1972 Democratic National Convention
1972 presidential election | |
Convention | |
---|---|
Date(s) | July 10–13, 1972 |
City | Miami Beach, Florida |
Venue | Miami Beach Convention Center |
Keynote speaker | Reubin Askew[1] |
Candidates | |
Presidential nominee | George McGovern of South Dakota |
Vice presidential nominee | Thomas Eagleton of Missouri |
The 1972 Democratic National Convention was the
The convention nominated
in-law.The convention, which has been described as "a disastrous start to the general election campaign",[4] was one of the most unusual—perhaps the most contentious in the history of the Democratic Party since 1924—with sessions beginning in the early evening and lasting until sunrise the next morning. Previously excluded political activists gained influence at the expense of elected officials and traditional core Democratic constituencies such as organized labor. A protracted vice presidential nominating process delayed McGovern's acceptance speech (which he considered "the best speech of his life") until 2:48 a.m.—after most television viewers had gone to bed.[4][5][6]
Delegate selection
The 1972 convention was significant as the first implementation of the reforms set by the
The commission set guidelines ordering state parties to "adopt explicit written Party rules governing delegate selection" and implemented eight "procedural rules and safeguards", including the prohibition of
As a result of the new rules, subjects that were previously deemed not fit for political debate, such as abortion and
The
The California primary was "winner-take-all", which was contrary to the delegate selection rules. So even though McGovern only won the California primary by a 5% electoral margin, he won all 271 of their delegates to the convention. The anti-McGovern group argued for a proportional distribution of the delegates, while the McGovern forces stressed that the rules for the delegate selection had been set and the Stop McGovern alliance was trying to change the rules after the game. The credentials committee ruled in favor of the anti-McGovern group prior to the convention, leaving McGovern short of a first-ballot majority. However, the committee was overruled by a floor vote on the first day of the convention and a unanimous McGovern delegation was seated.
McGovern recognized the mixed results of the changes that he made to the Democratic nominating convention, saying, "I opened the doors of the Democratic Party and 20 million people walked out".[7]
The so-called "magic number", or number of delegates needed to secure the nomination, was 1,509.[8]
Platform
Formed after "divisive platform battles", the 1972 Democratic National Convention's platform has been characterized as "probably the most liberal one ever adopted by a major party in the United States". It advocated immediate withdrawal from Vietnam, amnesty for war resisters, the abolition of the draft, a guaranteed job for all Americans (it offered to "make the government the employer of last resort"), and a guaranteed family income well above the poverty line.[4]
Feminism
The
There were disagreements within the Democrats of the National Women's Political Caucus (NWPC), and the Women's Movement in general, over how to best approach certain issues. At the convention Betty Friedan clashed with Gloria Steinem over the way NWPC women should approach certain issues, and whether or not they should make sure to throw all possible support behind Shirley Chisholm (both women were supporters of Chisholm's presidential campaign).
As the convention was occurring on Miami Beach, Gloria Steinem chose The Betsy Ross Hotel as headquarters for the National Organization for Women (NOW). Built in 1942, the hotel had been named after Betsy Ross, the Philadelphia seamstress who sewed American Flags.
McGovern ultimately excised the abortion issue from the party's platform; recent publications show McGovern was deeply conflicted on the issue.[9] Actress and activist Shirley MacLaine, though privately supporting abortion rights, urged the delegates to vote against the plank. Gloria Steinem later wrote this description of the events:
The consensus of the meeting of women delegates held by the caucus had been to fight for the minority plank on reproductive freedom; indeed our vote had supported the plank nine to one. So fight we did, with three women delegates speaking eloquently in its favor as a constitutional right. One male Right-to-Life zealot spoke against, and Shirley MacLaine also was an opposition speaker, on the grounds that this was a fundamental right but didn't belong in the platform. We made a good showing. Clearly we would have won if McGovern's forces had left their delegates uninstructed and thus able to vote their consciences.[10]
Germaine Greer flatly contradicted Steinem's account. Having recently gained public notoriety for her feminist manifesto The Female Eunuch and sparring with Norman Mailer, Greer was commissioned to cover the convention for Harper's Magazine. Greer criticized Steinem's "controlled jubilation" that 38% of the delegates were women, ignoring that "many delegations had merely stacked themselves with token females...The McGovern machine had already pulled the rug out from under them".[11]
Greer leveled her most searing critique on Steinem for her capitulation on abortion rights. Greer reported, "Jacqui Ceballos called from the crowd to demand abortion rights on the Democratic platform, but Bella [Abzug] and Gloria stared glassily out into the room", thus killing the abortion rights platform. Greer asks, "Why had Bella and Gloria not helped Jacqui to nail him on abortion? What reticence, what loserism had afflicted them?"[11] The cover of Harper's that month read, "Womanlike, they did not want to get tough with their man, and so, womanlike, they got screwed".[12]
Gay rights
A coalition of gay rights groups at the convention "drew up a proposed platform provision that called for, among other things, repealing laws against homosexuals marrying". The provision was rejected by a vote of 54–34. Afterwards, however, two delegates, Jim Foster and Madeline Davis (the first openly lesbian delegate to a major national political convention), spoke publicly on its behalf.[13]
Desegregation
The platform championed busing under its "Education" plank, stating, "Transportation of students is another tool to accomplish desegregation".[14]
Welfare
In addition to a guaranteed job for all Americans (it offered to "make the government the employer of last resort") and a
The McGovern platform is often criticized as a "reformist coup" responsible in large part for the subsequent decline in American liberalism and chasing away the Democratic Party's "best politicians". It alienated the "working- and lower-middle class voters [who] saw [the platform] as threatening to traditional, deeply valued, if inequitable social arrangements"—so much so that one in three Democrats voted for Nixon, the Republican incumbent, in the presidential election in November. For example:
Although the McGovern platform did not promise socialism, it did pledge to eliminate—through government guarantee and dicta—any manifestation of free enterprise that could potentially produce inequality or failure. It promised to use the tax system and federal law enforcement to redistribute income and wealth. And it said the Democrats would study whether corporations should be chartered as federal institutions.[5]
Right to be different
The Democrats also included "the right to be different" in their 1972 platform.
The balloting
Gallery of candidates
-
Former Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota
-
Senator Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts
-
Senator George McGovern of South Dakota
-
Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota
-
Senator Henry M. Jackson of Washington state
-
Representative Shirley Chisholm of New York
-
Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine
-
Governor George Wallace of Alabama
-
Representative Wilbur Mills of Arkansas
Delegate vote for presidential nomination
Candidate | total Delegate vote | percentage |
---|---|---|
George McGovern | 1,729 | 57.37%[18] |
Henry M. Jackson | 525 | 17.42% |
George Wallace | 382 | 12.67% |
Shirley Chisholm | 152 | 5.04% |
Terry Sanford | 78 | 2.59% |
Hubert Humphrey | 67 | 2.22% |
Wilbur Mills | 34 | 1.13% |
Edmund Muskie | 25 | 0.83% |
Ted Kennedy | 13 | 0.43% |
Wayne Hays | 5 | 0.17% |
Eugene McCarthy | 2 | 0.07% |
Ramsey Clark | 1 | 0.03% |
Walter Mondale | 1 | 0.03% |
Running mate
Most polls showed McGovern running well behind incumbent President Richard Nixon, except when McGovern was paired with Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy. McGovern and his campaign brain trust lobbied Kennedy heavily to accept the bid to be McGovern's running mate, but he continually refused their advances, and instead suggested U.S. Representative (and House Ways and Means Committee chairman) Wilbur Mills of Arkansas and Boston Mayor Kevin White.[19] Offers were then made to Hubert Humphrey, Connecticut Senator Abraham Ribicoff, and Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale, all of whom turned it down.[19]
McGovern and his campaign staff felt that a Kennedy-style figure was best to balance the ticket: a Catholic, big city-based leader with strong ties to organized labor and urban political machines. After McGovern informed Kennedy that he was seriously considering Kevin White (who had informed McGovern he was available), the Massachusetts delegation threatened to walk out of the convention if McGovern chose White, an Edmund Muskie supporter who had fought sharply with the McGovern slate during the primary. Immediately, White was dropped from consideration.[19]
Finally, the vice presidential slot was offered to Senator Thomas Eagleton of Missouri, who was relatively unknown to many of the delegates.
The delegates insisted on nominating eight candidates for vice president, including Eagleton, Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska, former Massachusetts Governor Endicott Peabody, and Frances "Sissy" Farenthold of the Texas state house: Farenthold was the first serious female candidate for the Democratic vice president nomination [20] since Lena Springs in 1924.
By the time the roll call finally began, many of the delegates were angry and wary after the protracted infighting, and combined with the last-day-of-school atmosphere of the proceedings, caused the vice-presidential balloting to become nothing short of a farce. The delegates cast ballots for a record 79 people, including many not involved in politics, as well as three deceased persons, Chinese leader Mao Zedong, and the fictional Archie Bunker.
As the vote went on, Farenthold began to attract an unexpected level of support, eventually leading to something of a grassroots campaign to nominate her over Eagleton. However, this ultimately proved too late and too disorganized to have any serious chance of denying Eagleton the nomination.
Eventually, Eagleton secured the nomination at 1:40 AM.[19] This delay forced the acceptance speeches of the candidates to be given well past the television prime time hours, and probably hurt the McGovern campaign by not creating the so-called "convention bounce".
Several days after the convention, it was revealed that Senator Eagleton had been hospitalized for depression and had electric shock treatment, and was also rumored to be more than a social drinker. McGovern stood behind his choice and stated that he was behind Senator Eagleton "1000 percent". The news media and many political pros, especially in the Democratic Party, lobbied hard for his removal from the ticket.
Eventually, McGovern felt compelled to accept Senator Eagleton's withdrawal from the ticket. The episode had placed McGovern in a "no-win" situation: if he kept Eagleton, the selection did not look good for the decision-making ability of the McGovern team, while if he removed Eagleton, he appeared to be weak and vacillating. Since this incident, front-running presidential candidates have developed short lists of potential running mates, and have meticulously performed background checks.
McGovern chose Sargent Shriver as his running mate a few weeks later: the McGovern-Shriver ticket went on to win electoral votes in only Massachusetts and D.C., and lost the election to incumbents Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew by the largest percentage of the vote since 1936.
Delegate vote for vice-presidential nomination
- Thomas Eagleton – 1,742 (59.07%)
- Frances Farenthold – 405 (13.73%)
- Mike Gravel – 226 (7.66%)
- Endicott Peabody – 108 (3.66%)
- Clay Smothers – 74 (2.51%)
- Birch Bayh – 62 (2.10%)
- Peter W. Rodino – 57 (1.93%)
- Jimmy Carter – 30 (1.02%)
- Shirley Chisholm – 20 (0.68%)
- Moon Landrieu – 19 (0.64%)
- Edward T. Breathitt – 18 (0.61%)
- Ted Kennedy – 15 (0.51%)
- Fred R. Harris – 14 (0.48%)
- Richard G. Hatcher – 11 (0.37%)
- Harold Hughes – 10 (0.34%)
- Joseph Montoya – 9 (0.31%)
- William L. Guy – 8 (0.27%)
- Adlai Stevenson III – 8 (0.27%)
- Robert Bergland – 5 (0.17%)
- Hodding Carter (deceased) – 5 (0.17%)
- César Chávez – 5 (0.17%)
- Wilbur Mills – 5 (0.17%)
- Wendell Anderson – 4 (0.14%)
- Stanley Arnold – 4 (0.14%)
- Ron Dellums – 4 (0.14%)
- John J. Houlihan – 4 (0.14%)
- Roberto A. Mondragon – 4 (0.14%)
- Reubin O'Donovan Askew– 3 (0.10%)
- Herman Badillo – 3 (0.10%)
- Eugene McCarthy – 3 (0.10%)
- Claiborne Pell – 3 (0.10%)
- Terry Sanford – 3 (0.10%)
- Ramsey Clark – 2 (0.07%)
- Richard J. Daley – 2 (0.07%)
- John DeCarlo – 2 (0.07%)
- Ernest Gruening – 2 (0.07%)
- Roger Mudd – 2 (0.07%)
- Edmund Muskie – 2 (0.07%)
- Claude Pepper – 2 (0.07%)
- Abraham A. Ribicoff – 2 (0.07%)
- Hoyt Patrick Taylor Jr. – 2 (0.07%)
- Leonard F. Woodcock – 2 (0.07%)
- Bruno Agnoli – 2 (0.07%)
- Ernest Albright – 1 (0.03%)
- William A. Barrett – 1 (0.03%)
- Daniel Berrigan – 1 (0.03%)
- Philip Berrigan – 1 (0.03%)
- Julian Bond – 1 (0.03%)
- Skipper Bowles – 1 (0.03%)
- Archibald "Archie" Bunker (fictional character) – 1 (0.03%)
- Phillip Burton – 1 (0.03%)
- William Chappell – 1 (0.03%)
- Lawton Chiles – 1 (0.03%)
- Frank Church – 1 (0.03%)
- Robert Drinan – 1 (0.03%)
- Nick Galifianakis – 1 (0.03%)
- John Z. Goodrich (deceased) – 1 (0.03%)
- Michael Griffin (deceased) – 1 (0.03%)
- Martha Griffiths – 1 (0.03%)
- Charles Hamilton – 1 (0.03%)
- Patricia Harris – 1 (0.03%)
- Jim Hunt – 1 (0.03%)
- Daniel Inouye – 1 (0.03%)
- Henry M. Jackson – 1 (0.03%)
- Robert Kariss – 1 (0.03%)
- Allard K. Lowenstein – 1 (0.03%)
- Mao Zedong (non-American) – 1 (0.03%)
- Eleanor McGovern – 1 (0.03%)
- Martha Beall Mitchell – 1 (0.03%)
- Ralph Nader – 1 (0.03%)
- George Norcross Jr. – 1 (0.03%)
- Jerry Rubin – 1 (0.03%)
- Fred Seaman – 1 (0.03%)
- Joe Smith – 1 (0.03%)
- Benjamin Spock – 1 (0.03%)
- Patrick Tavolacci – 1 (0.03%)
- George Wallace – 1 (0.03%)
See also
- 1972 Republican National Convention
- 1972 United States presidential election
- History of the United States Democratic Party
- List of Democratic National Conventions
- United States presidential nominating convention
- 1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries
- George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign
Notes
- ^ "The extravaganza's cast arrives on stage...: SENATOR GEORGE McGOVERN". Boston Globe. July 1972.
- ^ a b Visionary Project
- ^ a b Terkel, Amanda (August 14, 2017). "The Long, Hard Fight To Finally Get A Woman At The Top Of The Ticket | HuffPost". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
- ^ a b c d Rosenbaum, David E. (October 21, 2012). "George McGovern Dies at 90, a Liberal Trounced but Never Silenced". New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
- ^ ISBN 9780814796382.
- ^ See the video from the C-SPAN Video Library: "1972 McGovern Acceptance Speech", July 10, 1972.
- ^ Jonah Goldberg, "Nedrenaline Rush" Archived January 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine August 11, 2006 National Review
- ^ Frankel, Max (July 12, 1972). "M'Govern Wins by Big Margin on Disputed California Seats in a Major Step to Nomination". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
- ISBN 978-0700616503.
- ^ Steinem, Gloria. Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1984. pp. 100–110.
- ^ a b Germaine Greer, Harper's Magazine October 1972.
- ^ Harper's Magazine Archives
- ^ Martin, Michel (September 5, 2012). "In 1972, Davis Blazed Party Trail On Gay Rights". NPR. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
- ^ Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, "Democratic Party Platform of 1972 (July 10, 1972) Archived June 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine", The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara.
- ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
- ^ Hampson, Rick (September 4, 2012). "Democrats place gay marriage on convention platform". USA Today.
- ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
- ^ Source
- ^ a b c d "Introducing... the McGovern Machine". Time Magazine. July 24, 1972. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ "A Guide to the Frances Tarlton Farenthold Papers, 1913-2013", Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
- ^ "US Vice President - D Convention Race - Jul 10, 1972". Our Campaigns. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
References
- Thompson, Hunter, Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72 (1973)
- White, Theodore. The Making of the President 1972 (1972)
External links
- Democratic Party Platform of 1972 at The American Presidency Project
- McGovern Nomination Acceptance Speech for President at DNC (transcript) at The American Presidency Project
- Political Graveyard
- Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, "Democratic Party Platform of 1972 (July 10, 1972) Archived June 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine", The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara
- McGovern's nomination acceptance speech, July 10, 1972 (video)
- McGovern retrospective interview on 1972 Democratic Convention, July 17, 1988 (C-SPAN broadcast)
- The World's Largest TV Studio, TVTV Documentary
- flyers distributed by all the groups protesting during the convention in Flamingo Park, collected by John Mackey[permanent dead link]
- Video of McGovern nomination acceptance speech for President at DNC (via YouTube)
- Audio of McGovern nomination acceptance speech for President at DNC[permanent dead link]
- Video of Eagleton nomination acceptance speech for Vice President at DNC (via YouTube)
- Audio of Eagleton nomination acceptance speech for Vice President at DNC
Preceded by Chicago, Illinois
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Democratic National Conventions | Succeeded by New York, New York
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