1974 Cypriot coup d'état

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1974 Cypriot coup d'état
Part of the Cyprus problem
Date15 July 1974
Location
Cyprus
Result

Coup successful

  • President Makarios III flees and coup leaders take charge.
  • However, later the
    Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus
    begins.
Belligerents

Cypriot Government

Pro-government militias

EOKA-B

Supported by:
 Greece
Commanders and leaders

Cyprus Makarios III

Cyprus Vassos Lyssarides
Cyprus Pantelakis Pantatzis

Brigadier General
Michalis Georgitsis
Colonel Konstantinos Kombokis [1]

Nikos Sampson
Casualties and losses
1617 Cypriots missing, 300 civilians among them killed[2] 30 Greek soldiers killed
better source needed
]

The 1974 Cypriot coup d'état was a military coup d'état executed by the Cypriot National Guard and sponsored by the Greek military junta. On 15 July 1974 the coup plotters removed the sitting President of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios III, from office and installed pro-Enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson.[4][5][6] The Sampson regime was described as a puppet state, whose ultimate aim was the annexation of the island by Greece;[7][8][9] in the short term, the coupists proclaimed the establishment of the "Hellenic Republic of Cyprus".[10][11] The coup was viewed as illegal by the United Nations.

Background

The

amendments that were proposed by Makarios III and rejected by Turkish Cypriots,[12] intercommunal violence erupted throughout the island, the Turkish Cypriot representation in the government ended partially due to forced prevention and partially due to willing withdrawal, and Turkish Cypriots started living in enclaves.[13]

Greece had established a national policy of

EOKA-B group against Makarios.[15] Dimitrios Ioannidis, the de facto leader of the junta, believed that Makarios was no longer a true supporter of enosis, and suspected him of being a communist sympathizer.[5] Between 1971 and 1974, five plans were prepared by the Greek government to overthrow Makarios' government.[16]

The coup

Makarios, the deposed President

The coup was ordered by Dimitrios Ioannidis, the shadow leader of the Greek junta, and Greek officers led the Cypriot National Guard to capture the Presidential Palace in Nicosia.[17] The building was almost entirely burned down.[18] Makarios narrowly escaped death in the attack. He fled the presidential palace from its back door and went to Paphos, where the British managed to retrieve him in the afternoon of 16 July and flew him from Akrotiri to Malta in a Royal Air Force transport plane, and from there to London the next morning.[5][19][4] On 19 July, he attended a United Nations Security Council meeting in New York and gave a speech, in which he stated that Cyprus had been invaded by Greece.[20]

The newly established regime has been described as an extremist puppet regime of the Greek junta.[21][22][23] On 15 July, between 8 am and 9 am, the coup leaders proclaimed their victory on the state channel Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation, saying "The national guard intervened in order to solve the problematical situation. [...]. Makarios is dead." However, before his flight, Makarios announced that he was alive from a private broadcast in Paphos. The new government heavily censored the press and stopped left-wing newspapers being printed. Only right-wing newspapers Machi, Ethniki and Agon continued publishing, and their style was very propagandistic. Sampson did not openly announce his intention of enosis in the days following the coup, but instead focused on suppressing any support for Makarios and heavy propaganda to vilify his government.[24]

In response,

UNFICYP to take extensive security measures for Turkish Cypriots.[25] The Cypriot National Guard made no attempts to enter the Turkish Cypriot enclaves, but raided Greek and Turkish Cypriot homes alike in mixed villages to confiscate weapons. The Turkish government brought claims that ammunition was being carried to Cyprus by Olympic Air to the attention of UNFICYP.[3] Whether the Turkish Cypriots suffered as a direct result of the coup remains controversial, but Sampson was seen as an untrustworthy figure due to his pro-enosis policies and "brutal" role against Turkish Cypriots in 1963.[17]

Following the coup, the newly established junta started a crackdown on Makarios supporters, resulting in a number of deaths and a "significant number", according to Frank Hoffmeister, being detained. The number of deaths from the coup remains a disputed issue,[17] as the Republic of Cyprus lists the deaths due to the coup among the missing due to the Turkish invasion. According to Haralambos Athanasopulos, at least 500 Greek Cypriots have been placed on the list of 1617 Greek Cypriot missing people and their deaths blamed on the Turks and Turkish Cypriots.[2] According to Milliyet on 19 July 1974, violent clashes had broken out in Paphos, and even excluding Paphos, the death toll due to Greek Cypriot infighting was about 300 civilians and 30 Greek soldiers, whose bodies were brought to Athens.[3]

Aftermath

In response to the coup, on 20 July 1974

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus on the northern part of the island, which remains a de facto state.[28]

See also

References

  1. ^ giannopoulos (2018-07-15). ""Θα τον φάμε τον π....τη τον Μούσκο". Το πραξικόπημα κατά του Μακάριου που κόστισε 400 νεκρούς. Έλουζαν τους αντιπάλους με οξύ και τους έκαιγαν, εν ψυχρώ εκτελέσεις και βασανιστήρια μεταξύ Ελλήνων, λίγες μέρες πριν από τον Αττίλα". ΜΗΧΑΝΗ ΤΟΥ ΧΡΟΝΟΥ (in Greek). Retrieved 2023-04-12.
  2. ^
    ISBN 9780786450039
    .
  3. ^ a b c "Kıbrıs'ta Türk Evlerinin Aranmasını Protesto Ettik" (in Turkish). Milliyet. 19 July 1974. p. 7.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-1-85043-580-8
    .
  5. ^
    TIME. July 29, 1974. Archived from the original
    on March 7, 2008.
  6. ISBN 978-1-85728-533-8
    .
  7. S2CID 143231403
    . [...] culminating in the 1974 coup aimed at the annexation of Cyprus to Greece
  8. ISBN 9781444390728
    .
  9. ^ Journal of international law and practice, Volume 5. Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University. 1996. p. 204.
  10. ^ Strategic review, Volume 5 (1977), United States Strategic Institute, p. 48.
  11. ^ Allcock, John B. Border and territorial disputes (1992), Longman Group, p. 55.
  12. ^ Eric Solsten, ed. Cyprus: A Country Study, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.
  13. ISBN 9780199757169
    .
  14. ISBN 9780472022045
    . From early 1950s onward Greece has favored union with Cyprus through a policy of enosis
  15. ISBN 9781400837694
    .
  16. ^ Athanasopulos 2001, p. 152.
  17. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-15223-6
    .
  18. ^ "Presidential Palace". Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus. Archived from the original on 2015-04-25. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  19. ISBN 9781467887076
    . Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  20. ^ UN The Official Record of United Nations Security Council 1780th Meeting (19.07.1974)
  21. ISBN 9781317988472
    .
  22. ISBN 9781136611056
    .
  23. ISBN 9781935352037
    .
  24. ^ Jüngling, Emili (June 2005). Perception of the facts about the coup in Cyprus (15th of July 1974) in the Cyprus daily press (PDF). 2nd LSE PhD Symposium on Modern Greece: “Current Social Science Research on Greece”. Hellenic Observatory, London School of Economics, London. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  25. ^ "Türk Birliği Alarma Geçti" (in Turkish). Milliyet. 16 July 1974. p. 7.
  26. ISBN 978-0-8108-5526-7
    . Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  27. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6
    . Retrieved 27 July 2012. The process reached a critical threshold in 1974 when a botched nationalist coup instigated by the Greek junta against the Cypriot government was used as a pretext by Turkey to invade and occupy the northern part of the island. Greece and ...
  28. ^ "Northern Cyprus". Nationalia. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
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