1947 in science

The year 1947 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Anthropology

• August 7 –
  Tuamotu Islands after a 101-day, 4300-mile (6900-km) journey across the Pacific Ocean, demonstrating that prehistoric peoples could have traveled from South America.^[1]

• February 12 – Sikhote-Alin meteorite falls to Earth in Siberia, the largest iron meteorite known to have impacted.^[2]
• February 20 – The first living things sent into space (and returned) are
  V-2 rocket launched by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps which reaches an altitude of 68 miles (109 km).^[3][4][5]
• Bok globules are reported.^[6]

Biology

• The Oxford Swift Research Project, based on the colony at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, is started by David and Elizabeth Lack. It will still be running more than sixty years later.^[7][8]
• David Lack publishes Darwin's Finches.
• Zika virus first isolated from a rhesus macaque in the Zika Forest of Uganda.
• Influenza C virus first isolated.^[9]

Computer science

• January 25 –
  first video game
  .
• July 29 – After being shut off on November 9, 1946, for a refurbishment and relocation, ENIAC, one of the world's first digital computers, is turned on after a memory upgrade at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. It will remain in continuous operation until October 2, 1955.^[11]
• August 18 – Official start of construction of Automatic Computing Engine in the United Kingdom.
• September 9 – A moth lodged in a relay is found to be the cause of a malfunction in the Harvard Mark II electromechanical computer, logged as "First actual case of bug being found."^[12][13]
• October – First recorded use of the word computer in its modern sense, referring to an electronic digital machine.^[14]

Mathematics

• John Crank and Phyllis Nicolson describe the Crank–Nicolson method in numerical analysis.^[15]
• George Dantzig publishes the simplex algorithm for linear programming.^{[16][17][18][19][20][21]}

Medicine

• The first antithyroid drug, propylthiouracil, is introduced in the United States.^[22]
• The first use of defibrillation on a human subject is performed by Claude Beck, professor of surgery at Case Western Reserve University.^[23]
• antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus bacteria.^[24][25][26]

• February 23 – The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is founded.

Paleontology

• April 18 – "
  John T. Robinson
  .

Physics

• June – The Doomsday Clock of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is introduced.
• June 2 – The
  Quantum Mechanics convenes in New York State.^[27]
• August 15 – 'GLEEP' (the Graphite Low Energy Experimental Pile) experimental nuclear reactor runs for the first time at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Oxfordshire, the first reactor to operate in Western Europe.
• December 20 – The discovery of kaon is published in Nature (journal).
• Maria Mayer introduce the Urey–Bigeleisen–Mayer equation, a model for approximating isotope fractionation.^[28][29][30]

• February 21 – Edwin H. Land demonstrates the first practical instant camera, the Land Camera, in New York City. It will first be on commercial sale in December 1948.
• November 13 – First
  gas-operated assault rifle produced in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov
  .
• November 17–December 23 –
  Walter Brattain working under William Shockley at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States demonstrate the transistor effect.^[31]
• December 11 – A hexagonal
  cellular telephone network is proposed by Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young of Bell Labs for mobile phones in vehicles.^[32]
• The clavioline is invented by Constant Martin.
• The
  disposable nappy is invented by Valerie Hunter Gordon
  .
• Raytheon produces the first commercial microwave oven.

Awards

• Nobel Prizes^[33]
  • Physics – Edward Victor Appleton
  • Chemistry – Sir Robert Robinson
  • Medicine – Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Cori, Bernardo Houssay

Births

• January 24 –
  theoretical physicist and popularizer of science
  .
• January 29 – Linda B. Buck, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2004.
• February 4 – John Campbell Brown (died 2019), Scottish astronomer.^[34]
• March 16 – Keith Devlin, English-born mathematician and popularizer of science.
• April 18 – Chris Rapley, British climate scientist.
• May 9 –
  computational biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
  , 2013.
• June 8 – Eric F. Wieschaus, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1995.
• June 15 – Alain Aspect, French quantum physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics^[35]
• June 25 – Will Steffen, American-born Australian chemist (died 2023)^[36]
• July 5 –
  cytogeneticist
  .
• July 30 – Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, French virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2008.
• August 21 – Margaret Chan, Hong Kong-born physician.
• December 6 –
  cognitive psychologist and computer scientist
  .
• December 16 – Martyn Poliakoff, British chemist and popularizer of science.
• Stuart W. Jamieson, Rhodesian-born cardiothoracic surgeon.

Deaths

• February 12 – Moses Gomberg (born 1866), American chemist.
• February 25 – Friedrich Paschen (born 1865), German physicist.
• August 23 –
  aircraft designer
  (aircraft accident).
• September 15 –
  Anglo-Irish astronomer
  .
• October 2 – P. D. Ouspensky (born 1878), Russian-born philosopher.
• October 4 –
  quantum physicist
  .
• November 17 –
  speleologist and polar explorer
  .
• December 1
  • John Fraser (born 1885), Scottish surgeon
    .
  • G. H. Hardy (born 1877), English mathematician.^[37]
• December 17 –
  physical chemist
  .

References