1969 Somali coup d'état

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1969 Somali coup d'état
Part of the Cold War

Proclamation of coup by the Supreme Revolutionary Council
Date21 October 1969
Location
Mogadishu, Somalia
Result

Supreme Revolutionary Council victory

Belligerents
Somalia Somali Republic Somalia Supreme Revolutionary Council
Commanders and leaders
Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein
Mohammad Egal

The 1969 Somali coup d'état was the bloodless takeover of

authoritarian government in Somalia until 1991.[1]

Arising out of the highly contested parliamentary elections of March 1969 and political tensions, the coup led to political repression and Somalia becoming a virtual Soviet satellite state until 1977 at which point it became an ally of the United States.[2] It was the first successful coup, after two previous aborted attempts, in Somali history since the country achieved independence nine years earlier in 1960.

Background

Somalia became independent in 1960, creating the

Aden Abdullah Osman Daar who served as head of state and Prime Minister Abdirashid Sharmarke of the Somali Youth League.[3] Because Somalia was composed of two recently unified territories, the country was divided in many aspects such as taxation, policing, legal systems, and administration, however these differences were largely resolved in a 1961 referendum on a new constitution which saw more than 90% of voters approve the document. The constitution which merged Italian and British colonial institutions established a parliamentary democracy and was intended to create a single national identity.[citation needed
]

Despite the ratification of a new constitution, Somalia remained deeply divided among ethnic, political, and clan lines. In 1961, a

Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, the Italian educated prime minister and member of the Somali Youth League (SYL), was elected as president of Somalia.[4] In March 1969 another legislative election was held with 64 parties in the running with the SYL being the only political party to have candidates in every election district. The number of political parties was typical of Somalia due to the wide array of differing clans and ethnic groups and the fact that the prerequisite to running was simply clan sponsorship or the support of 500 voters.[5]
The election was highly contentious and saw the Somali Youth League gain an even greater majority in the parliament. Allegations of electoral fraud and corruption were rampant and more than 25 people were killed in election-related violence.[4][6] A general perception grew among Somalis that the SYL was becoming increasingly authoritarian in its rule. This view was compounded by the newly formed government under Prime Minister Egal largely ignoring allegations of fraud and corruption.[7]

Marxist and nationalist. He emerged as the leader of the Supreme Revolutionary Council, a group of Somali military and police officers ranging in rank from major general to captain.[8]

Coup

Mogadishu city center in 1963.

On 15 October 1969, President

Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, only Somalia's second president of the postcolonial era, was shot dead by his bodyguard using an automatic rifle as he stepped out of a car in the northern city of Las Anod.[9] He was succeeded by interim President Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein. The coup was set in motion the day after Sharmarke's funeral.[citation needed
]

The coup d'état took place during the early morning hours of 21 October 1969. Troops of the Somali National Armed Forces supported by tanks and commanded by various members of the Supreme Revolutionary Council sealed off several strategic sites in Mogadishu, including the parliament building, information ministry, Radio Mogadishu, police headquarters, and the mansion of Prime Minister Egal. Major government officials were abducted and imprisoned. Several former senior Somali politicians were rounded up during the coup as well, among them former President Aden Adde and former Prime Minister Abdirizak Haji Hussein. Both were placed in detention and were not released until 1973. Prime Minister Egal too was imprisoned, but in solitary confinement.[10] Despite the seizure of police buildings in the coup, the police did not resist the military and even cooperated with them. Jama Ali Korshel, the head of the Somali Police Force was appointed vice chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council.[citation needed]

After military forces seized Radio Mogadishu, the station began broadcasting martial music as a way of conveying the motives of the coup leaders, including the song "Either doomsday death or victory of life," which invoked images of several wild animals such as lions and horses. In his first speech on the radio during the coup, Barre condemned the "corruption" of the old regime and disparaged the oppression of the educated. He also explained that although the government he had overthrown was inept and corrupt not all of its members were criminals, perhaps acknowledging that he had been a part of the very system he had just overthrown.[11] Barre's Supreme Revolutionary Council dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.[citation needed]

In 1970, one year after the coup, Siad Barre declared Somalia to be a socialist state and set upon the 'Somalization' of the country, essentially a grand scheme to diminish clan loyalties and create a 'dutiful Somali' country.[12][13]

Aftermath

The 25-member Supreme Revolutionary Council, in essence a

firing squad in 1972.[15]

Barre, called the "Victorious Leader",

totalitarian with human rights abuses becoming endemic in Somalia. The United Nations Development Programme wrote in 2001, "the 21-year regime of Siyad Barre had one of the worst human rights records in Africa," with the Barre regime persecuting and torturing suspected political dissidents for decades.[17]

Allegations of Soviet involvement

Though no official evidence has been presented to support this theory, suspicions of Soviet involvement in the coup have been widespread since the takeover was carried out in 1969.[18] At the time, postcolonial Somalia had been receiving large volumes of military support from the Soviet Union including vehicles, small arms, and technical assistance in the form of advisers. In addition, thousands of Somali military officers had been sent to the Soviet Union for training in the country's military academies and the Soviet Union maintained a sizable naval base in the country.[19] However, after the coup the Soviets remained wary of the new regime and seemed unsure of the junta's preferred political direction.[further explanation needed] It is known that the KGB's station in Mogadishu was notified in advance of the coup and some of the plotters were Soviet informants.[20]

Salaad Gabeyre Kediye, one of the coup's main architects who was executed in 1972, was a KGB informant codenamed "OPERATOR", according to documents from the Mitrokhin Archive and the writings of Cambridge historian Christopher Andrew.[21]

References

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  4. ^ a b "28. Somalia (1960-present)". UCA. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
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  6. ^ Pike, John (2018-01-22). "1969 Coup". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
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  9. ^ "Somalia: Death of a President". TIME.com. 1969-10-24. Retrieved 2018-01-22.; Mohamed Haji Ingiriis (2017) Who Assassinated the Somali President in October 1969? The Cold War, the Clan Connection, or the Coup d’État, African Security, 10:2, 131-154, DOI: 10.1080/19392206.2017.1305861.
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  16. ^ "Somalia - Siad Barre and Scientific Socialism". Country Studies. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
  17. ^ UNDP, Human Development Report 2001-Somalia, (New York: 2001), p. 42
  18. ^ Greenfield, Richard (1995-01-03). "Obituary: Mohamed Said Barre". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-01. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
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  21. (Pg. 448)