1982–83 El Niño event

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This is a map of the Pacific Ocean during the 1982-1983 winter, showing the significant warm sea surface temperature anomaly present during this event.

The 1982–1983 El Niño event was one of the strongest

El Niño
events since records were kept.

It led to

flooding across the southern United States, lack of snow in the northern United States, and an anomalously warm winter across much of the mid-latitude regions of North America and Eurasia.[1] The estimated global economic impact was over US$8 billion,[2] though more recent work has upward revised this number to be $4.1 trillion.[3] This El Niño event also led to an abnormal number of hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean during this time span; the strongest hurricane up to 1983 hit Hawaii during the event.[4]

Meteorological progression

Due to a variety of reasons, ranging from the lack of knowledge among the general public regarding El Niño events to the fact that a volcanic eruption in Mexico from El Chichón distracted many scientists from noticing the telltale signs, this event escaped the notice of the scientific world until 1983. As pointed out by Walter Sullivan, signs began to appear in early 1982, when a noticeable and measurable drop in atmospheric pressure was noted in the central and southeastern Pacific compared to pressures found off the coast of Darwin, Australia.[2] As the year progressed, more and more signs pointed towards an upcoming powerful El Niño event; from the collapse and subsequent reversal of the trade easterlies that traditionally prevent upwelling from occurring in the Western Pacific[5] to the various atmospheric signatures that can all be associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, these indicators all pointed to the fact that one of the most powerful El Niño events of the 20th century had begun.[2]

Effects on tropical cyclone development

As a result of the event, the

Category 4
strength, it never made landfall.

In contrast, the

Hurricane Paul, and Hurricane Tico
.

Despite expectations of diminished tropical cyclone activity, the western Pacific typhoon seasons of 1982 and 1983 were hardly affected by the ongoing El Niño event.

Impacts

The 1982–83 El Niño event changed the normal location of cold and warm waters around the

Galápagos penguins, 49% among flightless cormorants,[10] and 25% among adult Peruvian sea lions and fur seals, plus the loss of the entire pup population in the latter two.[citation needed
]

In Ecuador, heavy rainfall and flooding led to high fish and shrimp harvests; however, the large amounts of standing water also allowed mosquito populations to thrive, leading to large outbreaks of malaria.[11] In just this country alone, the economic impact from this event in regards to damages caused by this flooding were estimated at over US$400 million.[12]

Warm water to the south of the Hawaiian Islands around November allowed a late tropical disturbance to develop into Hurricane Iwa,[13] which became the sixth wettest tropical cyclone ever recorded in Hawaii, and the costliest up to that point,[14] causing damage totaling $312 million (1982 USD, $946 million 2024 USD)[15] and leaving 500 Hawaiians homeless.[16] The last female Kauaʻi ʻōʻō bird was lost in the storm; her mate was recorded singing in solitary until he went silent and presumably died in 1987, marking the extinction of their species.[17]

In

convection in the region, and less rainfall as a result. The damages from crop failure and loss of livestock easily surpassed US$100 million.[1]

North America and Eurasia also faced unusually warm temperatures as a result of this event. The eastern United States in particular saw the warmest winter in roughly 25 years. Other side-effects, such as an uptick in mosquitoes, a loss in salmon off the coast of Alaska and Canada, and an increase in shark attacks off the western United States coast can all also be at least partially blamed upon this event.[18] Several temperature records across both landmasses were broken as a result.[1]

References

  1. ^
    ISSN 1520-0493
    .
  2. ^ a b c d e "The 1982-83 El Nino". Fcst-office.com. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  3. doi:10.1126/science.adf2983. Retrieved July 23, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  4. . Retrieved 2016-10-28.
  5. ^ "1982-1983 El Niño: The worst there ever was". www.whoi.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-01-04.
  6. S2CID 83795836
    . Desmarestia tropica Tropical acidweed * EF$, herbivore overgrazing associated with interactions between El Niño and overfishing
  7. . Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  8. .
  9. ^ Alvarado, J.J. & Solis-Marin, F.A. (2012) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer Science & Business Media, 658 pages.
  10. .
  11. ^ Carlowicz, Mike; Uz, Stephanie Schollaert (2017). "El Niño". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "1982–1983 El Niño (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-07-10.
  13. ^ "Hurricane Iwa". Mariners Weather Log. 1983. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
  14. ^ United States Geological Survey (2005). "Summary of Significant Floods, 1982". Archived from the original on 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
  15. ^ Eric S. Blake; Edward N. Rappaport; Christopher W. Landsea (April 2007). "THE DEADLIEST, COSTLIEST, AND MOST INTENSE UNITED STATES TROPICAL CYCLONES FROM 1851 TO 2006 (AND OTHER FREQUENTLY REQUESTED HURRICANE FACTS)" (PDF). p. 26. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
  16. ^ United Press International (1982-11-25). "One Dead in Hawaii Storm; Damage to 3 Islands Severe". The New York Times. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
  17. .
  18. ^ "1982-1983 El Niño: The worst there ever was". www.whoi.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-01-04.