1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état

On 4 August 1983, a

Tensions continued to increase until 4 August when Compaoré launched a coup, leading 250 paratroopers in a march on the capital, Ouagadougou. Sankara attempted to broker a political compromise with Ouédraogo, but Compaoré's troops seized the city before this was done and captured Ouédraogo. Sankara became the new President of Upper Volta and created the Conseil National de la Revolution (CNR), a new governing body consisting mostly of populist junior officers.

Background

1982 coup and the CSP

In 1980 Colonel

On 21 November Ouédraogo declared that the CSP would restore a constitutional, civilian regime in two years time.[7] Five days later the CSP installed a formal government. Ouédraogo was the only soldier in the cabinet and, in addition to his role as president, was made Minister of National Defence and Veterans Affairs.^[8] On the whole the CSP exercised true control of the government while Ouédraogo served as little more than a figurehead. The freedoms of labour unions and the press, having been restricted under Zerbo's reign, were restored by the new administration.^[9] The CSP elected Sankara as Prime Minister in January 1983,^[10] in effect instituting a power counterbalance to Ouédraogo.^[9]

Tensions between Ouédraogo and Sankara

Meanwhile, as Sankara toured various communist and socialist countries, rumors circulated among the Voltaic population that the CSP would assume a radical left-wing approach to governing and expropriate small businesses. In an attempt to alleviate concerns, Ouédraogo told members of the National Council of Voltaic Employers that "private initiative will be maintained...you are the primary motor of the country's economic activity".

As his tenure progressed, Ouédraogo found himself unable to reconcile the conservative and radical factions of the CSP, whose disagreements were leading to a political stalemate.[13] On 14 May 1983 the CSP convened in the town of Bobo-Dioulasso. A crowd gathered to hear a message from the council. Sankara spoke until dusk, and the crowd mostly dispersed, its members eager to break their Ramadan fasts. Ouédraogo was in turn left without an audience for his speech, as Sankara seemingly intended in an effort to humiliate him.^[14] The following day he met with Guy Penne, a top African affairs adviser of President of France François Mitterrand.^[15] On 16 May he purged his government of pro-Libyan and anti-French elements, disbanded the CSP, and had Sankara and several other important officials arrested.^[3][b] Explaining the reasons for the radicals' removal, he said, "It is a problem of ideology...We were following step by step the program of the [Ligue patriotique pour le développement], and that program was to lead us to a communist society."^[9][c] He met again with Penne, who promised his government significant financial aid from France.^[15] One officer, Blaise Compaoré, evaded capture and escaped to Sankara's former garrison at Pô where he began to organise resistance.^[3] In the following days large demonstrations occurred in Ouagadougou in support of Sankara.^[15] Ouédraogo's political position was weak; his left-wing opponents were well organised while he did not have reliable connections with the conservative factions he supposedly represented and could only really count on the support of a handful of his former classmates from the Pabré minor seminary. Realising that the use of force was of little recourse, he sought to resolve the situation by appeasing his adversaries.^[19]

On 27 May Ouédraogo delivered a speech, promising a quick return to civilian rule and the liberation of political prisoners. He also announced the drafting of a new constitution within six months, to be followed by an election in which he would not participate.^[10][20] He also felt that the increased politicisation of the army was dangerous and compounded the threat of a civil war, so he warned that any soldiers found to be involving themselves in politics would be reprimanded. Stating that the older generation of politicians had been discredited and should retire, he announced that "patriots" and "new men with a sense of responsibility and national realities" should assume leadership of the country.^[21] Ouédraogo finished by expressing his hope that the Upper Voltan youth could avoid the trappings of partisan politics.^[21] Several days later he released Sankara, who was confined under guard to house arrest.^[22] While the situation deteriorated, Ouédraogo accelerated the execution of his goals, liberating many political prisoners held under Zerbo's regime. However, his extension of political rehabilitation to Yaméogo antagonised many politicians whom Yaméogo had repressed.^[9] Sankara was soon rearrested but then released following mounting pressure from Compaoré's troops.^[22] On 4 June Ouédraogo removed a number of pro-Sankara ministers from his government.^[23]

Coup

Tensions continued to increase until 4 August when Compaoré launched a coup.^[24] According to some accounts, Compaoré's forces were moved to act when they received reports that Somé Yorian was planning on deposing Ouédraogo, seizing power, and killing Sankara and his allies.^[25] Compaoré mobilised 250 paratroopers in Pô to march on Ouagadougou.^[26] They left in the afternoon with a group of armed civilians and seized trucks from a Canadian construction company, allowing them to make quick progress.^[25] Meanwhile, Ouédraogo consulted his chief of staff, who advised him to negotiate an end to his political conflict with Sankara. Ouédraogo received Sankara at 19:00 at his residence and offered to resign "to facilitate the establishment of a transitional government that would be unanimous".^[27] Sankara agreed to the proposal but asked for a few hours' delay so he could discuss it with Compaoré. He departed at 20:30 but was unable to inform Compaoré or the other putschists of the truce. At around the same time the paratroopers infiltrated the capital and began to seize strategic locations throughout,^[27] mounting attacks on the radio station, Camp Guillame (home to the army's armoured detachment), and the gendarmerie headquarters. Civilians aided the putschists by providing them with directions and severing electric lines in the capital.^[25]

At Ouédraogo's residence, men of the Presidential Guard exchanged heavy fire with the putschists before surrendering. Compaoré arrived on the scene at around 22:00, followed by Sankara an hour later. The latter informed Ouédraogo of the "revolution" and offered to exile him and his family. Ouédraogo replied that he would rather remain in the country under the new regime. He was then taken to the Presidential Palace to spend the night.^[27] The putsch reportedly left 13 people killed and 15 wounded, including six French civilians.^[28]

Sankara became the new President of Upper Volta.

Sankara pledged to afford Ouédraogo "much humanitarianism".[28] On the evening of 5 August the former president was imprisoned at the military camp in Pô.^[27] He was discharged from the army on 25 August.^[32] Ouédraogo was granted clemency on 4 August 1985^[33] and returned to medical work, taking a job at the Hôpital Yalgado-Ouédraogo.^[5] Nevertheless, the Sankara regime monitored his activities and restricted him from reentry into the army. Ouédraogo declared that he would not take an active role in politics^[34] and from then on he generally showed little interest in involving himself in public affairs.^[35] In 2020 he released a memoir titled Ma part de vérité, in which he offered criticism of Sankara. In response to backlash from the book, he said of Sankara, "there were only political grievances between us, no animosity".^[36]

Foreign reactions

The Libyan official news agency,

The day following the coup, the CNR issued a decree, reorganising the country into 30 provinces.[38] On 9 August Sankara dismissed Ouédraogo's cabinet, asking top civil servants to take charge of their ministries until new ministers could be appointed.^[31] Compaoré later became Minister of State at the Presidency and the de facto second-most powerful political leader in the country.^[42] The military general staff was dissolved and replaced with a new high command under Major Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani.^[43] That night, conservative soldiers attempted a counter coup, launching a tripartite attack in Ouagadougou against Sankara's residence, a radio station, and the place where Somé Yorian and a paratrooper commander, Fidele Guebre, were being held. Two of Sankara's guards were wounded, while Somé Yorian and Guebre were shot while trying to escape.^[43] A nighttime curfew remained in effect for several months after the coup, and foreigners who visited the country were searched and questioned on their intentions.^[41]

Sankara declared that the goals of his "revolution" would be to counter imperialism, stem corruption, heighten the status of women, conserve the environment, and improve access to education and health care. On the first anniversary of the coup, he changed Upper Volta's name to "Burkina Faso", roughly translating from the Mooré and

• History of Burkina Faso

Notes

References

Works cited