1988 Lancang–Gengma earthquakes
UTC time | 1988-11-06 13:03:19 |
---|---|
1988-11-06 13:15:43 | |
ISC event | 419867 |
419869 | |
USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
ComCat | |
Local date | 6 November 1988 |
Local time | 21:03 |
21:15 | |
Magnitude | Mw 7.0 |
Mw 6.9 | |
Depth | 18 km (11 mi) |
15 km (9.3 mi) | |
Epicenter | China–Myanmar border region 22°47′20″N 99°36′40″E / 22.789°N 99.611°E |
Type | Strike-slip |
Areas affected | China, Burma and Thailand |
Total damage | US$ 270 million in 1988 |
Max. intensity | CSIS IX (1st shock) CSIS X (2nd shock) |
Landslides | Yes |
Foreshocks | Yes |
Aftershocks | 600+ |
Casualties | 748–939 fatalities, 7,700+ injured |
The 1988 Lancang–Gengma earthquakes (
Tectonic setting
The
Earthquakes in this part of
In 1995, another earthquake measuring 6.8 Mw struck the same area.[9] It left at least 11 people dead, destroyed over 100,000 homes, and damaged an additional 42,000.[10] The earthquake may have been triggered by the transfer of stress from the 1988 events.[8]
Earthquake
The earthquakes originated along the Longlin–Lancang
Right-lateral offsets of 1.4–2 metres (4 ft 7 in – 6 ft 7 in) were measured along the
Thirteen minutes later, an earthquake with a surface-wave magnitude of 7.2 struck 63 kilometres (39 mi) north–northwest of the first shock.[15] On the moment magnitude scale, it measured 6.9.[2][15] The rupture area was nearly twice that of the 7.7 mainshock. The event sequence is considered a doublet earthquake.[16][11]
Right before the first mainshock, a 2.6 foreshock preceded the disaster, it was the only recorded foreshock in the earthquake sequence.
The two events are largest earthquakes to affect both Yunnan Province and Shan State since 1970 and 1912, respectively. In January 1970, a magnitude 7.7 struck Tonghai County,[17] and in May 1912, Shan State was hit with a magnitude 7.8 earthquake.[18]
Earthquake sequence
Date | Time (UTC) | Magnitude | Depth (km) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1987-11-25 | 13:09:47 | mb 4.6 | 33.0 | [19] |
1988-08-14 | 17:50:52 | mb 4.7 | [20] |
Date | Time (UTC) | Magnitude | Depth (km) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1988-11-06 | 13:03:19 | Mw 7.0–7.7 Ms 7.6 |
18.0 | [13][15][2] |
13:15:43 | Mw 6.9 Ms 7.2 |
10.0 | [21][15][2] |
Aftershocks
A large aftershock measuring 6.1 Mw occurred 24 days after the mainshocks.[15] It caused additional injuries and further damage. By December 20, over 600 aftershocks had been recorded.
Date | Time (UTC) | Magnitude | Depth (km) | Notes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1988-11-06 | 13:21:04 | mb 5.8 | 10.0 | [22] | |
13:39:48 | mb 5.0 | [23] | |||
14:13:24 | mb 5.1 | [24] | |||
16:00:32 | mb 5.1 | [25] | |||
20:24:24 | mb 5.4 | [26] | |||
1988-11-07 | 02:39:56 | Mw 5.2 | [27] | ||
1988-11-15 | 10:28:14 | Mw 5.3 | 17.7 | [28] | |
1988-11-18 | 18:21:44 | mb 5.0 | 10.0 | [29] | |
1988-11-19 | 01:37:14 | mb 5.0 | 33.0 | [30] | |
1988-11-27 | 04:17:56 | Mw 5.5 | 15.7 | One person injured and some damage.[31] | [31] |
1988-11-30 | 08:13:29 | Mw 6.1 | 14.5 | Further damage in the affected region. Several people injured. Felt in Kumming.[32][33] | [32] |
1988-12-19 | 11:06:57 | mb 5.0 | 33.0 | [34] | |
1988-12-22 | 03:49:46 | mb 5.0 | 10.0 | [35] | |
1989-05-07 | 00:38:18 | Mw 5.6 | 33.0 | One person died and 91 injured. At least 5,300 homes were damaged in Gengma County. Damaged totaled US$54 million.[36] | [37] |
1989-06-04 | 15:07:46 | mb 5.0 | 10.0 | [38] |
Intensity
The first mainshock produced shaking which was assigned a maximum of IX on the
Intensity VIII encompassed
Strong to weak shaking was felt in
The second mainshock had a maximum intensity of X.
The zone of intensity VIII extended from Gengma in the north to Yanshuai and Nuoliang Township in the south. Few homes remained standing and lightweight houses tilted. Damage to the ground was identical to those observed in the zone of IX. This zone followed a north-west ellipse area of 940 km2 (360 sq mi).[16]
Aiguo New Village, Gengxuan Town, Gengma County in the north, to south of the Shuangjiang River in the east, to south of Lancang Shangyun in the south, and west to Minliang of
Aftermath
Early figures of fatalities were 18 and 37, which could not be revised due to the communication disruptions. Over the next few days, international media reported at least 600 inhabitants killed, mainly in the village of Shanmato which was obliterated. Telecommunication services were cut and severely disrupted. This meant provincial government officials could not provide updated figures on the dead.[42]
On November 9, the death toll totaled 938.[43] Chinese officials stated 748 people died; at least 7,700 people seriously injured; over 3 million affected and 267,000 homeless.[16] They added that the death toll could have been higher had the earthquakes struck near a city. When the earthquakes struck, many residents were outdoors, which factored in the unexpectedly low death toll. A fatality figure of 938 was given to the United Nations and became widely reported.[17] The reported death toll by the Emergency Events Database was 939.[44] It was regarded as China's "worst earthquake in more than a decade".[45] At the time of the earthquakes, the population of Lancang and Gengma counties were 237,000 and 81,000, respectively.[46] In Lancang County, at least 607 people died including 279 in Zhanmapo.[47]
Seventeen counties were heavily damaged. Many homes, roads and communication lines in Lancang and Mengliang counties were destroyed.[33] An estimated 200,000 buildings including 144,000 houses were razed. Over 1.308 million rooms collapsed and 934,800 were damaged.[48] At least 500,000 buildings including 253,000 homes were badly damaged.[33] More than 4,000 essential facilities in Yunnan were damaged. About 1,000 schools, 98 clinics and 29 reservoirs were destroyed. Landslides in the area also damaged highways. The majority of homes constructed of wood and mud, collapsed due to the extreme ground motions, killing its inhabitants.[42] Over 1,000,000 m3 (35,000,000 cu ft) of rockslides damaged highways and blocked rivers, halting water transportation. Kunming, the capital of Yunnan Province, was undamaged, although the earthquakes were felt strongly. More damage was reported in Chiang Rai, Thailand. The total cost of damage was estimated at US$ 269 million (US$693 million in 2023).
Many buildings generally fared well during the earthquakes because of improved construction practices and
Response
Due to its remote location and the lack of communication and damaged roads, rescue and aid transportation efforts faced difficulties getting to the affected areas.[49] Rescus and medical personnel only reached the affected zone on 9 November.[50] The Yunnan government ordered an airlift of medical and relief supplies to help those affected. The governor of Yunnan Province, He Zhiqiang, along with several medical doctors were brought to the disaster scene.[42] Several thousand troops and many military vehicles also visited the affected areas, according to the Ministry of Civil Affairs.[51] Much information about the earthquakes and its devastation were hidden by the Chinese government as the country was going through major political and cultural revolutions at the time.[52] In the early decades of China's communist regime, the guideline was that natural disasters and accidents would not be disclosed unless foreign nationals were involved.[17] It was only in the few years prior to 1988 were these events publicized. At a press conference following the earthquakes, officials disclosed that a magnitude 7.7 event in 1970 resulted in 10,000 deaths.[17]
See also
- 1976 Longling earthquake
- List of earthquakes in 1988
- List of earthquakes in China
- List of earthquakes in Myanmar
- List of earthquakes in Yunnan
- List of earthquakes in Thailand
References
- ^ "谨以此片 纪念澜沧11.6大地震三十周年(一)". Sohu. Sohu. 2018-11-07. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d e ISC (27 June 2022), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 9.1, International Seismological Centre
- ^ Soe Min. "Fault segmentation and active tectonic criteria of the Shan Scarp Fault Zone, Shan Plateau Region, Myanmar". Mnces 2019.
- doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.03.006.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ "M 6.8 - Myanmar". USGS-ANSS. Archived from the original on 2020-10-31.
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- ^ a b Yu Wang. "Earthquake Geology of Myanmar" (PDF). Dissertation – via Caltech.
- ^ a b National Earthquake Information Center. "M 7.7 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2019-11-06. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i Yang, Jideng; Wang, Shiqin. "1988年11月6日云南省澜沧-耿马7.6、7.2级地震". National Seismology Data Center. Yunnan Seismological Bureau. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d Kristof, Nicholas D. (19 November 1988). "Chinese Disclose That Quake In 1970 Killed About 10,000". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
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- ^ "M 4.6 - Myanmar-China border region". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ "M 4.7 - Myanmar-China border region". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 6.4 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 5.8 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 5.0 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 5.1 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 5.1 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 5.4 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 5.2 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 5.3 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 5.0 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 5.0 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ a b National Earthquake Information Center. "M 5.5 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ a b National Earthquake Information Center. "M 6.1 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ a b c UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs (8 November 1988). "China - Earthquake Nov 1988 UNDRO Information Reports 1-7". reliefweb.
- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 5.0 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 5.0 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
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- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 5.6 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 5.0 - Myanmar-China border region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
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- ^ Lukkunaprasit, Panitan (1989). State of seismic risk mitigation in Thailand (PDF). Thailand: Chulalongkorn University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2022.
- ^ a b c Associated Press (8 November 1988). "Chinese quake registers 7.6, death toll hits 600" (PDF). The Observer. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ Kristof, Nicholas D. (Nov 9, 1988). "Toll Reported in China Earthquake Reaches 938". The New York Times.
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- ^ "Chinese earthquake worst there in decade". Desert Sun. 9 November 1988. pp. A2. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "China says toll from quake hits 938, will increase". Desert Sun. New York TImes. 9 November 1988. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ Kristof, Nicholas D. (10 November 1988). "China now says earthquake left 100,000 homeless". New York Times. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ a b Hu, Qingchang; Chung, Yicun (1989). "Yunnan November 6, 1988; M7.6, 7.2 Earthquakes". Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
- ^ "铭记"11.6"(二)". Sohu. Sohu. 2018-11-08. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- ^ "Teams reach quake area". Vol. 132, no. 19. Press Democrat. 9 November 1988. p. 8. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
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- ^ Associated Press (10 July 2010). "Hundreds injured in China earthquake". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
External links
- Aftershocks M4.0 or greater from 1988 to 2000 (USGS)
- The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event. (First event)
- The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event. (Second event)