1952 in science
| |||
---|---|---|---|
+... |
1952 in science |
---|
Fields |
Technology |
|
Social sciences |
Paleontology |
Extraterrestrial environment |
Terrestrial environment |
Other/related |
The year 1952 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Biology
- August 1 – Around 9 o'clock AM Pacific Time Zone, the volcaniceruption.
- August 14 – Alan Turing's paper "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis" is published, putting forward a reaction–diffusion hypothesis of pattern formation,[1] considered a seminal piece of work in morphogenesis.[2][3]
- August 28 – Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley publish the Hodgkin–Huxley model of action potentials in neurons of the squid giant axon.[4]
- September 20 – Publication of the paper on the Hershey–Chase experiment showing conclusively that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material of bacteriophages.[5]
- October – Danish virologist Preben von Magnus publishes his observation of the von Magnus phenomenon producing defective interfering particles.[6]
- Biochemists Jack Gross and thyroid hormone triiodothyronine.[7]
- The Braeburn apple cultivar is discovered as a chance seedling in New Zealand.
- Last confirmed sighting of the Caribbean monk seal, at Serranilla Bank, between Jamaica and Nicaragua.[8]
Chemistry
- Soviet scientists L. V. Radushkevich and V. M. Lukyanovich publish images of carbon nanotubes.[9]
Computer science
- The first autocode and its compiler are developed by Alick Glennie for the Manchester Mark 1 computer, considered as the first working high-level compiled programming language.[10]
History of science
- Discovery by Derek J. de Solla Price of a lost medieval scientific work entitled Equatorie of the Planetis, initially attributed to Geoffrey Chaucer.
Mathematics
- The Bradley–Terry model in probability theory is presented.[13]
Medicine
- February 6 – A mechanical heart is used for the first time in a human patient, in the United States.[14]
- March 1 – The British Psychological Society is founded.
- September 2 – The first successful operation to correct a cardiac shunt ("hole in the heart") is performed by Drs F. John Lewis and C. Walton Lillehei on a 5-year-old girl in the United States utilising the induced hypothermia technique developed by Wilfred Gordon "Bill" Bigelow.
- November – Royal College of General Practitioners established in the United Kingdom.
- November 20 – The first successful sex reassignment surgery is performed in Copenhagen, making George Jorgensen Jr. become Christine Jorgensen.
- December 14 – The first successful surgical separation of conjoined twins is conducted in Mount Sinai Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio.
- December – Robert Gwyn Macfarlane and colleagues publish the first identification of Haemophilia B.[15]
- American obstetrical anesthesiologist Dr. Virginia Apgar devises the Apgar score as a simple replicable method of quickly and summarily assessing the health of babies immediately after childbirth.[16][17]
- American orthopedic surgeon Armin Klein publishes Klein's line as a diagnostic tool.
- Jean Delay, head of psychiatry at Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, with Jean-François Buisson, reports the antidepressant effect of isoniazid.[18]
Physics
- November 1 – Eniwetok island in the Bikini Atoll located in the Pacific Ocean.[19] The elements einsteinium and fermium are discovered in the fallout.[20]
- Geoffrey Dummer proposes the integrated circuit.[21]
Technology
- September 30 – The Cinerama widescreen film system, developed by Fred Waller, debuts with the movie This Is Cinerama at the Broadway Theatre in New York City.
- October 7 – The barcode is patented in the United States by Norman J. Woodland and Bernard Silver,[22] though it does not make its first appearance in an American shop until 1974.[23]
Awards
- Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Felix Bloch, Edward Mills Purcell
- Archer John Porter Martin, Richard Laurence Millington Synge
- Selman Abraham Waksman
Births
- February 2 – Ralph Merkle, American computer scientist, co-inventor of public-key cryptography.
- February 15 – Frances Ashcroft, English geneticist.
- February 19 – geophysicist, science editor, and president of the National Academy of Sciences.
- February 28 – Simon P. Norton (died 2019), English mathematician, co-discoverer of 'monstrous moonshine'.
- March 24 – astrophysicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, co-discovererer of black holes.
- July 15 – Ann Dowling, English mechanical engineer.
- August 14 – Peter Fonagy, Hungarian-born British psychoanalyst and clinical psychologist.
- August 25 – virologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, co-discovererer of the hepatitis C virus.
- Venki Ramakrishnan, Indian-born American-British structural biologist.
Deaths
- March 5 – neurophysiologist and bacteriologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine1932.
- June 17 – Jack Parsons (born 1914), American rocket engineer and occultist.
- September 5 – histologist.
- November 2 – Chaim Weizmann (born 1874), Belarusian-born chemist, first President of Israel.
- November 24 – ophthalmologist.
- December 4 – psychoanalyst.
- December 19 – cartographer.
Notes
- JSTOR 92463. Submitted November 1951.
- ^ "Control Mechanism For Biological Pattern Formation Decoded". ScienceDaily. 30 November 2006.
- ^ "Turing's Last, Lost Work". Swintons. Archived from the original on 23 August 2003. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ()
- PMID 12991237.
- PMID 12981234.
- S2CID 21838623.
- PMID 14898765.
- ^ Rice, D (1973). Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis). In Seals. Proceedings of working meeting of seal specialists on threatened and depleted seals of the world, held under the auspices of the Survival Service Commission of the IUCN, 18–19 August. Ontario, Canada. Morges, Switzerland: Univ. Guelph, IUCN Publ, Suppl. paper.
- ^ Радушкевич, Л. В. (1952). О Структуре Углерода, Образующегося При Термическом Разложении Окиси Углерода На Железном Контакте. Журнал Физической Химии (in Russian). 26: 88–95.
- ^ Knuth, Donald E.; Pardo, Luis Trabb. "Early development of programming languages". Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology. 7: 419–493.
- MR 0050928..
- ^ International Congress of Mathematicians (1952), Proceedings, vol. 2, Providence: American Mathematical Society, pp. 516–17
- JSTOR 2334029.
- ^ "The First Mechanical Heart Pump". GeneralMotors.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- PMID 12997790.
- PMID 13083014. Archived from the originalon 2012-11-30. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
- S2CID 19697516.
- ISBN 978-1-86036-008-4.
- ^ "Hydrogen Bomb". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- . Retrieved 2012-02-08.
- ISBN 978-1-85986-000-7.
- ^ "Patent US2612994 – Classifying Apparatus And Method". Retrieved 2013-06-17.
- ^ Kleinman, Zoe (2012-10-07). "Barcode birthday: 60 years since patent". BBC News. Retrieved 2013-06-17.