari Valley on the occupied Greek island of Crete.
August 23 – WWII:
- King Michael of Romania
  as prime minister of Romania on September 1.
- Padule di Fucecchio massacre: At least 174 Italian civilians are killed by members of the 23rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht) as a reprisal for the wounding of two soldiers.
August 24 – WWII:
- Liberation of Paris: Forces of Free France are the first of the Allies to enter Paris.
- At Buchères in France, men of the 51st SS-Brigade massacre 68 civilians (half of them women) aged from 6 months to above seventy years.^[42]
- Japanese vessels attack and sink the submarine USS Harder off Luzon.
August 25 – WWII:
- German surrender of Paris:The Allies enter Paris in force and General Dietrich von Choltitz surrenders the city to them, in defiance of Hitler's orders to destroy it. This successfully completes Operation Overlord.
- Maillé massacre: 129 civilians (70% women and children) are massacred by the Gestapo at Maillé, Indre-et-Loire.
- Hungary decides to continue the war together with Germany.
- The Red Ball Express convoy system begins operation, supplying tons of materiel to Allied forces in France.
Slovak
National Uprising against the Axis powers begins.
August 31 –
- WWII: The Romanian capital Bucharest is captured by the Red Army.
- The Mad Gasser of Mattoon apparently resumes his mysterious attacks in Mattoon, Illinois for two weeks.

September

Dutch famine ("Hongerwinter") begins, in the occupied northern part of the Netherlands.^[43]

Bagryanov

government resigns.

September 2
- The Holocaust: Diarist Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from Westerbork to Auschwitz concentration camp, arriving 3 days later.
- ¡Hola! magazine is launched in Barcelona.
- The last execution of a Finn in Finland will take place when soldier Olavi Laiho is executed by shooting in Oulu.^[44]
September 3 – WWII: The Allies liberate Brussels.
September 4 – WWII:
- The British 11th Armoured Division liberates the city of Antwerp, Belgium.
- Finland breaks off relations with Germany.
September 5
- WWII: The Soviet Union declares war on Bulgaria.
- Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg constitute Benelux.
Tartu Offensive in Estonia concludes, with Soviet forces capturing Tartu
.

September 7 – WWII:
- The Belgian
  government in exile
  returns to Brussels from London.
- Members of Vichy France's collaborationist government are relocated to Germany where an enclave is established for them in Sigmaringen Castle.
- USS Paddle
  while carrying 750 American prisoners of war; 688 perish.
September 8 – WWII:
- The first V-2 rocket attack on London takes place, launched from The Hague.^[28]
- The French town of Menton is liberated from German forces.
- Bulgaria declares war on Germany.
September 9 – WWII: The Bulgarian government is overthrown by the Fatherland Front coalition, which establishes a pro-Soviet government.
September 10 – WWII: Liberation of Luxembourg.
September 11 – WWII:
- The
  floating dry dock at Bergen (Norway) is sunk by British X-class submarine
  X-24.

September 12 – WWII: Allied forces from Operation Overlord (in northern France) and Operation Dragoon (in the south) link up near Dijon.
Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) and the collaborationist Security Battalions
.

September 14 – The Great Atlantic hurricane makes landfall in the New York City area.
September 15 – WWII: The Battle of Peleliu begins in the Pacific.
September 17 – WWII: Operation Market Garden: Allied airborne landings begin in the Netherlands and Germany.
Italian Campaign – In the Battle of San Marino, British and Empire forces take the occupied neutral republic of San Marino
from the German Army.

September 18 – WWII:
- British submarine HMS Tradewind torpedoes Japanese "hell ship" Jun'yō Maru; 5,620 drown.^[45]
- After German forces declare the evacuation of Estonia the day before, the Estonian national government briefly resumes control of Tallinn before the Soviet advance.
September 19 – WWII:
- The Moscow Armistice between Finland and the Soviet Union is signed, ending the Continuation War.
- The Battle of Hürtgen Forest begins, east of the Belgian–German border.
September 22 – WWII: The Red Army captures Tallinn, Estonia. Prime Minister in Duties of the President of Estonia Jüri Uluots and 80,000 Estonian civilians manage to escape to Sweden and Germany. The evacuees include almost the entire population of Estonian Swedes. Soviet bombing raids on the evacuating ships sink several, with thousands on board.
September 24 – WWII: The U.S. 45th Infantry Division takes the strongly defended city of Épinal in France before crossing the Moselle River and entering the western foothills of the Vosges.
September 26 – WWII:
- Operation Market Garden ends in an Allied withdrawal.
- On the middle front of the Gothic Line, Brazilian troops control the Serchio valley region after 10 days of fighting.

October

October 2 – WWII: Nazi troops end the Warsaw Uprising. This is followed by the Destruction of Warsaw.
puppet government of the Axis powers, the Government of National Salvation in Nazi-occupied Serbia
, is disbanded.

October 5 – WWII: Royal Canadian Air Force pilots shoot down the first German Me 262 over the Netherlands.^{[clarification needed]}
October 6
- WWII: The Battle of Debrecen starts on the Eastern Front, lasting until October 29.
- collaborationist puppet state of the Axis powers, the Government of National Salvation, flees from Belgrade in Nazi-occupied Serbia
  by air together with other Serbian collaborators and German officials, via Hungary to Austria.
- The Holocaust: Members of the Sonderkommando (Jewish work units) in Auschwitz concentration camp stage a revolt, killing 3 SS men before being massacred themselves.
- The Dumbarton Oaks Conference concludes.
October 8 – The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet radio show debuts in the United States.
October 9 – WWII: Fourth Moscow Conference: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin begin a 9-day conference in Moscow, to discuss the future of Europe.
October 10
- Porajmos: 800 Romani children are systematically murdered at the Auschwitz concentration camp
  .
- WWII: Soviet forces reach the Baltic Sea coast in Lithuania, cutting off German Army Group North and creating the Courland Pocket.
October 11 – The Tuvan People's Republic is annexed into the Soviet Union.
October 12
- WWII: The Germans leave Athens, as the first Allied troops and Greek guerrillas enter the city
  'Athenian Liberty' flag raised, on the Acropolis of Athens on the liberation of the city on 12 October 1944
- Canadian Arctic explorer Henry Larsen returns to Vancouver, becoming the first person successfully to navigate the Northwest Passage in both directions, in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police schooner St. Roch. His westbound voyage is the first completed in a single season, and the first passage through the Prince of Wales Strait.^[22]^[46]^[47]
October 13 – WWII:
- Riga, the capital of Latvia, is taken by the Red Army.
- The first
  V-2 rocket attack on Antwerp takes place.^[48]

Field Marshal Erwin Rommel commits forced suicide rather than face public disgrace and execution for allegedly conspiring against Adolf Hitler
.

October 16 – WWII: American bombing of Salzburg destroys the dome of the city's cathedral and most of a Mozart family home.
October 18 – WWII: The Volkssturm Nazi militia is founded, on Adolf Hitler's orders.
Federico Ponce Vaides
by a popular leftist movement.
October 20 – WWII:
- Belgrade Offensive ends when Belgrade is liberated by Yugoslav Partisans, together with the Bulgarian Army and the Red Army, and the remnants of Nedić's collaborationist Serbian puppet state, the Government of National Salvation
  , are abolished.
- American and Filipino troops (with Filipino guerrillas) begin the Battle of Leyte in the Philippines. American forces land on Red Beach in Palo, Leyte, as General Douglas MacArthur returns to the Philippines with Philippine Commonwealth president Sergio Osmeña and Armed Forces of the Philippines Generals Basilio J. Valdes and Carlos P. Romulo. American forces land on the beaches in Dulag, Leyte, accompanied by Filipino troops entering the town, and fiercely opposed by the Japanese occupation forces. The combined forces liberate Tacloban.
- Operation Pheasant begins – an offensive in the Netherlands which supports the ongoing Battle of the Scheldt.
October 21 – WWII: Aachen, the first German city to fall, is captured by American troops.
October 23–26 – WWII: Naval Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines – In the largest naval battle in history by most criteria and the last naval battle in history between battleships,^[49] combined United States and Australian naval forces decisively defeat the Imperial Japanese Navy. This is the first battle in which Japanese aircraft carry out organized kamikaze attacks.^[50]
October 24
- Battle of Leyte Gulf: The Japanese battleship Musashi is sunk by United States aircraft.
- The Allies recognise Charles de Gaulle's cabinet as the provisional government of France.
October 25
- WWII: The Red Army liberates Kirkenes, the first town in Norway to be liberated.
- WWII:
  Formosa Strait by one of her own torpedoes. Medal of Honor-winning submarine ace Richard O'Kane becomes a prisoner of war
  .
- 76-year-old American amateur soprano Florence Foster Jenkins gives a sell-out public recital in Carnegie Hall, New York. The audience and press are scathing: "she can sing everything except notes".^[51] 5 days later she suffers a fatal heart attack, dying at home on November 26.
October 27 – WWII: German forces capture Banská Bystrica, the center of anti-Nazi opposition in Slovakia, bringing the Slovak National Uprising to an end.
October 30
- The Holocaust: Anne Frank and her sister Margot are deported from Auschwitz to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.
- Appalachian Spring, a ballet by Martha Graham with music by Aaron Copland, debuts at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., with Graham in the lead role.
October 31 – Serial killer Dr Marcel Petiot is apprehended at a Paris Métro station after 7 months on the run.

November

November 1–December 7 – Delegates of 52 nations meet at the International Civil Aviation Conference in Chicago, to plan for postwar international cooperation, framing the constitution of the International Civil Aviation Organization.
November 3 – WWII: Two supreme commanders of the Slovak National Uprising, Generals Ján Golian and Rudolf Viest, are captured, tortured and later executed by German forces.
November 7
- 1944 United States presidential election: Franklin D. Roosevelt wins reelection over Republican challenger Thomas E. Dewey, becoming the only U.S. president elected to a fourth term.
- Aguadilla
  due to excessive speed on a downgrade; 16 are killed, 50 injured.
November 10 – WWII: Ammunition ship USS Mount Hood disintegrates from the accidental detonation of 3,800 tons of cargo, in the Seeadler Harbor fleet anchorage at Manus Island. 22 small boats are destroyed, 36 nearby ships damaged, 432 men are killed and 371 more are injured.^[52]
November 11
- Operational ships of the French Navy re-enter their base at Toulon.^{[citation needed]}
- The
  1942–44 musicians' strike ends in the United States when RCA Victor and Columbia Records
  capitulate to the union's demands.

November 12 – WWII: Operation Catechism – German battleship Tirpitz is sunk by British Royal Air Force Lancaster bombers near Tromsø in Norway.^[28] Estimated casualties range from 950 to 1,204.
November 14 – WWII: American submarine USS Queenfish torpedoes Japanese aircraft carrier Akitsu Maru in the East China Sea; 2,246 drown.^[53]
November 16 – WWII: U.S. forces begin the month-long Operation Queen in the Rur Valley.
November 18
- The Popular Socialist Youth is founded in Cuba.
- WWII: American submarine USS Picuda torpedoes Japanese landing craft depot ship Mayasan Maru; 3,546 drown.^[53]
November 22
- Conscription Crisis: Prime Minister of Canada William Mackenzie King agrees a one-time conscription levy in Canada for overseas service.
- Laurence Olivier's film Henry V, based on Shakespeare's play, opens in London. It is the most acclaimed and the most successful movie version of a Shakespeare play made up to this time, and the first in Technicolor. Olivier both stars and directs.^[54]
evacuate from the West Estonian Archipelago
.
November 27
- largest non-nuclear explosions in history, and the largest on UK soil.^[55]
- Operation Tigerfish: Royal Air Force bombing of Freiburg im Breisgau kills 2,800.
November 29 – WWII: American submarine USS Archerfish sinks Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano, the largest carrier built to this date, and will remain through the twentieth century the largest ship sunk by a submarine.^[56]

December

Edward Stettinius, Jr. becomes the last United States Secretary of State of the Roosevelt administration, filling the seat left by Cordell Hull
.

December 3 – WWII:
- Communists and royalists in newly liberated Greece, eventually leading to a full-scale Greek Civil War
  .
- The Home Guard (United Kingdom) is stood down.
December 7
- The Convention on International Civil Aviation is signed in Chicago, creating the International Civil Aviation Organization.
- The
  Arab Women's Congress of 1944 is hosted by the Egyptian Feminist Union in Cairo, leading to establishment of the Arab Feminist Union
  .
- An earthquake along the coast of Wakayama Prefecture in Japan causes a tsunami which kills 1223 people.^[57]
Beethoven's Fidelio (minus its spoken dialogue) on NBC Radio, starring Rose Bampton
. He chooses this opera for its political message: a statement against tyranny and dictatorship. Presenting it in German, Toscanini intends it as a tribute to the German people who are being oppressed by Hitler. The second half is broadcast a week later. The performance is later released on LP and CD, the first of 7 operas that Toscanini conducts on radio.

December 12–13 – WWII: British units attempt to take the Italian hilltop town of Tossignano, but are repulsed.
Mindoro Island in the Philippines
.

December 14
- The Soviet government changes Turkish place names to Russian in the
  Crimea
  .
- The film National Velvet is released in the United States, bringing a young Elizabeth Taylor to stardom.
December 15 – A USAAF utility aircraft carrying bandleader Major Glenn Miller disappears in heavy fog over the English Channel, while flying to Paris.
December 16 – WWII:
- Germany begins the Ardennes offensive, later known as the Battle of the Bulge.
- General George C. Marshall becomes the first U.S. Five-Star General.
December 17 – WWII:
- SS troops under Joachim Peiper machine gun American prisoners of war captured during the Battle of the Bulge near Malmedy
  , and elsewhere in Belgium.
- Bombing of Ulm: 707 people are killed and 25,000 left homeless.
December 18 – General Douglas MacArthur becomes the second U.S. Five-Star General.
December 19 – The daily newspaper Le Monde begins publication in Paris.
December 20
- The United States Women Airforce Service Pilots are disbanded.
- General Dwight D. Eisenhower is promoted to the rank of 5-star U.S. Five-Star General.
December 22
- WWII: Brigadier General
  Anthony C. McAuliffe, commander of the U.S. forces defending Bastogne
  , refuses to accept demands for surrender by sending a one-word reply, "Nuts!", to the German command.
- The
  Vietnam People's Army is formed in French Indochina
  .

December 24
- WWII: Troopship SS Léopoldville is sunk in the English Channel by German submarine U-486. Approximately 763 soldiers of the U.S. 66th Infantry Division, bound for the Battle of the Bulge, drown.^[58]
- WWII: German tanks reach the furthest point of the Bulge at Celles.
- WWII: Fifty German V-1 flying bombs, air-launched from Heinkel He 111 bombers flying over the North Sea, target Manchester in England, killing 42 and injuring more than 100 in the Oldham area.^[59]^[60]
- WWII: Bande massacre: 34 men between the ages of 17 and 32 are executed by the Sicherheitsdienst near Bande, Belgium, in retaliation for the killing of 3 German soldiers.
- The first complete U.S. production of Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker is presented in San Francisco, choreographed by Willam Christensen. It will become an annual tradition there, and for the next ten years, the San Francisco Ballet will be the only company in the United States performing the complete work.
December 24–26 –
United States Marines
.
December 26
- WWII: American troops repulse German forces at Bastogne.
- The original stage version of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams premieres in Chicago.
- Esztergom, Hungary, is captured by Soviet forces, beginning the Siege of Budapest.
December 30
- King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving his throne vacant.
- Eddie Selzer
  .

December 31 – WWII: Battle of Leyte – Tens of thousands of Imperial Japanese Army soldiers are killed in action, in a significant Filipino/Allied military victory.

Date unknown

The 1944 Summer Olympics, scheduled for London (together with the February Winter Olympics scheduled for Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy), are suspended due to WWII.

National Committee for Education on Alcoholism, predecessor of the
National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, is established in the United States by Marty Mann
.

Last known evidence of the existence of the
Khuzestan Province, Persia.^[61]

The BC Žalgiris professional basketball club is founded in Kaunas, Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.^[62]

Births

Births

January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January

Omar al-Bashir

Jimmy Page

Carlos Villagrán

Paul Keating

Angela Davis

January 1
President of Sudan

Mohammad Abdul Hamid, President of Bangladesh

Jumabek Ibraimov, 5th Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (d. 1999)

Zafarullah Khan Jamali, Pakistani politician, 15th Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 2020)

Robert Lee Minor, American actor, stunt performer

January 2 – Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Cambodian politician (d. 2021)

January 3 – Chris von Saltza, American swimmer

January 6
Bonnie Franklin, American actress, singer, dancer and television director (d. 2013)

Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Swiss immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

January 7 – Mike Hebert, American volleyball coach (d. 2019)

January 8 – Terry Brooks, American fantasy fiction writer

January 9
Harun Farocki, German filmmaker, author and lecturer (d. 2014)

Ian Hornak, American painter, draughtsman and sculptor (d. 2002)

Jimmy Page, English rock guitarist (Led Zeppelin)

January 10
Rory Byrne, South African engineer and car designer

William Sanderson, American actor

Frank Sinatra Jr., American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2016)^[63]

January 12
Joe Frazier, African-American boxer (d. 2011)

Vlastimil Hort, Czechoslovak-born German chess Grandmaster

Carlos Villagrán, Mexican actor and comedian

Klaus Wedemeier, German politician

January 17
Jan Guillou, Swedish author

Françoise Hardy, French singer

January 18
Paul Keating, 24th Prime Minister of Australia

Alexander Van der Bellen, President of Austria

January 19 – Shelley Fabares, American actress, singer

January 20 – Isao Okano, Japanese judoka

January 23
Sergei Belov, Soviet basketball player (d. 2013)

Rutger Hauer, Dutch actor, writer and environmentalist (d. 2019)

January 24
David Gerrold, American screenwriter and novelist

Klaus Nomi, German singer (d. 1983)

January 25
Sally Beauman, English journalist and novelist (d. 2016)

Evan Chandler, American screenwriter and dentist (suicide 2009
)

January 26
Angela Davis, African-American political activist, academic and author^[64]

Penn State
coach

January 27
Peter Akinola, Nigerian religious leader

Mairead Maguire, Northern Irish peace activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize

Nick Mason, English rock drummer (Pink Floyd)

January 28
Susan Howard, American actress

Rosalía Mera, Spanish fashion retailer (Zara) (d. 2013)

John Tavener, English composer (d. 2013)

January 29 – Susana Giménez, Argentinian television presenter

January 31 – Connie Booth, American writer, actress

February

Stockard Channing

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Jerry Springer

February 2
Andrew Davis, English conductor (d. 2024)

Geoffrey Hughes, English actor (d. 2012)

Oqil Oqilov, Tajikistani politician, 7th Prime Minister of Tajikistan

February 4
Punch Gunalan, Malaysian badminton star (d. 2012)

Maruja Carrasco, Spanish botanist and academic (d. 2018)

February 5
Al Kooper, American rock musician (Blood, Sweat & Tears)

Thekla Carola Wied, German actress

February 8
Bunky Henry, American professional golfer (d. 2018)

Roger Lloyd-Pack, English actor (d. 2014)

February 9 – Alice Walker, African-American novelist, writer, poet and activist

February 10
Academy Award-winning composer and lyricist (d. 1992
)

Jean-Daniel Cadinot, French photographer, director and producer (d. 2008)

Michael G. Oxley, American politician (d. 2016
)

February 12 – Moe Bandy, American country music singer

February 13
Stockard Channing, American actress

Michael Ensign, American actor

Jerry Springer, English-born American politician and television personality (d. 2023)

February 14
Carl Bernstein, American journalist

Marie-Denise Fabien Jean-Louis, Haitian physician and politician^[65]

Sir Alan Parker, English film director, producer, actor and writer (d. 2020)

Hong Shin-seon, Korean poet

February 15
Mick Avory, English rock drummer (The Kinks)

Dzhokhar Dudayev, Chechen leader, first President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (d. 1996)

February 16
Richard Ford, American fiction writer

President of Cape Verde (d. 2016
)

February 17
Karl Jenkins, Welsh composer^[66]

Bernie Grant, British Labour Party MP (d. 2000)

February 19 – Donald F. Glut, American writer, film director and screenwriter

February 20
Abdul Hamid Zainal Abidin, Malaysian politician and diplomat (d. 2014)

Willem van Hanegem, Dutch footballer and coach

February 22
Jonathan Demme, American film director, producer and writer (d. 2017)

Tom Okker, Dutch tennis player

Robert Kardashian, American attorney and businessman (d. 2003)

February 23 – Johnny Winter, American rock musician (d. 2014)

February 24
Ivica Račan, Croatian politician (d. 2007)

David J. Wineland, American Nobel-laureate physicist

February 25 – François Cevert, French racing driver (d. 1973)

February 27
Ken Grimwood, American fantasy fiction writer (d. 2003)

Roger Scruton, English philosopher and writer (d. 2020)

February 28
Fanny Cano, Mexican actress and producer (d. 1983)

Sepp Maier, German footballer

February 29 – Dennis Farina, American actor (d. 2013)

March

Roger Daltrey

Uschi Glas

R. Lee Ermey

Diana Ross

Nana Akufo-Addo

March 1
John Breaux, American politician

Roger Daltrey, English singer-songwriter (The Who), actor

March 2
Uschi Glas, German actress

Leif Segerstam, Finnish conductor and composer

March 3 – Odessa Cleveland, American actress (M*A*S*H)

March 4
Harvey Postlethwaite, English engineer and race car designer (d. 1999)

Bobby Womack, African-American singer and songwriter (d. 2014)

March 5 – Peter Brandes, Danish artist

March 6
Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, New Zealand soprano

Mary Wilson, African-American singer (The Supremes) (d. 2021)

March 7
Michael Rosbash, American geneticist and chronobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Townes Van Zandt, American country singer (d. 1997)

March 8 – Buzz Hargrove, Canadian labour leader

March 11
Graham Lyle, Grammy-winning Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist, known for writing several international hits for Tina Turner

Don Maclean, English comedian and broadcaster

March 15
Emmerich Danzer, Austrian figure skater

Ralph MacDonald, American percussionist, songwriter (d. 2011)

March 17
Pattie Boyd, English model and first wife of George Harrison and Eric Clapton

John Sebastian, American singer-songwriter (The Lovin' Spoonful)

March 18 – Dick Smith, Australian entrepreneur

March 19
Prime Minister of Belize

Sirhan Sirhan, Palestinian assassin of Robert F. Kennedy

March 20 – Erwin Neher, German biophysicist

March 21 – Hilary Minster, English actor (d. 1999)

March 23 – Ric Ocasek, American singer-songwriter and record producer (The Cars) (d. 2019)

March 24 – R. Lee Ermey, American actor and Marine drill instructor (d. 2018)

March 26 – Diana Ross, African-American actress and singer

March 27 – Ann Sidney, Miss World

March 28
Rick Barry, American basketball player

Ken Howard, American actor (d. 2016)

March 29
Nana Akufo-Addo, President of Ghana

Denny McLain, American baseball player

April

Craig T. Nelson

Makoto Kobayashi

Gerhard Schröder

Thein Sein

Princess Benedikte of Denmark

April 3
Tony Orlando, American pop singer-songwriter, producer and actor

April 4
Faisal bin Musaid, assassin and nephew of King Faisal of Saudi Arabia (d. 1975
)

Magda Aelvoet, Belgian politician

Craig T. Nelson, American actor

Peter T. King
, American politician

April 6
Judith McConnell, American actress

Anita Pallenberg, Italian-born model and actress (d. 2017)

Dame Felicity Palmer, English soprano

Charles Sobhraj, French-Indian serial killer

April 7
Shel Bachrach, American insurance broker, investor, businessman and philanthropist

Warner Fusselle, American sportscaster (d. 2012)

Makoto Kobayashi
, Japanese physicist

Oshik Levi, Israeli singer and actor

Chancellor of Germany

April 8
Burny Bos, Dutch producer, scenarist and children's book writer.

Odd Nerdrum, Norwegian painter

Jimmy Walker, American professional basketball player (d. 2007)

April 10 – Abubakar Habu Hashidu, Nigerian politician (d. 2018)

April 11 – John Milius, American film director, producer and screenwriter

April 13 – Jack Casady, American rock musician (Jefferson Airplane, Hot Tuna)

April 14 – Nguyễn Phú Trọng, Vietnamese politician, General Secretary of the Communist Party and President

April 15 – Kunishige Kamamoto, Japanese footballer, manager and politician

April 18
Isao Shibata, Japanese baseball player

Charlie Tuna, American disc jockey and game show announcer (d. 2016)

April 19
Bernie Worrell, American keyboardist, composer (Parliament-Funkadelic) (d. 2016)

James Heckman, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate

April 20 – Thein Sein, Burmese politician, 8th President of Myanmar

April 22 – Steve Fossett, American millionaire aviator, sailor and adventurer (d. 2007)

April 24 – Tony Visconti, American record producer, musician and singer

April 25 – Len Goodman, British ballroom dancer and television personality (d. 2023)

April 26
Amien Rais, Indonesian politician

Larry H. Miller, American sports owner (Utah Jazz; d. 2009)

April 27
Michael Fish, British TV weatherman

Cuba Gooding Sr., American actor and singer (d. 2017)

April 28 – Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe, Belgian politician

April 29
Princess Benedikte of Denmark

Richard Kline, American actor and television director

April 30
Rudi Assauer, German footballer and manager (d. 2019)

Jill Clayburgh, American actress (d. 2010)

Michael Angelis, English actor (d. 2020)

May

John Rhys-Davies

George Lucas

Danny Trejo

Mary Robinson

Rudy Giuliani

Gladys Knight

Sondra Locke

May 1
Costa Cordalis, German singer (d. 2019)

Suresh Kalmadi, Indian politician

Marva Whitney, American singer (d. 2012)

May 2 – Gloria Lizárraga de Capriles, Venezuelan politician (d. 2021)^[67]

May 4
Walker Boone, Canadian actor (d. 2021)

Russi Taylor, American actress (d. 2019)

May 5
Roger Rees, Welsh actor and director (d. 2015)^[68]

John Rhys-Davies, Welsh actor^[69]

May 8 – Gary Glitter (Paul Gadd), English glam rock singer and paedophile

May 9
Richie Furay, American rock singer-songwriter (Poco, Buffalo Springfield)

Lars Norén, Swedish playwright, novelist and poet (d. 2021)

Laurence Owen, American figure skater (d. 1961)

May 10
Jim Abrahams, American film director

Jackie Lomax, English rock singer-songwriter, guitarist (d. 2013)

May 12 – Sara Kestelman, English actress

May 13
Armistead Maupin, American fiction writer

Carolyn Franklin, American soul singer-songwriter (d. 1988)

May 14
Connie Lawn, American journalist (d. 2018)

George Lucas, American film director and producer

May 15
Ulrich Beck, German sociologist (d. 2015)

Gunilla Hutton, Swedish-born American actress and singer

May 16 – Danny Trejo, Hispanic-American actor

May 17
Luís de Matos Monteiro da Fonseca, Cape Verdean diplomat and civil servant

Jesse Winchester, American-Canadian country singer-songwriter (d. 2014)

May 19
Peter Mayhew, English-American actor (d. 2019)

Jaan Talts, Estonian-Soviet weightlifter

May 20
Joe Cocker, English rock singer (d. 2014)

Boudewijn de Groot, Batavian-born Dutch folk singer-songwriter

Dietrich Mateschitz, Austrian businessman (d. 2022)

May 21 – Mary Robinson, President of Ireland^[70]

May 22 – Roberto A. Abad, Filipino lawyer

May 23
John Newcombe, Australian tennis player

Avraham Oz, Israeli theater professor, translator and political activist

May 24
Patti LaBelle, American singer, actress and entrepreneur

David Mark Berger, Israeli weightlifter (d. 1972
)

May 25 – Frank Oz, English puppeteer and film director

May 26 – Jan Schakowsky, U.S. Representative, Illinois's 9th congressional district

May 27 – Chris Dodd, American politician

May 28
Rudy Giuliani, American politician, Mayor of New York City

Gladys Knight, American singer

Sondra Locke, American actress and director (d. 2018)

Rita MacNeil, Canadian folk singer (d. 2013)

Gary Stewart, American country rock singer-songwriter and musician (d. 2003)

Patricia Quinn
(Lady Stephens), Northern Irish actress

May 29 – Helmut Berger, Austrian actor (d. 2023)

May 30 – Meredith MacRae, American actress (d. 2000)

May 31 – Ayad Allawi, 38th Prime Minister of Iraq

June

Michelle Phillips

Tommie Smith

Ban Ki-moon

Salvador Sánchez Cerén

Sir Ray Davies

Gary Busey

June 1
Robert Powell, English actor

Rafael Viñoly, Uruguayan-born architect (d. 2023)

June 2
Garo Yepremian, American football player (d. 2015)

Marvin Hamlisch, American composer and conductor (d. 2012)

June 3 – Edith McGuire, American sprinter

June 4 – Michelle Phillips, American singer and actress

June 5
Colm Wilkinson, Irish actor and singer

Whitfield Diffie, American cryptographer

June 6
Phillip Allen Sharp, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Edgar Froese, German electronic musician (d. 2015)

Tommie Smith, American athlete

June 7 – Annette Lu, Taiwanese politician, 8th Vice President of the Republic of China

June 8
Mark Belanger, American baseball player (d. 1998)

Don Grady, American actor and singer (d. 2012)

Marc Ouellet, Canadian cardinal

Boz Scaggs, American singer and guitarist

June 10 – Ze'ev Friedman, Israeli weightlifter (d. 1972)

Secretary-General of the United Nations

June 15 – Malaysia Vasudevan, Tamil playback singer and actor (d. 2011)

June 16 – Henri Richelet, French painter (d. 2020)

June 17 – Bill Rafferty, American comedian and impressionist (d. 2012)

June 18
Salvador Sánchez Cerén, 45th President of El Salvador

Rick Griffin, American graphic artist (d. 1991)

Sandy Posey, American pop singer

Bonar Sianturi, Indonesian army officer (d. 2022)

June 19 – Chico Buarque, Brazilian singer-songwriter

June 21
Carmen Cardinali, Chilean professor, governor of Rapa Nui

Franco Cordova, Italian international football player

Corinna Tsopei, Greek actress, model and beauty queen, winner of Miss Universe 1964

Sir Ray Davies, English rock singer-songwriter, co-founder of The Kinks

Kenny O'Dell, American country singer-songwriter (d. 2018)

Tony Scott, English film director (d. 2012)

Luigi Sgarbozza, Italian road racing cyclist

Chris Wood, English rock musician (Traffic) (d. 1983)

June 22
Ercole Gualazzini, Italian professional road bicycle racer

Gérard Mourou, French electrical engineer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics

June 23
Silvestre Bello III, Filipino businessman and lawyer

Gan Ee Kiang, Malaysian pharmacologist

June 24
Jeff Beck, English rock musician (d. 2023)

Dennis Butler, English footballer and football manager

John "Charlie" Whitney, English guitarist

June 25 – Ricardo Salgado, Portuguese economist and banker

June 27
Paul Koslo, German-Canadian actor (d. 2019)

Zezé Motta, Brazilian actress and singer

Patrick Sercu, Belgian cyclist (d. 2019)

June 28 – Luis Nicolao, Argentine butterfly swimmer

June 29
Gary Busey, American actor

Seán Patrick O'Malley, American cardinal

June 30
Daniel Kablan Duncan, Ivorian politician

Terry Funk, American professional wrestler (d. 2023)

Raymond Moody, American parapsychologist

Alan C. Fox, American author, philanthropist and entrepreneur

Glenn Shorrock, English-born Australian rock singer-songwriter

July

Mercedes Bresso

Jeffrey Tambor

David Hemery

Geraldine Chaplin

Robert C. Merton

July 1
Mercedes Bresso, Italian politician

Mike Horan, Australian politician

Nurul Haque Miah, Bangladeshi professor of chemistry and textbook writer (d. 2021)^[71]

Diron Talbert, American football player

Syd Jackson, Australian rules footballer

July 2
Billy Campbell, Northern Irish footballer

Vicente de la Mata, Argentine football midfielder

Paul Schudel, American football player and coach

July 3 – Michel Polnareff, French singer

July 4
Joe Berardo, Portuguese businessman, investor and art collector

Joe Critchlow, Canadian football player

Albert Kapengut, Soviet chess master

July 5
Mick Andrews, English international motorcycle trials rider

Hendrik Born, German vice admiral

Enrique Irazoqui, Spanish movie actor

July 6
Tim Brown, Australian darts player

Gunhild Hoffmeister, East German middle-distance runner

Max Timisela, Indonesian footballer

July 7
Feri Cansel, Turkish-Cypriot actress (d. 1983)

Nicholas, Crown Prince of Montenegro

Mark Burgess, New Zealand cricketer

Jürgen Grabowski, German footballer (d. 2022)

Tony Jacklin, English golfer

George Logan, British female impersonator of the comedy act Hinge and Bracket

Feleti Sevele, Prime Minister of Tonga

Michael Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham, British Army officer

July 8
Johanny "Jaimoe" Johanson, American drummer

Jeffrey Tambor, American actor

William H. Pitsenbarger, United States Air Force Medal of Honour recipient (d. 1966)

July 10 – Carlos Ruckauf, Argentine politician

July 11
Keith Doncon, Australian rules footballer

Neil Vant, Canadian Anglican clergyman, prospector, businessman and political figure

Valdeir Vieira, Brazilian football manager

July 12
Terry Cooper, English football player and manager

July 13 – Ernő Rubik, Hungarian inventor

July 16
Clarence Parfitt, Bermudian and Scottish cricketer

Jose L. Cuisia Jr.
, Philippine diplomat and banker

July 17
Mark Burgess, New Zealand cricket captain

Catherine Schell, Hungarian actress

Charles Lapointe, Canadian businessman, politician and public servant

Tom Kalinske, American businessman

Carlos Alberto Torres, Brazilian footballer (d. 2016)

July 18 – David Hemery, British Olympic athlete

July 20
Mel Daniels, American basketball player and coach (d. 2015)

W. Cary Edwards, American politician (d. 2010)

July 21
John Atta Mills, 13th President of Ghana (d. 2012)

Paul Wellstone, U.S. Senator from Minnesota (d. 2002)

July 26
Celeste Yarnall, American actress (d. 2018)

Kiel Martin, American actor (d. 1990)

July 28 – Jozo Križanović, Bosnian politician (d. 2009)

July 31
Geraldine Chaplin, English-American actress

Robert C. Merton, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate

August

Robert Mueller

Sam Elliott

Ian McDiarmid

Rajiv Gandhi

August 1
Andrew G. Vajna, Hungarian-American film producer (d. 2019)

Yury Romanenko
, Soviet cosmonaut

August 2
Jim Capaldi, British drummer, singer and songwriter (d. 2005)

Naná Vasconcelos, Brazilian percussionist and vocalist (d. 2016)

August 3 – Jonas Falk, Swedish actor (d. 2010)

August 4
William Frankfather, American actor (d. 1998)

Orhan Gencebay, Turkish musician, composer, singer and actor

August 7
John Glover, American actor

Robert Mueller, American lawyer, FBI director

August 8
Michael Johnson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2017)

Hasyim Muzadi, Indonesian Islamic scholar (d. 2017)

August 9 – Sam Elliott, American actor

August 10 – Luisa Teresa Pacheco, Venezuelan politician^[72]

August 11
Ian McDiarmid, Scottish actor

Frederick W. Smith, American founder of FedEx

Larry Troutman, American funk musician (d. 1999
)

August 13 – Kevin Tighe, American actor

August 15 – Sylvie Vartan, French singer

August 18
Robert Hitchcock, Australian sculptor

Volker Lechtenbrink, German television actor and singer

Helena Rojo, Mexican actress and model

August 19
Mordechai Spiegler, Israeli footballer and manager^[73]

Charles Wang, Chinese-born American businessman, philanthropist and sports team owner (d. 2018)

Bodil Malmsten, Swedish novelist and poet (d. 2016)

August 20 – Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (d. 1991)

August 21
Kari S. Tikka, Finnish Professor of Finance (d. 2006)

Peter Weir, Australian film director

August 22 – Ayşen Gruda, Turkish actress and comedian (d. 2019)

August 23
Saira Banu, Indian actress

Roberto D'Aubuisson, Salvadorean Army officer and right-wing political leader (d. 1992)

August 24 – Rocky Johnson, Canadian professional wrestler and father of Dwayne Johnson (d. 2020)

August 25 – Christine Chubbuck, American television reporter (d. 1974)

August 25
Pat Martino, American jazz guitarist (d. 2021)

Abdullah Tarmugi, Singaporean politician

August 26 – Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester

August 27 – G. W. Bailey, American actor

August 30 – Tug McGraw, American baseball player (d. 2004)

August 31
Jos LeDuc, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 1999)

Earnie Shavers, African-American professional boxer (d. 2022)

September

Peter Cetera

Yoweri Museveni

Michael Douglas

September 1 – Leonard Slatkin, American conductor

September 2 – Gilles Marchal, French singer-songwriter

September 3 – Ty Warner, American businessman, inventor of Beanie Babies

September 4 – Tony Atkinson, British economist (d. 2017)

September 6
Christian Boltanski, French artist

Swoosie Kurtz, American actress

September 7
Abul Hayat, Bangladeshi actor

Earl Manigault, American basketball player (d. 1998)

Bora Milutinović, Serbian footballer and coach

autodidact

September 11 – Serge Haroche, French physicist

September 12
Leonard Peltier, Native American activist and convicted murderer

Barry White, African-American singer (d. 2003)

September 13
Carol Barnes, British newsreader (d. 2008)

Jacqueline Bisset, English actress

Peter Cetera, lead singer and guitarist of American rock group Chicago

September 15
Yoweri Museveni, Ugandan politician, 9th President of Uganda

Graham Taylor, English footballer and football manager (d. 2017)

B.J. Ward
, American voice actress

September 17 – Reinhold Messner, Italian mountaineer

September 18
Veronica Carlson, English actress and model

Satan's Angel, American exotic dancer

September 19 – İsmet Özel, Turkish poet

September 21
Caleb Deschanel, American cinematographer and film director

Hamilton Jordan, Jimmy Carter's first White House Chief of Staff (d. 2008)

September 22 – Frazer Hines, British actor

September 25 – Michael Douglas, American actor and producer

September 26 – Anne Robinson, British television host

September 27 – Angélica María, American-born Mexican singer-songwriter and actress^[74]

September 28 – Miloš Zeman, 3rd President of the Czech Republic

September 30 – Jimmy Johnstone, Scottish footballer (d. 2006)

October

Arnhim Eustace

Sir Donald Tsang

Dale Dye

Peter Tosh

Elizabeth Loftus

Kati Kovács

October 2 – Vernor Vinge, American science fiction writer (d. 2024)

October 4
Rocío Dúrcal, Spanish singer and actress (d. 2006)

Tony La Russa, American baseball player and manager

Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

October 6
Dhammananda Bhikkhuni, born Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, pioneering female Thai Buddhist monk, previously academic

Mylon LeFevre, American singer and evangelist (d. 2023)

October 7
Sir Donald Tsang, 2nd Chief Executive of Hong Kong

October 8 – Dale Dye, American actor, technical advisor, radio personality and writer

October 9
John Entwistle, English rock bass guitarist and singer-songwriter (The Who) (d. 2002)

Nona Hendryx, American R&B singer (Labelle)

Peter Tosh, Jamaican singer and musician (d. 1987)

October 14 – Udo Kier, German actor

October 15
Mac Collins, American politician (d. 2018)

Şerif Gören, Turkish film director

Haim Saban, Israeli-American media proprietor

David Trimble, Northern Irish Unionist political leader; recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize 1998 (d. 2022)

October 16 – Elizabeth Loftus, American cognitive psychologist and memory specialist

October 20 – Clive Hornby, English actor (d. 2008)

October 21 – Jean-Pierre Sauvage, French scientist; recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016

October 25
Jon Anderson, English rock singer-songwriter and musician

Ron Coote, Australian rugby league player

Kati Kovács, Hungarian jazz, pop and rock musician

Azizan Abdul Razak, Malaysian politician (d. 2013)

October 27 – Nikolai Karachentsov, Russian actor (d. 2018)

October 28
Dennis Franz, American actor

Marián Labuda, Slovak actor (d. 2018)

Ian Marter, English actor and writer (d. 1986)

October 30 – Ahmed Chalabi, Iraqi businessman and politician (d. 2015)

October 31 – Hal Wick, American politician (d. 2018)

November

Askar Akayev

Danny DeVito

Lorne Michaels

Ben Stein

November 1
Kinky Friedman, American singer-songwriter, novelist, humorist, politician and columnist

Rafic Hariri, 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 2005)

Bobby Heenan, American professional wrestling manager and commentator (d. 2017)

Oscar Temaru, President of French Polynesia

November 2
Michael Buffer, American ring announcer and actor

Keith Emerson, English keyboardist (d. 2016)

November 4 – Linda Gary, American actress (d. 1995)

Luigi Riva, Italian footballer (d. 2024
)

November 10
Askar Akayev, 1st President of Kyrgyzstan

Silvestre Reyes, American politician

Tim Rice, English lyricist, writer and broadcaster

November 11 – Kemal Sunal, Turkish comedian

November 12
Booker T. Jones, American R&B singer-songwriter, musician and producer

Al Michaels, American sportscaster

November 17
Jim Boeheim, American basketball player and coach

Gene Clark, American singer-songwriter (d. 1991)

Danny DeVito, American actor, film producer and director

Gary Goldman, American animator, film producer and director

Rem Koolhaas, Dutch architect

Lorne Michaels, Canadian television and film producer

Tom Seaver, American baseball pitcher (d. 2020)

Sammy Younge Jr., American civil rights activist (d. 1966)

November 18
Wolfgang Joop, German artist, fashion designer and art collector

Ed Krupp, American astronomer, director of the Griffith Observatory

November 20 Louie Dampier, American basketball player

November 21
Dick Durbin, American politician

Earl Monroe, American basketball player

Harold Ramis, American actor, director and comedy writer (d. 2014)

November 23 – Peter Lindbergh, German fashion photographer and film director (d. 2019)

November 24
Candy Darling, American actress (d. 1974)

Ibrahim Gambari, Nigerian scholar and diplomat

November 25
Ben Stein, American law professor, actor and author

Vice President of Kenya

George Graham
, Scottish football player and manager

December

John Densmore

Dennis Wilson

Andris Bērziņš

Giacomo dalla Torre

Brenda Lee

Bernard Hill

Tim Reid

December 1 – John Densmore, drummer, member of The Doors.

December 2
Cathy Lee Crosby, American actress (That's Incredible!)

Ibrahim Rugova, 1st President of Kosovo (d. 2006)

December 3 – Ralph McTell, English folk singer-songwriter

December 4 – Dennis Wilson, American pop singer-songwriter and drummer (d. 1983)

December 5 – Jeroen Krabbé, Dutch actor and film director

December 6
Kit Culkin, American stage actor

Ron Kenoly, American Christian leader

Sutiyoso, Indonesian politician and general, governor of Jakarta

Jonathan King, English music producer and convicted sex offender

December 7
Daniel Chorzempa, American organist

Georges Coste, French rugby player and coach

December 8 – Sharmila Tagore, Indian actress and model

December 9
Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (d. 2020
)

Tadashi Irie, Japanese yakuza boss

Ki Longfellow, American novelist

Neil Innes, English writer, comedian and musician (d. 2019)

December 10 – Andris Bērziņš, 8th President of Latvia

December 11
Gianni Morandi, Italian singer

Brenda Lee, American singer

Lynda Day George, American actress

Teri Garr, American actress

December 12
Diana Bracho, Mexican actress

Kenneth Cranham, Scottish born actor

Cara Duff-MacCormick, Canadian stage actress

December 17 – Bernard Hill, British actor

December 19
Mitchell Feigenbaum, American mathematical physicist (d. 2019)

María Martha Serra Lima, Argentine singer (d. 2017)

Tim Reid, African-American actor and film director

Terry Underwood, Australian author

December 20 – Ray Martin, Australian journalist and television presenter

December 21
Bill Atkinson, English footballer

Michael Tilson Thomas, American conductor

Zheng Xiaoyu, Chinese bureaucrat (d. 2007)

December 22 – Steve Carlton, American baseball player

December 23
Wesley Clark, U.S. general and NATO Supreme Allied Commander

Ingar Knudtsen, Norwegian novelist and poet

December 24 – Erhard Keller, German speed skater

December 25
Jairzinho, Brazilian football player

Kenny Everett, British comedian and radio DJ. (d. 1995)

December 26
Bill Ayers, American education theorist, previously radical anti-war activist

Jane Lapotaire, British actress

Aleksey Mikhalyov, Russian translator

December 28
Kary Mullis, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2019)

Edgar Vivar
, Mexican actor (Señor Barriga and Ñoño in El Chavo del Ocho)

December 29 – King Birendra of Nepal (d. 2001)

December 30 – Joseph Hilbe, American statistician and author

December 31
Neil Ross, British-American voice actor and announcer

Jan Widströmer, Swedish painter and poet

Date unknown

Lea Hopkins, American LGBT rights activist from Missouri

Deaths

Deaths

January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January

Kaj Munk

Andrey Toshev

Yuhi V Musinga

Edvard Munch

Blessed Teresa Grillo Michel

January 1
Sir Edwin Lutyens, British architect (b. 1869)

Charles Turner, Australian cricketer (b. 1862)

January 3 – Franz Reichleitner, Austrian SS officer and Nazi concentration camp commandant (b. 1906)

January 4
Kaj Munk, Danish playwright, Lutheran pastor and martyr (b. 1898)

Jean Tatlock, American psychiatrist (b. 1914)

January 6 – Ida Tarbell, American journalist and muckraker (b. 1857)

January 7 – Lou Henry Hoover, First Lady of the United States (b. 1874)

January 9 – Antanas Smetona, President of Lithuania (b. 1874)

January 10
William Emerson Ritter, American biologist (b. 1856)

Andrey Toshev, Bulgarian scientist and diplomat, 26th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1867)

January 11
Italian leaders of the
Verona Trial

Emilio De Bono, general (b. 1866)

Galeazzo Ciano, aristocrat and diplomat (b. 1903)

Giovanni Marinelli, politician (b. 1879)

Charles King, American actor (b. 1889)

Edgard Potier, Belgian spy (suicide) (b. 1903)

January 12
Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1895
)

Juliette Atkinson, American tennis champion (b. 1873)

Yuhi V of Rwanda (b. 1883
)

January 14 – Mehmet Emin Yurdakul, Turkish writer (b. 1869)

January 18 – Léon Brunschvicg, French philosopher (b. 1869)

January 20 – James McKeen Cattell, American psychologist (b. 1860)

January 21 – Yoshimi Nishida, Japanese general (b. 1892)

January 23 – Edvard Munch, Norwegian painter (b. 1863)

Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1855
)

January 29 – William Allen White, American journalist (b. 1868)

January 31 – Jean Giraudoux, French writer (b. 1882)

February

Piet Mondrian

Margaret Woodrow Wilson

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud

February 1 – Piet Mondrian, Dutch painter (b. 1872)

February 3 – Yvette Guilbert, French singer and actress (b. 1867)

February 7 – Robert E. Park, American sociologist (b. 1864)

February 9 – Agnes Mary Frances Duclaux, British poet, essayist and novelist (b. 1857)

February 11 – Carl Meinhof, German linguist (b. 1857)

February 12
Kenneth Gandar-Dower, English sportsman, aviator, explorer and author (b. 1908)

Margaret Woodrow Wilson, American singer; Presidential daughter (b. 1886)

February 13 – Edgar Selwyn, American screenwriter (b. 1875)

February 16
Carl August Ehrensvärd, Swedish admiral (b. 1858
)

Henri Nathansen, Danish writer and director (b. 1868)

February 21 – Ferenc Szisz, Hungarian-born race car driver (b. 1873)

February 23 – Leo Baekeland, Belgian-born American chemist (b. 1863)

February 24 – Fanny Clar, French journalist and writer (b. 1875)

February 29 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Finnish politician, 1st Prime Minister and 3rd President of Finland (b. 1861)

March

Paul-Émile Janson

Otto von Below

March 3 – Paul-Émile Janson, Belgian politician, 30th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1872)

Louis Buchalter, Jewish-born American mobster, head of Murder, Inc. (executed) (b. 1897
)

March 5
Max Jacob, French poet (b. 1876)

Neel E. Kearby, American fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1911)

March 8 – Xu Zonghan, Chinese medical doctor, politician and revolutionary (b. 1877)

March 9 – Demetrios Capetanakis, Greek poet, essayist and critic (b. 1912)

March 11
Hendrik Willem van Loon, Dutch-born American historian, journalist and writer (b. 1882)

Irvin S. Cobb, American writer (b. 1876)

March 15
Otto von Below, German general (b. 1857)

Mariya Oktyabrskaya, Soviet national hero (b. 1905)

March 17 – Mario Bravo, Argentinian politician and writer (b. 1882)

March 19
Giuseppe de Liguoro, Italian actor and director (b. 1869)

Noël Édouard, vicomte de Curières de Castelnau, French general (b. 1851)

March 22 – Pierre Brossolette, journalist and French Resistance fighter (b. 1903)

March 23 – Myron Selznick, American film producer (b. 1898)

March 24
Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1888
)

Orde Wingate, British soldier (b. 1903)

Orthodox priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1884
)

March 28 – Stephen Leacock, British-born Canadian humorist, author and economist (b. 1869)^[75]

March 31
Antoni Kiewnarski, Polish WWII hero (b. 1899)

Mineichi Koga, Japanese admiral (b. 1885)

Włodzimierz Kolanowski, Polish army officer (b. 1913)

April

Bernardino Machado

April 1 – Sharifzyan Kazanbaev, Soviet army officer (b. 1916)

April 2 – John Batchelor, British missionary and reverend (b. 1855)

April 9 – Yevgeniya Rudneva, Soviet WWII heroine (b. 1920)

April 13 – Bartolomeo Gosio, Italian scientist (b. 1863)

April 15 – Giovanni Gentile, Italian philosopher and Fascist politician (assassinated) (b. 1875)

April 17 – J. T. Hearne, English cricketer (b. 1867)

April 21 – Hans-Valentin Hube, German army general (b. 1890)

April 24 – Charles Jordan, American magician (b. 1888)

April 25 – George Herriman, American cartoonist (b. 1880)

April 28
Emir of Bukhara (b. 1880
)

Frank Knox, American Secretary of the Navy during WWII (b. 1874)

April 29
Billy Bitzer, American cinematographer (b. 1874)

Bernardino Machado, Portuguese political figure, 2-time Prime Minister of Portugal and 2-time President of Portugal, leader of the World War I (b. 1851)

April 30 – Paul Poiret, French couturier (b. 1879)

May

Leon Kozłowski

Edel Quinn

Patriarch Sergius of Moscow

Thomas Curtis

May 5 – Bertha Benz, German automotive pioneer, wife and business partner of automobile inventor Karl Benz (b. 1849)

May 7 – William Ledyard Rodgers, American admiral and military and naval historian (b. 1860)

May 11 – Leon Kozłowski, Polish archaeologist and politician, 25th Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1892)

May 12
Max Brand, American author (b. 1892)

RMS Titanic (b. 1882
)

Arthur Quiller-Couch, British writer and academic (b. 1863)

Roman Catholic laywoman, missionary and venerable (b. 1907
)

May 15 – Patriarch Sergius I (b. 1867)

May 16
George Ade, American author (b. 1866)

Filip Mișea, Aromanian activist, physician and politician (b. 1873)^[76]

May 17 – Milena Jesenská, Czechoslovakian journalist, writer, editor and translator (b. 1896)

May 20
Fraser Barron, New Zealand bomber pilot during WWII (b. 1921)

Eugenio Colorni, Italian philosopher and activist (b. 1909)

Vincent Rose, American musician and band leader (b. 1880)

May 21
Edmund Mortimer, American actor and director (b. 1874)

Li Jiayu, Chinese general of the National Revolutionary Army (b. 1892)

May 23 – Thomas Curtis, American Olympic athlete (b. 1873)

May 24
Inigo Campioni, Italian admiral (executed) (b. 1878)

Matsuji Ijuin, Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. 1893
)

Luigi Mascherpa, Italian admiral (executed) (b. 1893)

Harold Bell Wright, American writer (b. 1872)

Governor of American Samoa (b. 1870
)

May 30
Patriarch Mesrob I Naroyan of Constantinople (b. 1875)

Jessie Ralph, American actress (b. 1864)

June

Dénes Berinkey

June 5 – Józef Beck, Polish statesman (b. 1894)

June 6
Joseph Campbell, Northern Irish poet and lyricist (b. 1879)

Wilhelm Falley, German general (killed in action) (b. 1897)

Don Pratt, American general (killed in action) (b. 1892)

Ker-Xavier Roussel, French painter (b. 1867)

June 12 – Erich Marcks, German general (b. 1891)

June 16
Marc Bloch, French historian (b. 1886)

Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray, Indian chemist (b. 1861)

George Stinney, a 14-year-old African-American boy convicted of murder in his hometown of Alcolu, South Carolina. Executed by electric chair. (b. 1929)

June 18 – Harry Fielding Reid, American geophysicist and seismologist (b. 1859)

June 25
Dénes Berinkey, 21st Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1871)

Lucha Reyes, Mexican singer (b. 1906)

María Chinchilla Recinos, Guatemalan teacher (b. 1909)

June 27 – Milan Hodža, Slovak politician, champion of regional integration in Europe (b. 1878)

June 28 – Anton Breinl, Australian medical practitioner and researcher (b. 1880)

July

Carl Mayer

Theodore Roosevelt Jr.

Tarsykiya Matskiv

Reza Shah

July 1 – Carl Mayer, Austrian screenwriter (b. 1894)

July 6
Andrée Borrel, French World War II heroine (b. 1919)

Vera Leigh, British World War II heroine (b. 1903)

Chūichi Nagumo, Japanese admiral (b. 1887)

Sonya Olschanezky, German World War II heroine (b. 1923
)

Diana Rowden, British World War II heroine (b. 1915)

July 7
Georges Mandel, French politician and WWII hero (b. 1885)

Leonie von Meusebach–Zesch, American dentist (b. 1882)^[77]

July 8
George B. Seitz, American director (b. 1888)

Takeo Takagi, Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. 1892)

July 9
Ingvar Fredrik Håkansson, Swedish pilot (b. 1920)

Kent Rogers, American voice actor (b. 1923)

July 12
Roman Catholic priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1911
)

Theodore Roosevelt Jr., American political and business leader (b. 1887)

July 14 – Asmahan, Syrian-born Egyptian singer (b.1912)

July 15 – Joseph Sadi-Lecointe, French aviator (b. 1891)

July 16 – Moncena Dunn, American inventor (b. 1867)

Eastern Catholic religious sister and blessed (b. 1919
)

July 18
Augusto De Angelis, Italian writer and journalist (b. 1888)

George Holt, American actor and director (b. 1878)

Rex Whistler, British artist (b. 1905)

July 20
Ludwig Beck, German general and Chief of the German General Staff (b. 1880)

Heinz Brandt, German officer (b. 1907)

Mildred Harris, American actress (b. 1901) ^[78]

Günther Korten, German colonel-general, chief of staff of the Luftwaffe (b. 1898)

Claus von Stauffenberg, German resistance leader (b. 1907)

July 21
Werner von Haeften, German resistance member (executed) (b. 1908)

Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim, German resistance leader (b. 1905)

Hans-Ulrich von Oertzen, German resistance member (suicide) (b. 1915)

Friedrich Olbricht, German resistance leader (b. 1888)

Henning von Tresckow, German general and resistance leader (suicide) (b. 1901)

July 23 – Eduard Wagner, German general and resistance member (suicide) (b. 1894)

July 25
Lesley J. McNair, American general (b. 1883)

Jakob von Uexküll, Baltic German biologist (b. 1864
)

July 26
Clóvis Beviláqua, Brazilian jurist, historian and journalist (b. 1859)

Wessel Freytag von Loringhoven, German resistance member (suicide) (b. 1899)

Takakazu Kinashi, Japanese army officer (b. 1902)

Reza Shah, 20th Prime Minister of Iran and Shah of Iran (b. 1878)

July 27 – Perry McGillivray, American Olympic swimmer (b. 1893)

July 28 – Werner Schrader, German resistance member (suicide) (b. 1895)

July 30
Nikolai Polikarpov, Soviet aeronautical engineer and aircraft designer (b. 1892)

Lee Powell, American actor (b. 1908)

July 31 – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, French pilot and children's writer (b. 1900)

August

Jędrzej Moraczewski

Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg

Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.

Blessed Teresa Bracco

August 1
Jean Prévost, French writer and journalist, member of the Maquis (b. 1901)

Manuel L. Quezon, Filipino statesman, soldier and politician, 2nd President of the Philippines (b. 1878)

August 2 – Kakuji Kakuta, Japanese admiral (b. 1890)

August 4 – Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński, Polish poet (b. 1921)

August 5 – Jędrzej Moraczewski, Polish politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1870)

August 7
Agustín Barrios, Paraguayan guitarist and composer (b. 1885)^[79]

Jadwiga Falkowska, Polish teacher and activist (b. 1889)

August 8
Robert Bernardis, German resistance fighter (executed) (b. 1908)

Albrecht von Hagen, German resistance fighter (executed) (b. 1904)

Paul von Hase, German general and resistance leader (executed) (b. 1885)

Erich Hoepner, German colonel-general and resistance leader (executed) (b. 1886)

Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski, Polish journalist and novelist (b. 1885)

Hellmuth Stieff, German resistance fighter (executed) (b. 1901)

Michael Wittmann, German tank commander (killed in action) (b. 1914)

Erwin von Witzleben, German field marshal and resistance leader (executed) (b. 1881)

Peter Yorck von Wartenburg, German resistance fighter (executed) (b. 1904)

August 9 – Felix Nussbaum, German painter (b. 1904)

August 10
Alfred Kranzfelder, German resistance fighter (b. 1908)

Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg, German resistance fighter (b. 1902)

Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, Nazi opponent and lawyer (b. 1905)

Hans Albrecht, Hereditary Prince of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1917)

August 11
Francesco Federico Falco, Italian doctor (b. 1866)

Hideyoshi Obata, Japanese general (b. 1890)

August 12
Jose Garvida Flores, Filipino writer, poet and playwright (b. 1900)

Joseph P. Kennedy (b. 1915
)

Suzanne Spaak, Belgian World War II heroine (b. 1905)

August 15
Egbert Hayessen, German resistance fighter (b. 1913)

Hans Bernd von Haeften, German resistance fighter (b. 1905)

Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff, German police chief and resistance fighter (b. 1896)

August 17
Franciszek Brodniewicz, Polish actor (b. 1892)

Eugénio de Castro, Portuguese poet and writer (b. 1869)

August 18
Eugeniusz Horbaczewski, Polish pilot (b. 1917)

Ernst Thälmann, German Communist leader (executed) (b. 1886)

August 19
Günther von Kluge, German field marshal (suicide) (b. 1882)

Sir Henry Wood, British conductor (b. 1869)

August 21
Friedrich Gustav Jaeger, German resistance fighter (b. 1895)

Maciej Kalenkiewicz, Polish engineer and military officer (b. 1906)

Marian Lalewicz, Polish architect (b. 1876)

August 23
Aleksander Augustynowicz, Polish painter (b. 1865)

Abdülmecid II, last Caliph of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1868
)

Nikolai Roslavets, Soviet composer (b. 1880)

August 24 – Carlo Emanuele Buscaglia, Italian aviator (b. 1915)

August 25 – Teresio Vittorio Martinoli, Italian pilot (b. 1917)

August 26
Hans Georg Klamroth, German resistance fighter (executed) (b. 1898)

Otto Kiep, German resistance fighter (b. 1886)

Hans Leesment, Estonian general (b. 1873)

Ludwig Freiherr von Leonrod, German resistance fighter (executed) (b. 1906)

Adam von Trott zu Solz, German diplomat and resistance fighter (executed) (b. 1909)

August 27
Carlo Fecia di Cossato, Italian navy officer (b. 1908)

Princess Mafalda of Savoy (b. 1902)

August 28
Roman Catholic religious sister and blessed (killed in battle) (b. 1924
)

Rudolf Breitscheid, German politician (b. 1874)

Bronislaw Kaminski, Polish army officer (b. 1899
)

August 30
Moissaye Boguslawski, American pianist and composer (b. 1887)

Eberhard Finckh, German resistance fighter (b. 1899)

Hans Otfried von Linstow, German resistance fighter (b. 1899)

Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel, German general and resistance leader (b. 1886)

September

Robert Benoist

Joseph Müller

Gustav Bauer

Hendrikus Colijn

David Dougal Williams

September 1 – Krystyna Dąbrowska, Polish sculptor and painter (b. 1906)

September 2 – Maria Vetulani de Nisau, Polish soldier (b. 1898)

September 3 – Friedrich Alpers, German Nazi politician and general (b. 1901)

September 4
Erich Fellgiebel, German general and resistance fighter (b. 1886)

Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort, German resistance fighter (b. 1909)

Fritz Thiele, German general and resistance fighter (b. 1894)

September 5 – Gustave Biéler, Swiss WWII hero (b. 1904)

September 6 – Jan Franciszek Czartoryski, Polish Dominican friar, martyr and blessed (b. 1897)

September 7 – Eduardo Sánchez de Fuentes, Cuban composer (b. 1897)

September 8
Georg Hansen, German resistance fighter (b. 1904)

Ulrich von Hassell, German diplomat and resistance fighter (b. 1881)

Paul Lejeune-Jung, German resistance fighter (b. 1882)

Ulrich Wilhelm Graf Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, German resistance fighter (b. 1902)

Günther Smend, German resistance fighter (b. 1912)

Josef Wirmer, German resistance fighter (b. 1901)

September 11
Robert Benoist, French race car driver and war hero (b. 1895)

Roman Catholic priest and Servant of God (executed) (b. 1894
)

September 12 – Robert Fiske, American actor (b. 1889)

September 13
Yolande Beekman, French WWII heroine (executed) (b. 1911)

Madeleine Damerment, French WWII heroine (executed) (b. 1917)

Noor Inayat Khan, Indian WWII heroine (executed) (b. 1914)

Eliane Plewman, British WWII heroine (executed) (b. 1917)

W. Heath Robinson, British cartoonist and illustrator (b. 1872)

September 14
Heinrich Graf zu Dohna-Schlobitten, German resistance fighter (executed) (b. 1882
)

John Kenneth Macalister, Canadian WWII hero (b. 1914
)

Michael Graf von Matuschka, German resistance fighter (executed) (b. 1888
)

Frank Pickersgill, Canadian WWII hero (b. 1915)

Roméo Sabourin, Canadian WWII hero (b. 1923)

Nikolaus von Üxküll-Gyllenband, German resistance fighter (executed) (b. 1877)

Hermann Josef Wehrle, German Catholic priest and resistance member (executed) (b. 1899)

September 16 – Gustav Bauer, 11th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1870)

September 18
Hendrikus Colijn, Dutch policeman, politician and businessman, 25th Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1869)

Anton Saefkow, German communist (executed) (b. 1903)

September 20 – Friedrich Boedicker, German admiral (b. 1866)

September 22 – Fritz Lindemann, German army officer (died of wounds) (b. 1894)

Matylda Palfyova, Czechoslovakian artistic gymnast (b. 1912
)

September 25
Walter Breisky, Austrian civil servant, acting Chancellor of Austria (b. 1871)

Eugeniusz Lokajski, Polish athlete, gymnast and photographer (b. 1909)

Leo Chiozza Money, Italian-British economist and politician (b. 1870)

September 27
Aimee Semple McPherson, Canadian-American Pentecostal evangelist (b. 1890)^[80]

Aristide Maillol, French sculptor and painter (b. 1861)

David Dougal Williams, British painter (b. 1888)

September 28 – Josef Bürckel, German Nazi gauleiter (b. 1895)

September 29
Otto Herfurth, German general and resistance fighter (b. 1893)

Wilhelm Leuschner German politician and resistance fighter (b. 1890)

Joachim Meichssner, German resistance fighter (b. 1906)

Joachim Sadrozinski, German resistance fighter (b. 1907)

October

Stefanina Moro

Ramón Castillo

Erwin Rommel

José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma

October 1
Max Ehrlich, German actor, screenwriter and humor writer (b. 1892)^[81]

Sir William Mulock, Canadian lawyer, politician and businessman (b. 1843)

Rudolf Schmundt, German general (b. 1896)

October 2
Benjamin Fondane, Romanian-French Symbolist poet, critic and existentialist philosopher (gassed in Auschwitz concentration camp) (b. 1898)

Julián Felipe, Filipino musician and bandleader (b. 1861)

Maeda Toshisada, Japanese politician (b. 1874)

October 4 – Al Smith, American politician (b. 1873)

October 5 – Prince Gustav of Denmark (b. 1887)

October 8 – Wendell Willkie, American politician (b. 1892)

October 9
Kitty Marion, German-born actress and women's rights activist in England and the United States (b. 1871)

Stefanina Moro, Italian resistance member (b. 1927)

October 12
Ramón Castillo, Argentinian politician, 25th President of Argentina (b. 1873)

Carl Langbehn, German resistance member (b. 1901)

Rudolf von Marogna-Redwitz, German resistance member (b. 1886)

October 13
Hans-Jürgen von Blumenthal, German resistance member (b. 1907)

Roland von Hößlin, German resistance member (b. 1915)

October 14 – Erwin Rommel, German field marshal (b. 1891)

October 17 – Anton Hafner, German aviator (b. 1918)

October 18
Alexander, Prince of Erbach-Schönberg (b. 1872)

Josef Maria Eder, Austrian chemist (b. 1855)

October 19
Isadore Bernstein, American screenwriter (b. 1876)

Deneys Reitz, South African soldier and diplomat (b. 1882)

October 20
Eduard Brücklmeier, German diplomat and resistance member (b. 1903)

Hermann Maaß, German politician and resistance member (b. 1897)

Adolf Reichwein, German politician and resistance member (b. 1898)

October 21
Nell Brinkley, American illustrator and comic artist (b. 1886)^[82]

Hilma af Klint, Swedish abstract painter (b. 1862)

October 22 – Richard Bennett, American actor (b. 1870)

October 23 – Charles Glover Barkla, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1877)

October 24
Louis Renault, French industrialist, founder of Renault (b. 1877)

Karl Freiherr von Thüngen, German general and resistance member (executed) (b. 1893)

October 25
Shōji Nishimura, Japanese vice admiral (b. 1889)

José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma, Peruvian historian, writer and politician, 84th Prime Minister of Peru (b. 1885)

Yukio Seki, Japanese kamikaze pilot (b. 1921)

October 26
Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom, youngest and last surviving child of Queen Victoria (b. 1857)

Hiroyoshi Nishizawa, Japanese fighter ace (b. 1920)

William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1881)

October 27 – Judith Auer, German World War II resistance fighter (b. 1905)

October 31
Henrietta Crosman, American actress (b. 1861)

Joseph Hubert Priestley, British botanist (b. 1883)^[83]

November

Andrey Sheptytsky

Blessed Carl Lampert

Joseph Caillaux

Florence Foster Jenkins

November 1
Ismael Pérez Pazmiño, Ecuadoran journalist and politician (b. 1876)

Eastern Catholic archbishop and venerable (b. 1865
)

November 2
Karol Irzykowski, Polish writer (b. 1873)

Thomas Midgley Jr., American chemist and inventor (b. 1889)

November 4 – Sir John Dill, British field marshal (b. 1881)

November 5 – Alexis Carrel, French surgeon and biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1873)

November 7
Max Bergmann, German biochemist (b. 1886)

Richard Sorge, German-born Soviet spy, executed (b. 1895)

Hannah Szenes, Hungarian World War II heroine, poet, executed (b. 1921)

November 10
Wang Jingwei, Chinese statesman, President of the Nanjing-based and Japanese-supported collaborationist Government of the Republic of China (b. 1883)

Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg, German diplomat and resistance member (b. 1875)

November 12
George David Birkhoff, American mathematician (b. 1884)^[84]

George Houston, American actor (b. 1896)

Otto Frank, German physiologist (b. 1865)^[85]

November 13
Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1894
)

Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1897
)

November 14
Walter Cramer, German resistance member (b. 1886)

Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, British aviator and Royal Air Force Air Chief Marshal (b. 1892)

Bernhard Letterhaus, German trade unionist and resistance member (b. 1894)

Ferdinand von Lüninck, German politician and resistance member (b. 1888)

November 16 – Maria Rodziewiczówna, Polish writer (b. 1863)

November 19 – Ignacio Bolívar, Spanish naturalist and entomologist (b. 1850)

November 22
Joseph Caillaux, French politician, 57th Prime Minister of France (b. 1863)

Sir Arthur Eddington, British astronomer, physicist and mathematician (b. 1882)

Sadakichi Hartmann, Japanese-born American critic and poet (b. 1867)^[86]

Johan Pitka, Estonian entrepreneur, sea captain and admiral (b. 1872)

November 25 – Kenesaw Mountain Landis, 1st commissioner of Major League Baseball (b. 1866)

November 26 – Florence Foster Jenkins, American socialite and singer (b. 1868)

Lilo Gloeden
, German resistance member (b. 1903)

December

Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark

Wassily Kandinsky

Lupe Vélez

Blessed Sára Salkaházi

Vicente Lim

December 1 – Franciszek Pius Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman and activist (b. 1878)

December 2
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Italian poet, editor and art theorist, founder of the Futurist movement (b. 1876)

Josef Lhévinne, Soviet pianist (b. 1874)

December 3 – Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (b. 1882)

MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1879
)

December 9 – Laird Cregar, American actor (b. 1913)

Montgomery Cunningham Meigs, American WWII hero (b. 1919
)

December 12 – Bernard Chrzanowski, Polish activist (b. 1861)

December 13 – Wassily Kandinsky, Russian-born Polish artist (b. 1866)

December 14 – Lupe Vélez, Mexican actress, dancer and singer (b. 1908)

December 15 – Glenn Miller, American band leader (accident) (b. 1904)

December 19 – King Abbas II of Egypt (b. 1874)

December 20
Caesar von Hofacker, German resistance member (b. 1896)

Fritz Pfeffer, German-Dutch housemate of Anne Frank (b. 1889)^[87]

Carl Wentzel, German resistance member (b. 1875)

December 22 – Harry Langdon, American comedian (b. 1884)

December 26 – George Bellamy, British actor (b. 1866)

December 27
Amy Beach, American pianist and composer (b. 1867)^[88]

Peter Deunov, Bulgarian spiritual teacher (b. 1864)

Roman Catholic religious sister and blessed (b. 1899
)

December 30 – Romain Rolland, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1866)

December 31
Vicente Lim, Filipino general of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (b. 1888)

Ruth Hanna McCormick, American politician, activist and publisher (b. 1880)

Nobel Prizes

Physics – Isidor Isaac Rabi

Chemistry – Otto Hahn^[89]

Medicine – Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser

Literature – Johannes V. Jensen

Peace – International Committee of the Red Cross

References

ISBN 978-1-84176-623-2
.

^ "ГЛАВА XXXVIII. ВОССТАНИЕ ПУШТУНСКИХ ПЛЕМЕН 1944 -1945 ГГ. В". scibook.net. Retrieved April 29, 2020.

^ "Convoy Mo-Ta-06 (モタ61船団)" (PDF). All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved November 18, 2011.

^ ^a ^b "Greatest Maritime Disasters". International Registry of Sunken Ships. Retrieved December 6, 2010.

^ "More Maritime Disasters of World War II". George Duncan. Archived from the original on April 4, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2010.

^ ^a ^b "List of sunken ships in Pacific War (太平洋戦争時の喪失船舶明細表)" (PDF). Sunken Ships Record Association (戦没船を記録する会). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 2, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2012.

S2CID 145001694
.

ISBN 978-0-7475-7985-4
.

JSTOR 921782
. (subscription required)

ISBN 0-19-282017-6
.

^ Brickhill, Paul (1950). The Great Escape. Norton.

ISBN 91-520-0910-6
.

^ Air University Review. Department of the Air Force. 1976. p. 20.

^ "War Diary for Monday, 10 April 1944". Stone & Stone Second World War Books. Retrieved April 15, 2023.

^ "INA Memorial Moirang | Bishnupur District, Government of Manipur | India". Retrieved April 15, 2023.

OCLC 174795561
.

^ "Convoy Take Ichi" (PDF). All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved November 17, 2011.

ISBN 978-0-7475-0309-5
.

^ Fenton, Ben (April 26, 2004). "The disaster that could have scuppered Overlord". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2021.

^ Savill, Richard (April 26, 2004). "Last of torpedo survivors remembers brave buddies". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2021.

ISBN 978-0-86114-885-1
.

^
History Channel International

^ Kaiser, Don (2011). "K-Ships Across the Atlantic" (PDF). Naval Aviation News. 93 (2). Retrieved September 23, 2011.

ISBN 978-0-521-38448-3
.

S2CID 33674869
.

ISBN 978-0-7126-6585-8
.

ISBN 978-0-857-52332-7
.

^
ISBN 978-0-14-102715-9
.

ISBN 9780029228951
.

^ "Nikkin Maru - Casualties (日錦丸の被害)" (PDF). All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved November 18, 2011.

^ 56 F. Supp. 716 (N.D. Cal 1944).

^ "Discovery of Concentration Camps and the Holocaust". World War II Database.

^ "Liberation of the Nazi Concentration Camps 1933-1945". Archived from the original on October 16, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2010.

^ "Vernichtungslager". Time. New York. August 21, 1944. Archived from the original on December 14, 2008. Retrieved December 14, 2008.

ISBN 978-0307739711
.

ISBN 978-3-925505-21-8
.

ISBN 9780199583119
.

Auschwitz
. Only one of them, Otto Frank, would survive.
^ "Suomen presidentit -sarja: Mannerheim oli väärän ajan päämies". Artikkelit (in Finnish). Apu–lehti. December 6, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2021.

ISBN 978-1-55750-149-3
.

^ "Convoy Hi-71 (ヒ71船団)" (PDF). All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved November 17, 2011.

ISBN 2-226-06966-6
.

ISBN 978-0-906908-71-6
.

^ Penkkala-Arikka, Päivi (2006) Erään Mauno Olavin tarina. Olavi Laiho, viimeinen teloitettu suomalainen ["A Story of one Mauno Olavi. Olavi Laiho, the last executed Finn."]. (Master's thesis) University of Helsinki

^ van der Kuil, Peter (March 2003). "List of Casualties". The Sinking of the Junyo Maru. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012.

^ Larsen, Henry A. (1967). The Big Ship: an autobiography. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.

^ "Across the Northwest Passage: The Larsen Expeditions". University of Calgary. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2012.

^ "Antwerp, "City of Sudden Death"". V2Rocket.com. Retrieved April 24, 2013.

^ Fuller, John F. C. (1956). The Decisive Battles of the Western World. Vol. III. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.

^ Morison, Samuel E. (1956). "Leyte, June 1944–January 1945". History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. XII. Boston: Little & Brown.

^ The Sun (New York City), 26 October.

^ Gile, Chester A. (February 1963). "The Mount Hood Explosion". Proceedings.

^ ^a ^b "Convoy Hi-81 (ヒ81船団)" (PDF). All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved November 17, 2011.

^ As does Kenneth Branagh reprising the role over forty years later in his successful remake.

ISSN 0306-154X
.

ISBN 978-1-55750-149-3
.

ISBN 978-1-107-00418-4
.

^ "The Sinking of SS Leopoldville". uboat.net. Retrieved July 4, 2010.

ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0
.

^ "Battle of Britain". ww2db.com. Retrieved May 16, 2016.

^ Guggisberg, Charles Albert Walter (1961). Simba: the life of the lion. Cape Town: Howard Timmins.

^ "BC Zalgiris Kaunas basketball team". Retrieved April 24, 2019.

^ Rosenberg, Eli (March 17, 2016). "Frank Sinatra Jr., singer who followed in his father's footsteps, dies at 72". The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2021.

^ "Angela Davis". Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers. March 25, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2021.

ISBN 978-3-598-11276-8
.

ISBN 978-0-8264-2389-4
.

^ "Falleció Gloria Lizárraga de Capriles: primera alcaldesa de Baruta". El Carabobeño. March 31, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021.

ISBN 978-0-8092-3732-6
.

ISBN 978-1-57500-053-4
.

^ "Mary Robinson". Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers. February 27, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2021.

^ "রসায়ন বইয়ের বিখ্যাত লেখক প্রফেসর নূরুল হক মিয়া আর নেই". Jugantor (in Bengali). Retrieved February 20, 2021.

^ "Falleció Luisa Teresa Pacheco de Chacón primera gobernadora del estado Táchira". Diario Católico. August 11, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2024.

^ Bob Wechsler (2008). Day by Day in Jewish Sports History

^ "Biografía de Angelica Maria" [Biography of Angelica Maria]. Buena Musica (in Spanish).

^ "Stephen Leacock | Canadian author | Britannica". www.britannica.com. March 24, 2024.

^ Tudor, Anghel C. (April 10, 2019). "Celebrități medicale buzoiene / Doctor Mișea Filip, creatorul secției de contagioase a Spitalului Gârlași". Opinia Buzău (in Romanian).

^ ELLIOTT, CLAUDIA (February 26, 2022). "Dr. Leonie von Meusebach–Zesch: Adventurous female dentist made friends throughout Kern County". The Bakersfield Californian.

St. Petersburg Times
. Associated Press. July 21, 1944. Retrieved November 29, 2021. ... actress in the silent film days, and first wife of Comedian Charles Spencer Chaplin, died yesterday of pneumonia which followed a major abdominal operation....

^ "The Unsung Years: It Took Many Years for Barrios to Get his Due". Classical Guitar. March 5, 2019.

OCLC 4493103
.

^ MAX EHRLICH

^ "Nell Brinkley - Biography". www.askart.com.

S2CID 3998725
.

^ [https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-David-Birkhoff George David Birkhoff American mathematician]

^ "Frank, Friedrich Wilhelm Ferdinand Otto". Retrieved April 15, 2023.

^ Foundation, Poetry (June 14, 2022). "Sadakichi Hartmann". Poetry Foundation.

^ Fritz Pfeffer

^ "AMY BEACH (1867-1944)". AMY BEACH (1867-1944).

^ "6 Women Scientists Who Were Snubbed Due to Sexism". National Geographic News. May 19, 2013. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2021.

v
t
e
Events by month
1948

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

1947

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

1946

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

1945

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

1944

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

1943

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

1942

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

1941

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

1940

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

1939

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Authority control databases: National

Israel

United States

Czech Republic

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1944&oldid=1220452439"

[1] ISBN 978-1-84176-623-2
.

[2] "ГЛАВА XXXVIII. ВОССТАНИЕ ПУШТУНСКИХ ПЛЕМЕН 1944 -1945 ГГ. В". scibook.net. Retrieved April 29, 2020.

[3] "Convoy Mo-Ta-06 (モタ61船団)" (PDF). All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved November 18, 2011.

[gmd-4] "Greatest Maritime Disasters". International Registry of Sunken Ships. Retrieved December 6, 2010.

[5] "More Maritime Disasters of World War II". George Duncan. Archived from the original on April 4, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2010.

[senbotsukisen-6] "List of sunken ships in Pacific War (太平洋戦争時の喪失船舶明細表)" (PDF). Sunken Ships Record Association (戦没船を記録する会). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 2, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2012.

[kattago2-7] S2CID 145001694
.

[8] ISBN 978-0-7475-7985-4
.

[Amis-9] JSTOR 921782
. (subscription required)

[10] ISBN 0-19-282017-6
.

[11] Brickhill, Paul (1950). The Great Escape. Norton.

[12] ISBN 91-520-0910-6
.

[13] Air University Review. Department of the Air Force. 1976. p. 20.

[14] "War Diary for Monday, 10 April 1944". Stone & Stone Second World War Books. Retrieved April 15, 2023.

[15] "INA Memorial Moirang | Bishnupur District, Government of Manipur | India". Retrieved April 15, 2023.

[16] OCLC 174795561
.

[take-17] "Convoy Take Ichi" (PDF). All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved November 17, 2011.

[18] ISBN 978-0-7475-0309-5
.

[19] Fenton, Ben (April 26, 2004). "The disaster that could have scuppered Overlord". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2021.

[20] Savill, Richard (April 26, 2004). "Last of torpedo survivors remembers brave buddies". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2021.

[21] ISBN 978-0-86114-885-1
.

[ReferenceA-22] 
History Channel International

[23] Kaiser, Don (2011). "K-Ships Across the Atlantic" (PDF). Naval Aviation News. 93 (2). Retrieved September 23, 2011.

[24] ISBN 978-0-521-38448-3
.

[25] S2CID 33674869
.

[26] ISBN 978-0-7126-6585-8
.

[27] ISBN 978-0-857-52332-7
.

[Pocket_On_This_Day-28] 
ISBN 978-0-14-102715-9
.

[29] ISBN 9780029228951
.

[30] "Nikkin Maru - Casualties (日錦丸の被害)" (PDF). All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved November 18, 2011.

[31] 56 F. Supp. 716 (N.D. Cal 1944).

[32] "Discovery of Concentration Camps and the Holocaust". World War II Database.

[33] "Liberation of the Nazi Concentration Camps 1933-1945". Archived from the original on October 16, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2010.

[34] "Vernichtungslager". Time. New York. August 21, 1944. Archived from the original on December 14, 2008. Retrieved December 14, 2008.

[35] ISBN 978-0307739711
.

[36] ISBN 978-3-925505-21-8
.

[37] ISBN 9780199583119
.

[38] Auschwitz
. Only one of them, Otto Frank, would survive.

[39] "Suomen presidentit -sarja: Mannerheim oli väärän ajan päämies". Artikkelit (in Finnish). Apu–lehti. December 6, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2021.

[40] ISBN 978-1-55750-149-3
.

[41] "Convoy Hi-71 (ヒ71船団)" (PDF). All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved November 17, 2011.

[42] ISBN 2-226-06966-6
.

[43] ISBN 978-0-906908-71-6
.

[44] Penkkala-Arikka, Päivi (2006) Erään Mauno Olavin tarina. Olavi Laiho, viimeinen teloitettu suomalainen ["A Story of one Mauno Olavi. Olavi Laiho, the last executed Finn."]. (Master's thesis) University of Helsinki

[45] van der Kuil, Peter (March 2003). "List of Casualties". The Sinking of the Junyo Maru. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012.

[46] Larsen, Henry A. (1967). The Big Ship: an autobiography. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.

[47] "Across the Northwest Passage: The Larsen Expeditions". University of Calgary. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2012.

[48] "Antwerp, "City of Sudden Death"". V2Rocket.com. Retrieved April 24, 2013.

[49] Fuller, John F. C. (1956). The Decisive Battles of the Western World. Vol. III. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.

[50] Morison, Samuel E. (1956). "Leyte, June 1944–January 1945". History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. XII. Boston: Little & Brown.

[51] The Sun (New York City), 26 October.

[52] Gile, Chester A. (February 1963). "The Mount Hood Explosion". Proceedings.

[hi81-53] "Convoy Hi-81 (ヒ81船団)" (PDF). All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved November 17, 2011.

[54] As does Kenneth Branagh reprising the role over forty years later in his successful remake.

[55] ISSN 0306-154X
.

[56] ISBN 978-1-55750-149-3
.

[57] ISBN 978-1-107-00418-4
.

[58] "The Sinking of SS Leopoldville". uboat.net. Retrieved July 4, 2010.

[CBH-59] ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0
.

[60] "Battle of Britain". ww2db.com. Retrieved May 16, 2016.

[61] Guggisberg, Charles Albert Walter (1961). Simba: the life of the lion. Cape Town: Howard Timmins.

[62] "BC Zalgiris Kaunas basketball team". Retrieved April 24, 2019.

[63] Rosenberg, Eli (March 17, 2016). "Frank Sinatra Jr., singer who followed in his father's footsteps, dies at 72". The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2021.

[64] "Angela Davis". Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers. March 25, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2021.

[65] ISBN 978-3-598-11276-8
.

[66] ISBN 978-0-8264-2389-4
.

[Carabobeño-67] "Falleció Gloria Lizárraga de Capriles: primera alcaldesa de Baruta". El Carabobeño. March 31, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021.

[68] ISBN 978-0-8092-3732-6
.

[69] ISBN 978-1-57500-053-4
.

[70] "Mary Robinson". Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers. February 27, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2021.

[71] "রসায়ন বইয়ের বিখ্যাত লেখক প্রফেসর নূরুল হক মিয়া আর নেই". Jugantor (in Bengali). Retrieved February 20, 2021.

[72] "Falleció Luisa Teresa Pacheco de Chacón primera gobernadora del estado Táchira". Diario Católico. August 11, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2024.

[73] Bob Wechsler (2008). Day by Day in Jewish Sports History

[74] "Biografía de Angelica Maria" [Biography of Angelica Maria]. Buena Musica (in Spanish).

[75] "Stephen Leacock | Canadian author | Britannica". www.britannica.com. March 24, 2024.

[76] Tudor, Anghel C. (April 10, 2019). "Celebrități medicale buzoiene / Doctor Mișea Filip, creatorul secției de contagioase a Spitalului Gârlași". Opinia Buzău (in Romanian).

[77] ELLIOTT, CLAUDIA (February 26, 2022). "Dr. Leonie von Meusebach–Zesch: Adventurous female dentist made friends throughout Kern County". The Bakersfield Californian.

[78] St. Petersburg Times
. Associated Press. July 21, 1944. Retrieved November 29, 2021. ... actress in the silent film days, and first wife of Comedian Charles Spencer Chaplin, died yesterday of pneumonia which followed a major abdominal operation....

[79] "The Unsung Years: It Took Many Years for Barrios to Get his Due". Classical Guitar. March 5, 2019.

[80] OCLC 4493103
.

[81] MAX EHRLICH

[82] "Nell Brinkley - Biography". www.askart.com.

[83] S2CID 3998725
.

[84] [https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-David-Birkhoff George David Birkhoff American mathematician]

[85] "Frank, Friedrich Wilhelm Ferdinand Otto". Retrieved April 15, 2023.

[86] Foundation, Poetry (June 14, 2022). "Sadakichi Hartmann". Poetry Foundation.

[87] Fritz Pfeffer

[88] "AMY BEACH (1867-1944)". AMY BEACH (1867-1944).

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