1970 Michigan Wolverines football team

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1970 Michigan Wolverines football
ConferenceBig Ten Conference
Ranking
CoachesNo. 7
APNo. 9
Record9–1 (6–1 Big Ten)
Head coach
Defensive coordinatorJim Young (2nd season)
MVPHenry Hill, Don Moorhead
Captains
  • Henry Hill
  • Don Moorhead
Home stadiumMichigan Stadium
Seasons
← 1969
1971 →
1970 Big Ten Conference football standings
Conf Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
No. 5 Ohio State $ 7 0 0 9 1 0
No. 9 Michigan 6 1 0 9 1 0
Northwestern 6 1 0 6 4 0
Iowa 3 3 1 3 6 1
Wisconsin 3 4 0 4 5 1
Michigan State 3 4 0 4 6 0
Minnesota 2 4 1 3 6 1
Purdue 2 5 0 4 6 0
Illinois 1 6 0 3 7 0
Indiana 1 6 0 1 9 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Rankings from
AP Poll

The 1970 Michigan Wolverines football team was an

AP Poll[1]

Quarterback

Billy Taylor with 911 rushing yards and 66 points scored, and split end Paul Staroba with 519 receiving yards.[2]

Offensive tackle Dan Dierdorf was a consensus first-team choice for the 1970 All-America team. Henry Hill received first-team All-America honors from the Central Press Association, and linebacker Marty Huff was similarly honored by the American Football Coaches Association. In addition, 10 Michigan players received first-team honors on the 1970 All-Big Ten Conference football team.

The Wolverines entered the season knowing they would not play in a bowl game. Big Ten rules in place until 1975 allowed only the team representing the conference in the Rose Bowl to participate in the postseason; additionally, the Big Ten had a "no repeat" rule barring appearances in consecutive Rose Bowls until 1972.

Schedule

DateOpponentRankSiteTVResultAttendance
September 19Arizona*No. 8W 20–980,386
September 26at Washington*No. 10W 17–357,500
October 3Texas A&M*No. 9
  • Michigan Stadium
  • Ann Arbor, MI
W 14–1071,732
October 10at PurdueNo. 7W 29–069,022
October 17Michigan StateNo. 6
  • Michigan Stadium
  • Ann Arbor, MI (rivalry)
W 34–20103,580
October 24MinnesotadaggerNo. 5
W 39–1383,496
October 31at WisconsinNo. 5W 29–1572,389
November 7IllinoisNo. 5
  • Michigan Stadium
  • Ann Arbor, MI (series)
W 42–070,781
November 14IowaNo. 5
  • Michigan Stadium
  • Ann Arbor, MI
W 55–066,189
November 21at No. 5 Ohio StateNo. 4ABCL 9–2087,331
  • *Non-conference game
  • daggerHomecoming
  • Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game

Season summary

Preseason

The

Billy Taylor and Glenn Doughty. Jim Betts
, backup quarterback in 1969, was moved to defensive back for the 1970 season.

In June 1970, Michigan hired Tirrel Burton as an assistant coach.[4] He began in 1970 as the coach of the freshman football team, later coached receivers from 1972 to 1980 and then took over as the running backs coach from 1980 to 1992.

Michigan's 1970 recruiting class included Dave Brandon, Dave Gallagher, Clint Haslerig, Mike Hoban, Paul Seal, Ed Shuttlesworth, Tom Slade, and Bob Thornbladh.[5]

Arizona

Week 1: Arizona at Michigan
1 234Total
Arizona 3 303 9
Michigan 10 0010 20
  • Date: September 19
  • Location:
    Ann Arbor
  • Game attendance: 80,386

On September 19, Michigan opened its 1970 season with a 20–9 victory over Arizona, before a crowd of 80,386 at Michigan Stadium. Michigan took a 10–0 lead in the first quarter on a 42-yard field goal from Dana Coin and a touchdown pass from Don Moorhead to Billy Taylor covering 29 yards. Michigan's offense stalled in the second and third quarters, and Arizona closed the gap to one point (10–9) on three Steve Hurley field goals. Michigan extended the lead in the fourth quarter on a second field goal from Dana Coin and a touchdown run by Lance Scheffler. Michigan's defense also intercepted four of Brian Linstrom's passes.[6][7]

Despite the win, Michigan's offense was criticized for its inconsistent play. Michigan gained only 186 rushing yards and had two drives stall inside Arizona's 25-yard line with no points scored. On another drive, Michigan had a first down at Arizona's five-yard line and was forced to settle for a field goal. Coach Schembechler acknowledged: "Our running game especially was a disappointment. We just weren't blocking. We've got a lot of work to do. But don't underestimate the fact that we won. That's the important thing."[7] A Michigan field goal was also blocked, and a punt was fumbled by Michigan's returner.[7]

In response to coach Schembechler's play calling, the crowd at Michigan Stadium began booing, mostly from the student section, in the third and fourth quarters. After the game, coach Schembechler responded: "Yeah, I heard them boo me. But if you think it bothered me, you're wrong. I may not be a very good coach but I'm a lot smarter than they are."[8]

Washington

Week 2: Michigan at Washington
1 234Total
Michigan 0 0107 17
Washington 3 000 3
  • Date: September 26
  • Location: Seattle
  • Game attendance: 57,500

On September 26, 1970, Michigan, ranked No. 10 in the UPI poll, defeated Jim Owens' No. 19 Washington Huskies by a 17–3 score before a crowd of 57,500 at Husky Stadium in Seattle. The Huskies had beaten Michigan State, 42–16, the week before.

Washington out-gained Michigan in the first half by 145 yards to 56 yards. Steve Wiezbowksi kicked a 35-yard field goal for a 3–0 lead at halftime. The deficit would have been greater were it not for three interceptions of passes from Washington's highly touted Native American quarterback Sonny Sixkiller.[9][10]

With Michigan tailback Glenn Doughty ineffective (13 yards on seven carries) and Lance Scheffler sidelined by injury, coach Schembechler sent third-string tailback Preston Henry into the game for the second half. Henry rushed for 113 yards and two touchdowns on 13 carries. Dana Coin also kicked a 39-yard field goal. The defense also stiffened in the second half, as the Wolverines out-gained the Huskies, 226 yards to 56 yards. Thom Darden led the defense with 10 solo tackles and two assists.[9][11]

Texas A&M

Texas A&M Aggies (2–1) at #9 Michigan Wolverines (2–0)
Period 1 2 34Total
Texas A&M 7 3 0010
Michigan 0 7 0714

at Michigan Stadium, Ann Arbor, Michigan

  • Date: October 3
  • Game attendance: 71,732
  • Recap/Box
Game information

On October 3, 1970, Michigan defeated Gene Stallings' Texas A&M Aggies by a 14–10 score before a crowd of 71,732 at Michigan Stadium. One week earlier, Texas A&M was beaten by Ohio State, 56–13, but Michigan's offense was unable to move the ball effectively against the Aggies.[12]

Texas A&M, which stunned eventual

Billy Taylor scored on a one-yard run, and Texas A&M led, 10–7, at halftime. The defense held Texas A&M scoreless in the second half, led by Pete Newell with 15 solo tackles and linebacker Marty Huff
with 13 solo tackles.

The offense continued to struggle in the second half, and quarterback Don Moorhead, who completed only three of 16 passes, was booed in the fourth quarter. Michigan won the game on a 62-yard drive with fullback Fritz Seyferth leading the way. For the game, Seyferth totaled 64 rushing yards on 11 carries. But it was Moorhead who silenced the critics by scoring the winning touchdown on a seven-yard run.[12] Asked after the game if he heard the boos, Moorhead replied: "Yeah, I heard 'em. Let 'em boo. They booed Bo two weeks ago, but they don't know what's going on down there."[13]

Purdue

Week 4: Michigan at Purdue
1 234Total
Michigan 0 6023 29
Purdue 0 000 0

On October 10, 1970, Michigan defeated Purdue, 29–0, before a crowd of 69,022 at Ross–Ade Stadium in West Lafayette, Indiana. Purdue had upset No. 3 Stanford with 26 points the prior week, and no Purdue team had been shut out since 1963.[14]

Michigan's

Billy Taylor had played at fullback in the first three games and was moved to tailback against Purdue. He responded with 89 yards and a touchdown, though he also fumbled twice. Quarterback Don Moorhead, still sick with the flu, completed 9 of 17 passes for 92 yards and two touchdowns.[14] After the game, coach Schembechler praised Moorhead: "He played today after being sick all week. He lost about seven pounds and was as weak as a baby, but he played quite a ballgame."[15]

On defense, Michigan held Purdue's star running back Otis Armstrong to 11 yards on 14 carries. The defense also intercepted three passes from Purdue quarterback Chuck Piebes.[14]

Michigan State

Week 5: Michigan State at Michigan
1 234Total
Michigan State 10 307 20
Michigan 7 6147 34
  • Date: October 17
  • Location:
    Ann Arbor
  • Game attendance: 103,580

On October 17, 1970, Michigan, ranked No. 6 in the AP poll, defeated

Billy Taylor rushed for 149 yards and three touchdowns. Michigan quarterback Don Moorhead completed 12 of 19 passes for 156 yards and a touchdown. Glenn Doughty added 85 rushing yards, 68 receiving yards, and a touchdown.[16]

Minnesota

Week 6: Minnesota at Michigan
1 234Total
Minnesota 0 766 19
Michigan 6 12714 39
  • Date: October 24
  • Location:
    Ann Arbor
  • Game attendance: 83,496

On October 24, 1970, Michigan defeated Minnesota, 39–13, in the annual Little Brown Jug game before a homecoming crowd of 83,496 at Michigan Stadium. Quarterback Don Moorhead led the offense with 183 yards of total offense, 104 passing yards (7 of 18) and 79 rushing yards. Billy Taylor had 151 rushing yards and a touchdown on 26 carries, and fullback Fritz Seyferth added 76 yards and four touchdowns on 18 carries.[17]

On defense, Michigan held the Gophers to 69 rushing yards. Minnesota quarterback Craig Curry came into the game as the Big Ten Conference leader in total offense, and completed 16 of 37 passes for 214 yards and a touchdown. Michigan intercepted three of Curry' passes, one each by Bruce Elliott, Thom Darden, and Jim Betts. Betts also tallied 12 solo tackles.[17]

Wisconsin

Week 7: Michigan at Wisconsin
1 234Total
Michigan 7 1408 29
Wisconsin 0 690 15

On October 31, 1970, Michigan defeated Wisconsin, 29–15, before a record crowd of 72,389 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison, Wisconsin. Michigan jumped to a 21–0 lead on two touchdowns by fullback Fritz Seyferth and one by tailback Preston Henry. Wisconsin responded with 15 points in the second quarter on a 17-yard pass from Neil Graff to Alan "A-Train" Thompson, an 87-yard punt return for touchdown by Danny Crooks, and a Roger Jaeger field goal. Michigan led, 21–15, at halftime. Neither team scored in the third quarter, and Michigan extended its lead in the fourth quarter on a 21-yard touchdown pass from Don Moorhead to Paul Staroba. The Wolverines rushed for 227 rushing yards, and Moorhead completed 11 of 22 passes for 223 yards. Michigan's defense limited Wisconsin to 79 rushing yards and 168 passing yards.[18]

Illinois

Week 8: Illinois at Michigan
1 234Total
Illinois 0 000 0
Michigan 7 14147 42
  • Date: November 7
  • Location:
    Ann Arbor
  • Game attendance: 70,781

On November 7, 1970, Michigan defeated Illinois, 42–0, before a crowd of 70,781 (the smallest of the season) at Michigan Stadium. Schembechler emptied the bench to avoid running up the score, using 54 players in the game. Tailback Billy Taylor and wingback Glenn Doughty scored two touchdowns each. Doughty had 81 receiving yards in addition to 40 rushing yards. Backup running back Lance Scheffler, a senior, rushed for 75 yards and a touchdown. Tight end Gerry Schumacher added a touchdown on a pass from Don Moorhead. Moorhead completed nine of 14 passes for 116 yards. On defense, Michigan held the Illini to 71 rushing yards and 101 passing yards and intercepted two Illinois passes.[19]

Iowa

Week 9: Iowa at Michigan
1 234Total
Iowa 0 000 0
Michigan 21 14713 55
  • Date: November 14
  • Location:
    Ann Arbor
  • Game attendance: 66,189

On November 14, 1970, Michigan, ranked No. 5 in the AP and UPI polls, defeated Ray Nagel's Iowa Hawkeyes, 55–0, before a crowd of 66,189 at Michigan Stadium. The win gave Michigan a 9–0 record for the first time since its 1948 national championship season.

Michigan's offense gained 561 yards, the third highest total in school history to that point, including 468 rushing yards. Michigan punted on its first possession (the first of only two punts in the game), but Iowa's returner touched the ball with Michigan recovering at the three-yard line to set up the first Wolverine touchdown. Billy Taylor led the offense with 189 yards and two touchdowns on 23 carries in the first three quarters. Quarterback Don Moorhead completed six of 11 passes for 88 yards and rushed for 65 yards and a touchdown. In his final home game for Michigan, Moorhead also passed Bob Chappuis as the school's all-time leader in total offense. Glenn Doughty also totaled 61 yards (36 receiving, 25 rushing).[20]

On defense, Michigan held Iowa to 88 rushing yards and 34 passing yards. Iowa did not cross midfield until there were 25 seconds left in the game. The defense also recovered five Iowa fumbles, including a fumble recovery in the end zone for a touchdown by Thom Darden.[20]

Ohio State

Week 10: Michigan at Ohio State
1 234Total
Michigan 0 360 9
Ohio State 3 7010 20
  • Date: November 21
  • Location: Ohio Stadium
  • Game start: 1:15 p.m.
  • Game attendance: 87,331
  • Game weather: 44 °F (7 °C)
  • Referee: Ross Dean (Big Ten)

On November 21, 1970, Michigan lost to Woody Hayes' Ohio State Buckeyes by a 20–9 score before a record crowd of 87,331 at Ohio Stadium in Columbus, Ohio. Both teams came into the game undefeated and were ranked No. 4 and No. 5, respectively, in the AP Poll.[1]

Michigan's Lance Scheffler fumbled the opening kickoff, and Ohio State recovered the ball at Michigan's 25-yard line. Ohio State's Fred Schram kicked a 28-yard field goal for an early lead. Michigan tied the game after Jim Betts intercepted a Rex Kern pass and returned it to the Ohio State 18-yard line, setting up a 31-yard field goal by Dana Coin. Shortly before halftime, and after calling (and being granted) an extra fifth timeout, Ohio State took a 10–3 lead on a 26-yard touchdown pass from Kern to Bruce Jankowski.[21][22]

Midway through the third quarter, Michigan scored on a 13-yard touchdown pass from Don Moorhead to Paul Staroba. Michigan's kick for extra point was blocked by Mike Anderson, and Ohio State led by one point. In the fourth quarter, the Buckeyes extended their lead to four points on Fred Schram's second field goal. On the next drive, Ohio State linebacker Stan White intercepted Moorhead's pass at Michigan's 24-yard line and returned it to the nine-yard line, setting up a four-yard touchdown run by Leo Hayden.[21][22]

Michigan was unable to move the ball on the ground, gaining only 37 rushing yards on 30 carries. Billy Taylor led the Wolverines with 31 yards on 15 carries. After the game, coach Schembechler noted: "We didn't move on the ground. That was the ball game. I don't know why we couldn't move . . . We didn't seem to block very much."[23]

Forced to an air attack, Michigan quarterback Don Moorhead completed 12 of 26 passes for 118 yards. In his final game for Michigan, Moorhead established new Michigan career records for completions (199) and total passing yards (2,540).[21]

The Buckeyes, on the other hand, moved the ball effectively with running backs Leo Hayden (117 rushing yards on 28 carries) and John Brockington (77 yards on 27 carries). Ohio State quarterback Rex Kern also completed eight of 12 passes for 87 yards.[21]

In his postgame interview, Ohio State coach Woody Hayes asked, "Is this our best team ever? Well, today it was. Today, this was the best we've ever been."[24]

Award season

Two Michigan players received first-team honors on the 1969 All-America team

Thirteen Michigan players received recognition from the AP and/or UPI on the

Billy Taylor at halfback (AP-2, UPI-1), Guy Murdock at center (UPI-1 [tie]), Mike Keller at defensive end (UPI-2), Jim Betts at defensive back (UPI-2), and Jack Harpring at tackle (AP-2).[26][27]

Team awards were presented at the end of the season as follows:[1]

  • Most Valuable Player: Henry Hill, Don Moorhead
  • Meyer Morton Award: Jim Betts
  • John Maulbetsch Award: Tom Coyle
  • Frederick Matthei Award: Bruce Elliott
  • Arthur Robinson Scholarship Award: John Harpring

Personnel

Full roster

1970 Michigan Wolverines football team roster
Players Coaches
Offense
Pos. # Name Class
FB 28 Bill Berutti Sr
OT 76 Jim Brandstatter Jr
G 60 Thomas Coyle So
OT 72 Dan Dierdorf Sr
TB 22 Glenn Doughty Jr
G 75 Werner Hall Sr
OT 71 Jack Harpring Sr
WR 80 William Harris Sr
C 56 William Hart So
WB 44 Preston Henry Jr
TE 89 Thomas Huiskens Jr
G, K 57 Tim Killian Sr
QB 25 John McBride So
G 65 Reggie McKenzie Jr
QB 27 Don Moorhead Sr
C 53 Guy Murdock Jr
TE 83 Thomas Nieman Sr
WR 84 Michael Oldham Jr
TB 45 Lance Scheffler Sr
TE 81 Gerald Schumacher So
FB 32 Fritz Seyferth Jr
TE 85 Paul Seymour Jr
WR 30 Paul Staroba Sr
RB 42
Billy Taylor
Jr
Defense
Pos. # Name Class
DT 99 Tom Beckman Jr
S 23 Jim Betts Sr
DE 94 Alden Carpenter Jr
LB, K 36 Dana Coin Jr
DB 19 John Daniels So
DB 35 Thom Darden Jr
DB 46 Gerald Dutcher Sr
DB 86 Donald Eaton So
DB 21 Bruce Elliott Jr
MN 68 Gregory Ellis So
CB 14 Frank Gusich Jr
DB 17 Gregory Harrison Sr
MG 39 Henry Hill Sr
LB 70 Marty Huff Sr
W 37 Thomas Kee So
DE 90 Mike Keller Jr
DT 78 Richard McCoy Jr. Sr
LB 97 Edward Moore Sr
DT 82 Pete Newell Sr
DB 15 Bo Rather So
DE 91 Philip Seymour Sr
DT 74 Tony Smith So
DE 96 Clinton Spearman So
LB 33 Mike Taylor Jr
Special teams
Pos. # Name Class
Head coach
Coordinators/assistant coaches

Legend
  • (C) Team captain
  • (S) Suspended
  • (I) Ineligible
  • Injured Injured
  • Redshirt Redshirt

Roster

Offensive starters

Defensive starters

  • Tom Beckman, defensive tackle, junior, Chesaning, Michigan - started all 10 games (8 at left defensive tackle and 2 at right defensive end)
  • Cleveland, Ohio
    - started all 10 games at safety
  • Alden J. Carpenter, defensive end, junior, Flint, Michigan - started 2 games at left defensive end
  • Thom Darden, defensive back, junior, Sandusky, Ohio - started 9 games at strong side defensive halfback
  • Donald R. Eaton, defensive back, sophomore, Lancaster, Ohio - started 1 game at wide linebacker
  • Bruce N. Elliott, defensive back, junior,
    Indianapolis, Indiana
    - started 7 games at weak side defensive halfback
  • Frank Gusich, wolf, junior, Garfield Heights, Ohio - started all 10 games at cornerback
  • Henry Hill, middle guard, senior, Detroit, Michigan - started all 10 games at middle guard
  • Marty Huff, linebacker, senior, Toledo, Ohio - started all 10 games at middle linebacker
  • Mike Keller, defensive end, junior, Grand Rapids, Michigan - started 7 games at right defensive end and 1 game at left defensive tackle
  • Edward M. Moore, linebacker, senior, Youngstown, Ohio - started 2 games at wide linebacker 1 game at left defensive tackle
  • Pete Newell, defensive tackle, senior, Park Ridge, Illinois - started 9 games at defensive right tackle
  • Bo Rather, defensive back, sophomore, Sandusky, Ohio - started 2 games at weak side defensive halfback
  • Philip Seymour, defensive end, senior, Berkley, Michigan - started 7 games at defensive end
  • Tony L. Smith, defensive tackle, sophomore, Detroit, Michigan - started 1 game at right defensive tackle
  • Mike Taylor, linebacker, junior, Detroit, Michigan - started 5 games at wide linebacker, 1 game at weak side defensive halfback and 1 game at strong side defensive halfback

Professional football

Fifteen members of the 1970 team went on to play professional football. They are:

Billy Taylor (Calgary Stampeders, 1972), and Mike Taylor
(New York Jets, 1972–73).

Coaching staff

  • Graduate assistants: Bob Baumgartner, Dennis Brown, Don Busslow, Jeff Green, Mike Hankwitz, Paul Johnson, Jerry Miklos, and Tom Weinman[31]
  • Trainer: Lindsy McLean[1][32]
  • Assistant trainers: Mike Willie, Len Paddock, and Jack Redgren[32]
  • Manager: Neil Hiller[1][33]
  • Assistant managers: Chuck Quebberman, David Fish, Jerry Fine, Gary Johnson, John Levine[33]

Statistical leaders

Rushing

Player Attempts Net yards Yards per attempt Touchdowns
Billy Taylor
197 911 4.6 10
Don Moorhead 97 368 3.8 2
Fritz Seyferth 86 333 3.9 6

Passing

Player Attempts Completions Interceptions Comp % Yards Yds/Comp TD
Don Moorhead 190 87 6 45.8 1167 13.4 8

Receiving

Player Receptions Yards Yds/Recp TD Long
Paul Staroba 35 519 14.8 2 14
Glenn Doughty 22 298 13.6 0 14
Paul Seymour 13 194 14.9 1 16

Kickoff returns

Player Returns Yards Yds/Return TD Long
Glenn Doughty 7 116 16.6 0 20
Preston Henry 6 104 17.3 0 20
Bo Rather 3 62 20.7 0 38

Punt returns

Player Returns Yards Yds/Return TD Long
Thom Darden 18 153 8.5 0 21
Bruce Elliott 12 57 4.8 0 11
Bo Rather 1 44 44.0 0 44

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "1970 Football Team". University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  2. ^ "1970 Michigan Wolverines Stats". SR/College Football. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  3. ^ "1969 Football Team". University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  4. ^ "Miami Loses Football Aide". Sandusky Register. June 29, 1970.
  5. ^ "1970 Michigan Football Roster". Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
  6. Newspapers.com
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  7. ^ a b c Eric Siegel (September 20, 1970). "Wolverines sputter past Arizona Wildcats, 20-9". The Michigan Daily. p. 9 – via Bentley Historical Library.
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  9. ^
    Newspapers.com
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  10. ^ Eric Siegel (September 27, 1970). "'M' wall stifles Sixkiller". The Michigan Daily. p. 7 – via Bentley Historical Library.
  11. ^ "Defense holds off Husky assault, 17-3". The Michigan Daily. September 27, 1970. p. 7 – via Bentley Historical Library.
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  22. ^ a b Eric Siegel (November 22, 1970). "Bucks trample Wolverines". The Michigan Daily. pp. 1, 7 – via Bentley Historical Library.
  23. Newspapers.com
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  25. ^ "Football Award Winners" (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). 2016. p. 10. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
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  28. ^ a b c d e f g Sandi Genis (September 10, 1971). "Coaching staff returns intact". The Michigan Daily. p. 14 – via Bentley Historical Library.
  29. ^ a b c d e f Bill Alterman (October 8, 1970). "Calling 'phony' plays". The Michigan Daily. p. 6 – via Bentley Historical Library.
  30. ^ "Miami motif marks Michigan coaching corps". The Michigan Daily. September 5, 1969. p. 2 – via Bentley Historical Library.
  31. ^ a b Jim Epstein (September 15, 1970). "Graduates aid 'M' freshmen". The Michigan Daily. p. 6 – via Bentley Historical Library.
  32. ^ a b Doug Kirk (September 13, 1970). "Football Trainers: Healing the Hobbling". The Michigan Daily. p. 12 – via Bentley Historical Library.
  33. ^ a b Terri Fouchey (September 13, 1970). "Managers bask in anonymity". The Michigan Daily. p. 14 – via Bentley Historical Library.

External links