1963 Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum gas explosion
Date | October 31, 1963 |
---|---|
Time | 11:06 p.m. ( Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |
Coordinates | 39°49′39″N 86°8′6″W / 39.82750°N 86.13500°W |
Type | Gas explosion |
Cause | Gas leak |
Deaths | 81 |
Non-fatal injuries | ~400 |
The Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum gas explosion took place in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, on October 31, 1963; 81 people died and about 400 others were injured. It was one of the worst disasters in the history of the state.
On the night of October 31, over 4,000 people were in the
Following the disaster, a
Background
The
Explosion
The explosion occurred at 11:06 p.m.,
Emergency response
Within a minute of the first explosion, an off-duty
At 11:23 p.m., a police car at the scene radioed a request for
The District Chief from the
By 11:30 p.m., only 10 injured people remained in the arena.
As cleanup efforts continued into the early morning of November 1, five liquefied petroleum gas (LP gas) tanks[note 3] were discovered in the wreckage and were moved to the Fire Headquarters for inspection.[24] By 1 a.m., all wounded individuals had been removed from the site and were being treated in hospitals around the area.[31] At 1:47 a.m., the police chief, attempting to reduce traffic congestion around the arena, barred any additional vehicles from entering the fairgrounds.[33] About 15 minutes later, at 2:00 a.m., the police chief called a meeting of the command post to outline the process for body identification.[37] At the time, only 21 bodies had been identified from the wreckage, and the police had a team of four ministers and priests to contact the deceased's next of kin.[37] Around the same time, it was decided that the command of the situation would be gradually handed over from the chief of police to the Indiana State Police, as the fairgrounds were state property.[38] At about 3:00 a.m., some relatives of those thought to be dead from the explosion began to arrive to identify their bodies,[39] and half an hour later, a press conference was held wherein the command post gave updates about the state of the response and answered some questions regarding the cause of the incident.[40] At 6:30 a.m., the IPD handed over control of the site to the State Police and, save for those who were assisting the coroner, most IPD officers left the site.[40] At this point, most of the emergency tasks at the site had been completed.[41] By 3 p.m., all but two of the deceased had been identified,[40] and shortly thereafter, the coroner ordered that the remaining two be moved to a nearby hospital and that the coliseum be closed.[42] By 4:00 p.m., the coliseum was almost entirely vacated,[12] except for State Police officers who were stationed at the entrances.[42]
Aftermath
Severity of the disaster
The explosion was one of the worst disasters in both Indianapolis and Indiana history.[43] Approximately 54 people died in the initial explosion, and others later succumbed to their injuries, raising the number of fatalities to approximately 81.[note 4] Among the dead was a former mayor of nearby Lafayette, Indiana.[11] The 1963 coliseum explosion became the deadliest in Indianapolis's history, surpassing an 1869 boiler explosion that had killed 30 people.[51] Coincidentally, this previous explosion had also occurred at the Indiana State Fairgrounds.[51][1] According to a 1968 case study, the explosion was also "the highest single death toll ever to occur in an Indiana disaster".[1] In addition to the fatalities, approximately 400 people were injured.[note 5] A later statement from the Marion County Sheriff's Department projected that had the performance begun on time, there would not have been as many casualties.[36] It took until October 30, 1964, for the last person who had been injured in the explosion to be released from the hospital.[2][56] A memorial service was held the following day for the victims of the explosion on the event's one-year anniversary.[2]
Cause of the explosion
The investigation into the cause of the explosion began shortly after the injured people were removed from the coliseum and was headed by Indiana
Investigation and legal issues
Following the explosion, a
On December 9, 1963, the grand jury released its findings.
Despite the indictments, no one served any jail time for the disaster.[63] Phillips's charges were overturned when it was determined that he could not be held liable for state-owned property.[63] Additionally, despite evidence that showed that the coliseum operators had been warned about gas problems in the past, the others that had been indicted had their charges dropped because they were found not to have had a direct role in the explosion.[63] In the end, only one person, Discount Gas Corporation's President Edward J. Franger,[63] was found guilty by a jury, in this case of the lesser charge of assault and battery.[2] However, this conviction was later overturned by the Indiana Supreme Court.[60][63][4]
Survivors of the explosion and the families of those killed were awarded approximately $4.6 million in settlements.
The explosion was analyzed in-depth by the Disaster Research Center (DRC), a group formed in 1963 at the Ohio State University to investigate and study large-scale disasters.[54][72] In total, the DRC conducted three visits to the location, including one the day after the explosion had occurred.[73] The explosion was one of the first studied by the group,[72] and in 1968,[74] the group published its first ever case study on the disaster.[61]
The coliseum
Following the explosion, the coliseum remained closed for 41 days while inspections were made that showed that the building was structurally sound.
Following the explosion, the Indianapolis Capitals of the Central Professional Hockey League, which played their home games in the coliseum, terminated their lease and relocated to Cincinnati, where they became the Cincinnati Wings.[77] The team had begun playing earlier in October and had only played eight games in the coliseum before the incident.[77]
In 1991, the naming rights for the arena were sold and it was renamed the Pepsi Coliseum.[61][60] This sponsorship ended in 2012, and the arena is now known as the Indiana Farmers Coliseum.[60] On November 14, 2002,[9] a memorial plaque was installed at the coliseum that bears the names of those who died in the disaster.[2] The dedication ceremony was attended by about 100 people.[11] Another memorial was held at the coliseum in 2013 on the fiftieth anniversary of the disaster.[34] In 2014, the arena underwent a $63 million renovation.[60] However, the arena looks much like it did prior to the accident.[63]
See also
- Gas explosion#List of gas explosions
- Indiana State Fair stage collapse
- List of disasters in the United States by death toll
- List of explosions
Notes
- ^ This is the exact time given in a 1968 case study on the explosion issued by the Disaster Research Center (DRC)[6] However, a 2003 article published in Indianapolis Monthly gives the time of the explosion as 11:04 p.m.[3]
- ^ Estimates vary on the time between blasts, with ranges of between three and eight minutes.[10] A 1968 case study of the incident published by the DRC states that the shorter time estimates are probably the most accurate.[10]
- ^ Also referred to in sources as propane[34][35] or butane[36][9] tanks.
- ^ Sources vary on the number of casualties from this disaster.[1] Most sources that give an initial death toll give a number of 54,[1][11][44] though other sources give the number as 65[36][2][45] and as high as 73.[7] Many sources gave only the total number of fatalities, which again differed considerably. Early reports published in The New York Times gave a number of 62,[46] which later rose to 72.[47] Most sources state that either 70,[36] 74,[48][49][44] or 81[1][2][50] people died as a result of the explosion. The numbers given in the text are taken from a 1968 case study on the disaster published by the Disaster Research Center.[1]
- ^ While most sources give an approximate number of around 400,[50][44][35] a 1964 newsletter published by the United States Navy gave an exact number of 385.[52] Another source states that 374 people were taken to hospitals from the coliseum.[53] However, on the other end, Thomas E. Drabek (a researcher for the Disaster Research Center who investigated the explosion) states that there were more than 400 injured people.[54][55]
- ^ One source states that it took the grand jury six weeks to announce their findings.[63]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Drabek 1968, p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Campbell 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h MacGregor 2003, p. 124.
- ^ a b c d e West 1994, p. 458.
- ^ Drabek 1968, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Drabek 1968, p. 2.
- ^ a b Cavinder 1985, p. 2.
- ^ a b Drabek 1968, pp. 2–3.
- ^ a b c d Rader 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g Drabek 1968, p. 3.
- ^ a b c d e MacGregor 2003, p. 127.
- ^ a b c Drabek 1968, p. 7.
- ^ Drabek 1968, p. 57.
- ^ Drabek 1968, pp. 7–8.
- ^ a b c Drabek 1968, p. 58.
- ^ a b c Drabek 1968, p. 8.
- ^ Drabek 1968, p. 33.
- ^ a b Drabek 1968, p. 32.
- ^ a b c d e f Drabek 1968, p. 9.
- ^ a b Hartz 2018.
- ^ MacGregor 2003, pp. 220–221.
- ^ a b Drabek 1968, p. 35.
- ^ a b c Drabek 1968, p. 11.
- ^ a b c d e f Drabek 1968, p. 17.
- ^ Drabek 1968, pp. 8–9.
- ^ a b Drabek 1968, p. 14.
- ^ Drabek 1968, pp. 11–12.
- ^ a b Drabek 1968, p. 13.
- ^ Drabek 1968, pp. 13–14.
- ^ a b Drabek 1968, p. 15.
- ^ a b MacGregor 2003, p. 220.
- ^ a b Drabek 1968, p. 16.
- ^ a b Drabek 1968, p. 19.
- ^ a b McClure 2013.
- ^ a b c WLS-TV 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Marion County Sheriff's Department 2002, p. 39.
- ^ a b Drabek 1968, p. 20.
- ^ Drabek 1968, pp. 20–21.
- ^ Drabek 1968, pp. 26–27.
- ^ a b c Drabek 1968, p. 27.
- ^ Drabek 1968, p. 31.
- ^ a b Drabek 1968, p. 29.
- ^ Drabek 1996, p. 43, "the worst disaster in the state's history"; Drabek 2002, p. 129, "the worst disaster in the history of the state"; Campbell 2013, "By the morning after, the newspaper reported this was the worst disaster in city and very possibly state history"; Campbell 2013, "Indianapolis' greatest tragedy"; Hartz 2018, "One of Indianapolis’ worst tragedies"; West 1994, p. 458, "One of the worst disasters in Indianapolis history"; MacGregor 2003, p. 124, "To this day, 40 years later, the Coliseum explosion remains one of Indiana's worst tragedies and perhaps the blackest night Indianapolis has ever seen"; Cavinder 1985, p. 2, "The worst indoor explosion in Indiana"; Ksander 2006, "one of the state's deadliest disasters".
- ^ a b c United States House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response and Recovery 2014, p. 59.
- ^ MacGregor 2003, p. 221.
- ^ The New York Times 1963.
- ^ a b United Press International 1963.
- ^ Associated Press 2011.
- ^ Brannigan 1992, p. 352.
- ^ a b c d e Sanders 2021.
- ^ a b Mitchell 2016.
- ^ Auf der Heide 2007, p. 104.
- ^ a b Drabek 1996, p. 43.
- ^ Drabek 2002, p. 129.
- ^ Drabek 1968, p. 121.
- ^ Drabek 1968, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Drabek 1968, p. 28.
- ^ a b c d Drabek 1968, p. 117.
- ^ a b c d e f Mitchell 2019.
- ^ a b c d Ksander 2006.
- ^ Nye 1999, p. 11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k MacGregor 2003, p. 222.
- ^ a b c d Drabek 1968, p. 113.
- ^ a b Drabek 1968, p. 114.
- ^ Drabek 1968, pp. 114–115.
- ^ Drabek 1968, pp. 114–117.
- ^ Cavinder 1985, pp. 2–3.
- ^ Drabek 1968, p. 119.
- ^ Drabek 1968, p. 118.
- ^ a b West 1994, p. 459.
- ^ a b Kano et al. 2010, p. 4.
- ^ Drabek 1968, p. viii.
- ^ Drabek 1968, p. x.
- ^ a b c Drabek 1968, p. 112.
- ^ Drabek 1968, pp. 111–112.
- ^ a b Brockman 1994, p. 694.
Sources
- "Wind Causes Fatal Accident at Indiana State Fair". WILL-TV. Associated Press. August 14, 2011. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- Auf der Heide, Erik (2007). "Principles of Hospital Disaster Planning". In Hogan, David E.; Burstein, Jonathan L. (eds.). Disaster Medicine (Second ed.). Philadelphia: ISBN 978-0-7817-6262-5.
- ISBN 978-0-7637-4885-2.
- Brockman, Paul (1994). "Hockey". In Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. With the assistance of David G. Vanderstel. Bloomington, Indiana: ISBN 978-0-253-11249-1.
- Campbell, Alex (October 27, 2013). "Surviving Indianapolis' greatest tragedy, 1963 Coliseum explosion". The Courier-Journal. With contributions from Cathy Knapp. Gannett. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- Cavinder, Fred D. (1985). The Indiana Book of Records, Firsts, and Fascinating Facts. Bloomington, Indiana: ISBN 978-0-253-28320-7.
- Drabek, Thomas E. (1968). Disaster in Aisle 13: A Case Study of the Coliseum Explosion at the Indiana State Fairgrounds, October 31, 1963. Disaster Research Center Series. Columbus, Ohio: College of Administrative Science, The Ohio State University. Note that the author disguised the names of the entities (hospitals, companies, etc.) involved in the incident.
- Drabek, Thomas E. (June 1996). "Disaster in Aisle 13 Revisited". In Koehler, Gus A. (ed.). What Disaster Response Management Can Learn from Chaos Theory. Sacramento, California: ISBN 978-0-7881-4499-8.
- Drabek, Thomas E. (2002). "Following Some Dreams: Recognizing opportunities, posing interesting questions, and implementing alternative methods". In Stallings, Robert A. (ed.). Methods of Disaster Research. International Research Committee on Disasters. pp. 127–153. ISBN 978-1-4691-2107-9.
- Dynes, Russell R. (1970). Quarantelli, E. L.; Dynes, Russell R. (eds.). Organized Behavior in Disaster. Disaster Research Center Series. Lexington, Massachusetts: Heath Lexington Books.
- Greenberg, Michael I. (2006a). Disaster!: A Compendium of Terrorist, Natural, and Man-Made Catastrophes. Sudbury, Massachusetts: ISBN 978-0-7637-3989-8.
- Greenberg, Michael I. (2006b). Encyclopedia of Terrorist, Natural, and Man-made Disasters. Sudbury, Massachusetts: ISBN 978-0-7637-3782-5.
- Hartz, Michael (October 25, 2018). "Halloween 1963: Dozens killed in explosion at Indianapolis Coliseum". WRTV. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- Kano, Megumi; Wood, Michele M.; Siegel, Judith M.; Bourque, Linda B. (2010). "Disaster Research and Epidemiology". In Koenig, Kristi L.; Schultz, Carl H. (eds.). Koenig and Schultz's Disaster Medicine: Comprehensive Principles and Practices. Cambridge: ISBN 978-0-521-87367-3.
- Ksander, Yaël (September 11, 2006). "1963 Coliseum Explosion". WFIU. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- MacGregor, Scott (October 2003). "The Blackest Night". Emmis Communications: 122–127, 220–222.
- ISBN 1-56311-760-6.
- McClure, Vanessa (October 31, 2013). "Survivor of deadly coliseum explosion speaks out on 50th anniversary". WXIN. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- Mitchell, Dawn (October 2, 2016). "Retro Indy: The 1869 Sinker-Davis boiler calamity". The Indianapolis Star. Gannett. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- Mitchell, Dawn (October 31, 2019) [January 15, 2014]. "Retro Indy: The deadly 1963 Coliseum explosion on Halloween night". The Indianapolis Star. Gannett. Archived from the original on March 17, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- Nye, Charlie (1999). Nye, Charlie; Young, Joe (eds.). Hoosier Century: 100 Years of Photographs from The Indianapolis Star and The Indianapolis News. ISBN 978-1-58261-237-9.
- Rader, Kevin (August 26, 2016) [November 14, 2002]. "Dedication recalls Coliseum explosion". WTHR. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- Sanders, Samantha (March 30, 2021). "The Deadly 1963 Indiana Ice Show Explosion". Grunge.com. Static Media. Archivedfrom the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- "62 Dead and Hundreds Hurt in Blast at Indiana Ice Show". ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the originalon December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- "Indiana Indicts 7 in Ice Show Blast". ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the originalon December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- U.S. Government Printing Office.
- "How Indianapolis Hospitals Met the Blast Emergency". United States Navy Medical News Letter. 43 (1). United States Navy Medical Department: 18. January 10, 1964.
- West, Vickie J. (1994). "Coliseum Explosion". In Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. With the assistance of David G. Vanderstel. Bloomington, Indiana: ISBN 978-0-253-11249-1.
- "74 killed in explosion at Indiana State Fair in 1963". WLS-TV. August 14, 2011. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- "Road to 100: 1963". WRTV. April 5, 2016. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
Further reading
- Drabek, Thomas E. (2010). The Human Side of Disaster (Second ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: ISBN 978-1-315-36045-4.
- "Retro Indy: 1963 Coliseum explosion in photos". The Indianapolis Star. Gannett. October 31, 2019 [January 15, 2014]. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- "70 Years Together: Dick Baldwin recalls state fair coliseum explosion, killed 74 people in 1963". WRTV. May 6, 2019. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.