1945 United Kingdom general election

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1945 United Kingdom general election
← 1935 5 July 1945 1950 →
← 
elected members →
All 640 seats in the House of Commons
321 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout72.8%, Increase1.7%
  First party Second party
 
Leader Clement Attlee Winston Churchill
Party Labour Conservative
Leader since 25 October 1935 9 October 1940
Leader's seat Limehouse Woodford
Last election 154 seats, 38.0% 386 seats, 47.8%
Seats won 393 197[note 1]
Seat change Increase239 Decrease189
Popular vote 11,967,746 8,716,211
Percentage 47.7% 36.2%
Swing Increase9.7% Decrease11.6%
  Third party Fourth party
 
Leader
Archibald Sinclair
 Ernest Brown
Party Liberal National Liberal
Leader since 26 November 1935 1940
Leader's seat
Caithness and Sutherland
(defeated) 		Leith (defeated)
Last election 21 seats, 6.7% 35 seats, 3.7%
Seats won 12 11
Seat change Decrease9 Decrease24
Popular vote 2,177,938 686,652
Percentage 9.0% 2.9%
Swing Increase2.3% Decrease0.8%
Colours denote the winning party – as shown in § Results
Composition of the House of Commons after the election
Prime Minister before election

Winston Churchill
Conservative

Prime Minister after
election

Clement Attlee
Labour

The 1945 United Kingdom general election was a national election held on Thursday 5 July 1945, but polling in some constituencies was delayed by some days, and the counting of votes was delayed until 26 July to provide time for

Second World War in Europe.[1]

The election's campaigning was focused on leadership of the country and its postwar future. Churchill sought to use his wartime popularity as part of his campaign to keep the Conservatives in power after a wartime coalition had been in place since 1940 with the other political parties, but he faced questions from public opinion surrounding the Conservatives' actions in the 1930s and his ability to handle domestic issues unrelated to warfare. Clement Attlee, leader of the Labour Party, had been Deputy Prime Minister in the wartime coalition in 1940-1945 and was seen as a more competent leader by voters, particularly those who feared a return to the levels of unemployment in the 1930s and sought a strong figurehead in British politics to lead the postwar rebuilding of the country. Opinion polls when the election was called showed strong approval ratings for Churchill, but Labour had gradually gained support for months before the war's conclusion.

The final result of the election showed Labour to have won a

Archibald Sinclair. The Liberal National Party fared significantly worse, enduring a net loss of 22 seats with a vote share of 2.9%, with its leader Ernest Brown losing his seat. 324 MPs were elected for the first time which is the record turnover as of 2024.[5]

The 10.7% swing from the Conservatives to an opposition party is the largest since the

1906 Liberal landslide ousting of a Conservative administration. It was also the first election since 1906 in which the Conservatives did not win the popular vote. Churchill remained actively involved in politics and returned as prime minister after leading his party into the 1951 general election
. For the Liberal National Party the election was their last as a distinct party, as they merged with the Conservatives in 1947 while Ernest Brown resigned from politics in the aftermath of the election.

Dissolution of Parliament and campaign

Held less than two months following

suspended by Parliament during the Second World War. Clement Attlee, the leader of the Labour Party, refused Winston Churchill's offer of continuing the wartime coalition until the Allied defeat of Japan. On 15 June, King George VI
dissolved Parliament, which had been sitting for nearly ten years without an election.

The Labour manifesto, Let Us Face the Future, included promises of

nationalisation, economic planning, full employment, a National Health Service, and a system of social security. The manifesto proved popular with the electorate, selling a million and a half copies.[6] The Conservative manifesto, Mr. Churchill's Declaration to the Voters, on the other hand, included progressive ideas on key social issues but was relatively vague on the idea of postwar economic control,[7] and the party was associated with high levels of unemployment in the 1930s.[8] It failed to convince voters that it could effectively deal with unemployment in a postwar Britain.[9] In May 1945, when the war in Europe ended, Churchill's approval ratings stood at 83%, but the Labour Party had held an 18% poll lead as of February 1945.[8]

The polls for some seats were delayed until 12 July and in

Nelson and Colne until 19 July because of local wakes weeks.[10] The results were counted and declared on 26 July to allow time to transport the votes of those serving overseas. Victory over Japan Day
ensued on 15 August.

Outcome

The caretaker government, led by Churchill, was heavily defeated. The Labour Party led by Attlee won a landslide victory and gained a majority of 145 seats. It was the first election in which Labour gained a majority of seats and the first in which it won a plurality of votes.

The election was a disaster for the

Caithness and Sutherland. That was the last general election until 2019
in which a major party leader lost their seat, but Sinclair lost only by a handful of votes in a very tight three-way contest.

The Liberal National Party fared even worse by losing two-thirds of its seats and falling behind the Liberals in seat count for the first time since the parties split in 1931. It was the final election that the Liberal Nationals fought as an autonomous party, as they merged with the Conservative Party two years later although they continued to exist as a subsidiary party of the Conservatives until 1968.

Future prominent figures who entered Parliament included Harold Wilson, James Callaghan, Barbara Castle, Michael Foot and Hugh Gaitskell. Future Conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan lost his seat, but he returned to Parliament at a by-election later that year.

Reasons for Labour victory

Attlee meeting King George VI after Labour's 1945 election victory

Ralph Ingersoll reported in late 1940:

"Everywhere I went in London people admired [Churchill's] energy, his courage, his singleness of purpose. People said they didn't know what Britain would do without him. He was obviously respected. But no one felt he would be Prime Minister after the war. He was simply the right man in the right job at the right time. The time being the time of a desperate war with Britain's enemies".[12]

The historian Henry Pelling, noting that polls showed a steady Labour lead after 1942, pointed to long-term forces that caused the Labour landslide: the usual swing against the party in power, the Conservative loss of initiative, wide fears of a return to the high unemployment of the 1930s, the theme that socialist planning would be more efficient in operating the economy, and the mistaken belief that Churchill would continue as prime minister regardless of the result.[13]

Labour strengths

A 1943 poster by the Army Bureau of Current Affairs suggested that a British victory would lead to positive social change, like slum clearance. Churchill considered the poster "a disgraceful libel on the conditions prevailing in Great Britain before the war" and ordered it suppressed.[14]

The greatest factor in Labour's dramatic win appeared to be its policy of

social reform
. In one opinion poll, 41% of respondents considered housing to be the most important issue that faced the country, 15% stated the Labour policy of full employment, 7% mentioned social security, 6% nationalisation, and just 5% international security, which was emphasised by the Conservatives.

The

housing policy. The report was extremely popular, and copies of its findings were widely purchased, turning it into a best-seller. The Labour Party adopted the report eagerly,[4] and the Conservatives (including Churchill, who did not regard the reforms as socialist) accepted many of the principles of the report, but claimed that they were not affordable.[15] Labour offered a new comprehensive welfare policy, reflecting a consensus that social changes were needed.[3]
The Conservatives were not willing to make the same changes that Labour proposed, and appeared out of step with public opinion.

Labour played to the concept of "winning the peace" that would follow the war. Possibly for that reason, there was especially strong support for Labour in the

First World War had returned. It has been claimed that the left-wing bias of teachers in the armed services was a contributing factor, but that argument has generally not carried much weight, and the failure of the Conservative governments in the 1920s to deliver a "land fit for heroes" was likely more important.[3]

Labour had also been given during the war the opportunity to display to the electorate its domestic competence in government, under men such as Attlee as Deputy Prime Minister, Herbert Morrison at the Home Office and Ernest Bevin at the Ministry of Labour.[7] The differing wartime strategies of the two parties likewise gave Labour an advantage. Labour continued to attack prewar Conservative governments for their inactivity in tackling Hitler, reviving the economy and rearming Britain,[16] but Churchill was less interested in furthering his party, much to the chagrin of many of its members and MPs.[8]

Conservative weaknesses

Though voters respected and liked Churchill's wartime record, they were more distrustful of the Conservative Party's domestic and foreign policy record in the late 1930s.[7] Churchill and the Conservatives are also generally considered to have run a poor campaign in comparison to Labour. Churchill's personal popularity remained high; hence, the Conservatives were confident of victory and based much of their election campaign on that, rather than proposing new programmes. However, people distinguished between Churchill and his party, a contrast that Labour repeatedly emphasised throughout the campaign. Voters also harboured doubts over Churchill's ability to lead the country on the domestic front.[3] The writer and soldier Anthony Burgess remarked that Churchill, who then often wore a colonel's uniform, was not nearly as popular with soldiers at the front as with officers and civilians. Burgess noted that Churchill often smoked cigars in front of soldiers who had not had a decent cigarette in days.[17]

In addition to the poor Conservative general election strategy, Churchill went so far as to accuse Attlee of seeking to behave as a dictator, despite Attlee's service as part of Churchill's war cabinet. In the most famous incident of the campaign, Churchill's first election broadcast on 4 June backfired dramatically and memorably. Denouncing his former coalition partners, he declared that Labour "would have to fall back on some form of a Gestapo" to impose socialism on Britain.[18] Attlee responded the next night by ironically thanking the prime minister for demonstrating to the people the difference between "Churchill the great wartime leader" and "Churchill the peacetime politician" and argued the case for public control of industry.

Another blow to the Conservative campaign was the memory of the 1930s policy of appeasement, which had been conducted by Churchill's Conservative predecessors, Neville Chamberlain and Stanley Baldwin, but had been widely discredited for allowing Adolf Hitler's Germany to become too powerful.[3] Labour had strongly advocated appeasement until 1938, but the interwar period had been dominated by Conservatives. With the exception of two brief minority Labour governments in 1924 and 1929–1931, the Conservatives had been in power for all of the interwar period. As a result, the Conservatives were generally blamed for the era's mistakes: appeasement, inflation and the unemployment of the Great Depression.[3] Many voters felt that although the First World War had been won, the peace that followed had been lost.

Results

See also: Constituency election results in the 1945 United Kingdom general election
UK General Election 1945
Candidates Votes
Party Leader Stood Elected Gained Unseated Net % of total % No. Net %
  Labour Clement Attlee 603 393 242 3 +239 61.4 47.7 11,967,746 +9.7
  Conservative Winston Churchill 559 197 14 204 −190 30.8 36.2 8,716,211 −11.6
  Liberal
Archibald Sinclair
 306 12 5 14 −9 1.9 9.0 2,177,938 +2.3
  National Liberal Ernest Brown 49 11 0 22 −22 1.7 2.9 686,652 −0.8
 
Independent
 N/A 38 8 6 0 +6 1.3 0.6 133,191 +0.5
  National N/A 10 2 2 1 +1 0.3 0.5 130,513 +0.2
  Common Wealth C. A. Smith 23 1 1 0 +1 0.2 0.5 110,634 N/A
  Communist Harry Pollitt 21 2 1 0 +1 0.3 0.4 97,945 +0.3
  Nationalist James McSparran 3 2 0 0 0 0.3 0.4 92,819 +0.2
  National Independent N/A 13 2 1 1 0 0.3 0.3 65,171 N/A
 
Independent Labour
 N/A 7 2 2 0 0 0.3 0.3 63,135 +0.2
 
Ind. Conservative
 N/A 6 2 2 0 +2 0.3 0.2 57,823 +0.1
  Ind. Labour Party Bob Edwards 5 3 0 1 −1 0.5 0.2 46,769 −0.5
 
Independent Progressive
 N/A 7 1 1 0 +1 0.2 0.1 45,967 +0.1
  Independent Liberal N/A 3 2 2 0 +2 0.3 0.1 30,450 +0.1
  SNP Douglas Young 8 0 0 0 0 N/A 0.1 26,707 −0.1
  Plaid Cymru Abi Williams 7 0 0 0 0 N/A 0.0 16,017 N/A
  Commonwealth Labour Harry Midgley 1 0 0 0 0 N/A 0.0 14,096 N/A
  Independent Nationalist N/A 4 0 0 0 0 N/A 0.0 5,430 N/A
  Liverpool Protestant
H. D. Longbottom
 1 0 0 0 0 N/A 0.0 2,601 N/A
  Christian Pacifist N/A 1 0 0 0 0 N/A 0.0 2,381 N/A
  Democratic Norman Leith-Hay-Clark 5 0 0 0 0 N/A 0.0 1,809 N/A
  Agriculturist N/A 1 0 0 0 0 N/A 0.0 1,068 N/A
  Socialist (GB) N/A 1 0 0 0 0 N/A 0.0 472 N/A
  United Socialist Guy Aldred 1 0 0 0 0 N/A 0.0 300 N/A
Total votes cast: 24,073,025. Turnout: 72.8%.[19]
All parties shown. Conservative total includes
Ulster Unionists
. Of the eight seats won by National Labour in 1935 five were defended under the National label.

Votes summary

Popular vote
Labour
 
 49.71%
Conservative
 
 36.21%
Liberal
 
 9.05%
Liberal National
 
 2.85%
Others
 
 2.18%

Seats summary

Parliamentary seats
Labour
 
 61.41%
Conservative
 
 30.78%
Liberal
 
 1.88%
Liberal National
 
 1.72%
Others
 
 4.22%

Transfers of seats

All comparisons are with the winning party in the 1935 election; the aim is to provide a comparison with the previous general election. This list includes seats where the incumbent was standing down and therefore there was no possibility of a particular person being defeated.

  • In some cases the sitting MP had changed to the gaining party. Such circumstances are marked with a *.
  • In other circumstances the gaining party had won a by-election in the intervening years, and then retained the seat in 1945. Such circumstances are marked with a †.
To From No. Seats
Communist Labour 1 Mile End
Labour Ind. Labour Party 1 Gorbals*
National Labour 8
Leeds Central, Cardiff C
Liberal 9
Carnarvonshire
Independent 1 Mossley
National
 1
Brecon and Radnor
†
Conservative 186
Llandaff & Barry, Cardiff E,[d] Cardiff S
Liberal National 17
Newcastle upon Tyne East, Walsall, Huddersfield, Spen Valley, Swansea West
New seats 14
Coventry West
Independent Labour
 Labour 1 Hammersmith North*
Ulster Unionist 1 Belfast West
Common Wealth Conservative 1 Chelmsford*
Liberal Labour 1
Carmarthen
Conservative 2 Dorset North, Buckrose
Liberal National 2 Eye*, Montgomeryshire*
Independent Progressive
 Conservative 1 Bridgwater†
Independent 3 Grantham†, City of London (one of two)†, Rugby†
National
 1 Cheltenham[f]
Conservative Liberal 5
Carnarvon
Speaker 1 Daventry†
New seats 8
Sutton and Cheam, Worthing, Solihull
Ind. Conservative
 Conservative 1 Galloway*
Independent Liberal Liberal National 1 Ross and Cromarty[h]
Ind. Unionist Ulster Unionist 1 Down (one of two)*
Speaker Conservative 1 Hexham*
  1. ^ Candidate had defected to Liberal National Party.
  2. ^ Seat had been won by an Independent Labour candidate in a by-election, who fought and won the 1945 election as a Labour candidate.
  3. ^ Seat had been won by an independent candidate in a by-election, who fought and won the 1945 election as a Labour candidate.
  4. ^ Seat had been won by an independent candidate in a by-election.
  5. ^ Candidate had moved to 'National' label.
  6. ^ Seat had been won by Independent Conservative candidate in a by-election, who fought and won the 1945 election as a National Independent candidate.
  7. ^ Candidate had defected to the Common Wealth party.
  8. ^ Seat had been won by National Labour in a by-election.

Opinion polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the 1945 United Kingdom general election

Polls showed a lead for Labour since 1943, except for one poll in June 1945 when both Labour and the Conservatives tied on 45%.

See also

References

  1. ^ McCallum, R.B.; Readman, Alison (1964). The British General Election of 1945. Nuffield Studies.
  2. ^ Rowe 2004, p. 37.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Lynch 2008, p. 4.
  4. ^ a b "1945: Churchill loses general election". BBC News. 26 July 1945. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
  5. ^ "Parliamentary Candidates - Future MPs - A list and insight". Politics.co.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  6. ^ Bew, John (2017). Citizen Clem: A Biography of Attlee. p. 336.
  7. ^ a b c Thomas & Willis 2016, pp. 154–155.
  8. ^ a b c Addison, Paul (29 April 2005), Why Churchill Lost in 1945, BBC, retrieved 22 February 2009
  9. ^ Bogdanor, Vernon (23 September 2014), The General Election, 1945 (Lecture), Museum of London, retrieved 26 May 2018{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ General Election (Polling Date): 31 May 1945: House of Commons debates, They Work For You
  11. ^ Baines 1995.
  12. ^ Ingersoll 1940, p. 127.
  13. ^ Pelling 1980, pp. 399–414.
  14. ISBN 9781445692463
    . Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  15. ^ Lynch 2008, p. 10.
  16. ^ Lynch 2008, pp. 1–4.
  17. ^ Burgess 1987, p. 305.
  18. ^ Marr 2008, pp. 5–6.
  19. ^ "Voter turnout at UK general elections 1945–2015". UK Political Info.
  1. ^ The seat and vote count figures for the Conservatives given here include the Speaker of the House of Commons

Sources

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1945 United Kingdom general election.

Manifestos

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