1989 Brazilian presidential election

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

1989 Brazilian presidential election

← 1985 15 November 1989 (first round)
17 December 1989 (second round)
1994 →
Turnout88.08% (first round)
85.61% (second round)
 
Candidate Fernando Collor Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Party
PRN
PT
Alliance New Brazil Popular Brazil Front
Running mate Itamar Franco José Paulo Bisol
Popular vote 35,090,206 31,075,803
Percentage 53.03% 46.97%


President before election

José Sarney

MDB

Elected President

Fernando Collor

PRN

Presidential elections were held in Brazil in 1989, with the first round on November 15 and a second round on December 17. They were the first direct presidential elections since 1960, the first to be held using a two-round system and the first to take place under the 1988 constitution, which followed two decades of authoritarian rule after the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état.

The collapse of the military-imposed two-party system[1] that pitted the right-wing authoritarian National Renewal Alliance (ARENA) against the catch-all Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) resulted in a wide array of new parties seeking to fill the political vacuum. President José Sarney of the PMDB, the MBD's successor, was ineligible to run. Sarney, who was elected Vice President on Tancredo Neves's ticket in the 1985 elections, had taken office due to Neves's death before his scheduled inauguration.[2]

Popular

Senator Itamar Franco of the populous and electorally crucial state of Minas Gerais as his running mate.[7] Further, Collor's campaign was noted for his relative youth at the mere age of 40.[8]

Following the end of state repression of socialist parties, the Brazilian Left faced a fractured field defined by two primary candidates: Popular labour leader

Brazilian Labour Party (PDT), for a position in the runoff.[13]

The general election was marked by negative campaigning, with Collor accusing Lula of supporting divisive

Rede Globo, the largest and most-watched TV network in Brazil, in Collor's election remains controversial.[15][6] Following a tumultuous election cycle, Collor defeated Lula to become the first directly elected President of Brazil in almost thirty years. Collor would later resign from office facing an impending impeachment trial.[16]

Background

On January 15, 1985, following two decades of a US-backed right-wing

Congress. The government was an authoritarian illiberal democracy which directly elected representatives, but not the president. It was in a process of slow liberalization since the 1974 indirect election of Ernesto Geisel, who was more permissive of political dissent than his hard-liner predecessor, Emílio Garrastazu Médici
. Neves was the first civilian to be elected president since 1960.

However, Neves was hospitalized of an untreated cancer on the eve of his inauguration, and finally died in 21 April, before taking office.

president-elect without ever taking office. Sarney was seen with suspicion by the civilian population as a member of the military regime's party, the National Renewal Alliance. The support of General Leônidas Pires Gonçalves, slated to be Minister of the Army in Neves' future cabinet, was decisive for Sarney taking office.[citation needed
]

Nevertheless, as promised by Neves, Sarney led a

freedom of expression and legalized formerly clandestine parties such as the Brazilian Communist Party and the Brazilian Socialist Party
.

Candidates

Candidates in the runoff

Party Presidential candidate Running mate[a] Coalition

National Reconstruction Party
Fernando Collor

Governor of Alagoas

(1987–1989)

Itamar Franco

Senator from Minas Gerais

New Brazil:

Workers' Party
Lula da Silva

Federal Deputy

José Paulo Bisol (PSB)

Senator from Rio Grande do Sul

Popular Brazil Front:

Candidates not advanced to runoff

Party Presidential candidate Running mate[a] Coalition
Brazilian Communist Party Roberto Freire

Federal Deputy

Sérgio Arouca

President of Fiocruz (1985–1989)


Brazilian Labour Party
Affonso Camargo Netto

Senator from Paraná

José Roberto Faria Lima

Brazilian Municipalist Party
Armando Corrêa

President of the party

Agostinho Linhares

Brazilian People's Party
Antônio Pedreira

President of the party

Orestes Ferreira Alves

Brazilian Social Democracy Party
Mário Covas

Senator from São Paulo

Almir Gabriel

Senator from Pará


Democratic Labour Party
Leonel Brizola

Governor of Rio de Janeiro (1983–1987)

Fernando Lyra

Federal Deputy


Democratic Social Party
Paulo Maluf

Governor of São Paulo (1979–1982)

Bonifácio de Andrada

Federal Deputy


Green Party
Fernando Gabeira Maurício Lobo Abreu

Liberal Party
Guilherme Afif

Federal Deputy

Aluísio Pimenta (PDC) Christian Liberal Alliance:

National Communitarian Party
Zamir José Teixeira William Pereira da Silva

President of the party

Nationalist Party Lívia Maria Ardwin Retto Grünewald
National Mobilization Party
Celso Brant

President of the party

José Natan
Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement
Ulysses Guimarães

Federal Deputy

Waldir Pires

Governor of Bahia (1987–1989)

Party of the Christian Democracy of Brazil Manoel Horta Jorge Coelho de Sá

Party of the Liberal Front
Aureliano Chaves

Minister of Mines and Energy (1985–1988)

Cláudio Lembo

Secretary of Legal Affairs of São Paulo (1986–1989)

Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order Enéas Carneiro

President of the party

Lenine Madeira
People's Party Paulo Gontijo

President of the party

Luiz Paulino
Progressive Liberal Party Eudes Mattar Dante Lazzaroni Júnior

Social Democratic Party
Ronaldo Caiado

Leader of the Ruralist Democratic Union

Camillo Calazans (PDN) City-Country Union:

Social Progressive Party
Marronzinho

President of the party

Reinaldo Valim


Campaign

Most political parties were relatively new but managed to actively mobilise the population,[citation needed] with the election coming five years after massive demonstrations for direct elections in the late 1980s Diretas Já movement had called for the end of the military regime. Sarney was barred by the 1988 constitution from running for immediate reelection in his own right. Twenty-two candidates entered the race, a record number of candidates in a single presidential election. The 1989 elections were the first in which the president and vice-president were jointly elected as running mates.

Among the twenty-two candidates, only

Orestes Quercia, a member of Sarney's Brazilian Democratic Movement, led the polls until he decided to drop out of the contest.[17] TV host Silvio Santos announced he would run just 20 days before the election, but his candidacy was mired in uncertainty and eventually revoked by the Superior Electoral Court because of a technicality.[18]

The first round took place on November 15, 1989, the 100th anniversary of the

.

Both candidates had a reputation as outsiders. Despite being a charismatic leader, Lula failed to attract the majority of votes from poor, unskilled and semiskilled workers – who would, later on, form the basis of the Workers' Party electorate. These voters predominantly favored Collor, who was associated with the traditional economic elites of

northeastern Brazil. Lula's support was greater among progressive intellectuals, Catholic activists, skilled industrial workers, and the college-educated middle class of the South and Southeast, despite himself being a poor immigrant from the Northeast.[citation needed
]

Collor argued that Lula's plans of aggressive spending on inequality reduction programs would destroy Brazil's then-fragile economy, harming the poor people he claimed to champion. He also appealed to his young age and distanced himself from the previous military governments, as well as from the newer political elites who had supported the Sarney government and its Plano Cruzado, which had failed to stop hyperinflation.

After Leonel Brizola was defeated in the first round, he supported Lula, with his support being considered crucial to Lula's strong performance in Rio Grande do Sul in the second round.[19]

Ultimately, Collor was elected with a six-point lead. His initial widespread support,[

right-wing populist Jair Bolsonaro
.

Debates

First round

Following the first round,

news program Jornal Nacional on the following day, an edited-down highlight reel of the debate was aired. Critics argued that it highlighted Collor's best moments and Lula's worst ones, and that coverage was sympathetical to Collor, who was supposedly close to Globo's CEO Roberto Marinho. The event was explored on the British Channel 4 documentary Beyond Citizen Kane, which features an interview with then head of journalism at Globo, Armando Nogueira
, where he says his edit of the debate was edited so as to favor Collor and claims that after complaining to Marinho about the edit, he was dismissed from the company.

Some[

illegitimate daughter. Later, Collor's campaign contacted Lula's ex-girlfriend, the mother of the child in question, and claimed that Lula had asked her to perform an abortion. This is said to be compounded by a prohibition on electoral advertising immediately preceding an election, which prevented Lula from responding to the accusations.[citation needed
]

The kidnapping of wealthy businessman Abilio Diniz on the day of the election by alleged supporters of PT is believed to have harmed Lula, who was legally forbidden from speaking to the press on election day to disavow the crime due to Brazilian election rules.[20]

A 2023 study found that Rede Globo's media coverage on the eve of the election led Lula to lose millions of votes.[15]

1989 Brazilian presidential election debates
No. Date Hosts Moderators Participants
Key:
 P  Present  A  Absent  O  Invited to other debate  N  Not invited
PRN
PT PDT PSDB PDS PL PMDB PCB PFL PSD PTB
Collor Lula Brizola Covas Maluf Afif Ulysses Freire Chaves Caiado Camargo
1 Monday, 17 July 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Marília Gabriela A P P P P P A P P P P
2.1 Monday, 14 August 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Marília Gabriela O O P O P P O P P O O
2.2 Tuesday, 15 August 1989 A P O P O O P O O P P
3 Monday, 16 October 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Marília Gabriela A P P P P P P P A P N
4 Sunday, 5 November 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Marília Gabriela A P P P P P P P A P N
5 Sunday, 12 November 1989 SBT Boris Casoy A P P P P P P P A P N

Second round

1989 Brazilian presidential election debates
No. Date Hosts Moderators Participants
Key:
 P  Present  A  Absent
PRN
PT
Collor Lula
1 Sunday, 3 December 1989 Rede Manchete Alexandre Garcia
Boris Casoy
Eliakim Araújo
Marília Gabriela
P P
2 Thursday, 14 December 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Alexandre Garcia
Boris Casoy
Eliakim Araújo
Marília Gabriela
P P

Opinion polls

First round

Polling aggregates
Active candidates
  Fernando Collor (PRN)
  Lula (PT)
  Leonel Brizola (PDT)
  Mário Covas (PSDB)
  Paulo Maluf (PDS)
  Afif Domingos (PL)
  Ulysses Guimarães (PMDB)
  Others
  Abstentions/Undecided
Pollster/client(s) Date(s)
conducted
Sample
size
PRN
Lula
PT
Brizola
PDT
Covas
PSDB
Maluf
PDS
Afif
PL
Guimarães
PMDB
Others Abst.
Undec.
Lead
1989 election 15 Nov 30.48% 17.19% 16.51% 11.52% 8.85% 4.84% 4.74% 5.87% 6.45% 13.29%
Datafolha 15 Nov[b] 10,645 30% 18% 14% 10% 8% 4% 4% 6% 12%
Datafolha 14 Nov 26% 15% 14% 11% 9% 5% 5% 4% 11% 11%
Datafolha 10 Nov 27% 15% 14% 11% 9% 5% 4% 5% 10% 12%
Datafolha 6–7 Nov 25% 15% 14% 9% 7% 4% 4% 13%[c] 9% 10%
Datafolha 1–3 Nov 21% 14% 13% 9% 7% 4% 4% 17%[d] 13% 7%
Datafolha 25–26 Oct 5,251 26% 14% 15% 9% 9% 5% 4% 5%[e] 13% 11%
Datafolha 18–19 Oct 5,261 26% 14% 15% 8% 9% 7% 3% 5%[f] 13% 11%
Datafolha 7–8 Oct 4,893 29% 10% 13% 7% 8% 8% 3% 4%[f] 17% 16%
Datafolha 23–24 Sep 5,057 33% 7% 15% 6% 7% 7% 3% 5%[f] 17% 18%
Datafolha 2–3 Sep 4,981 40% 6% 14% 5% 8% 5% 2% 4%[f] 16% 26%
Datafolha 19–20 Aug 5,079 41% 5% 14% 5% 7% 3% 3% 4%[f] 18% 27%
Datafolha 22–23 Jul 5,156 38% 6% 12% 6% 7% 2% 4% 4%[f] 21% 26%
Datafolha 1–2 Jul 10,212 40% 7% 12% 6% 5% 2% 5% 5%[g] 18% 28%
Datafolha 3–4 Jun 10,447 42% 7% 11% 5% 4% 1% 5% 4%[g] 21% 31%
Datafolha 23–24 Apr 10,421 14% 12% 13% 6% 5% 1% 24%[h] 21% 4%

Second round

Polling aggregates
Active candidates
  Fernando Collor (PRN)
  Lula (PT)
  Abstentions/Undecided
Pollster/client(s) Date(s)
conducted
Sample
size
PRN
Lula
PT
Abst.
Undec.
Lead
1989 election 17 Dec 53.03% 46.97% 5.42% 6.06%
Datafolha 17 Dec[b] 11,995 51.5% 48.5% 3.0%
Datafolha 16 Dec 11,995 47% 44% 10% 3%
Datafolha 12–13 Dec 5,250 46% 45% 9% 1%
Datafolha 8 Dec 5,250 47% 44% 9% 3%
Datafolha 4 Dec 5,250 49% 41% 10% 9%
Datafolha 30 Nov 5,250 50% 40% 10% 10%
Datafolha 22 Nov 5,716 48% 39% 13% 9%

Results

Fernando Collor received the most votes in most states, except for the Federal District, where Lula came first, and Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, won by Leonel Brizola. In the second round, Lula won Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro, the Federal District, and his home state of Pernambuco, whilst Collor won the most votes in every other state.[21]

CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Party of National Mobilization
109,9030.16
Antônio PedreiraBrazilian People's Party86,1070.13
Manoel HortaParty of the Christian Democracy of Brazil83,2910.12
Armando Corrêa[i]Brazilian Municipalist Party00.00
Total67,625,886100.0066,166,009100.00
Valid votes67,625,88693.5566,166,00994.17
Invalid/blank votes4,664,3306.454,094,6925.83
Total votes72,290,216100.0070,260,701100.00
Registered voters/turnout82,074,71888.0882,074,71885.61
Source: Superior Electoral Court

By federative unit

First round

Federative unit
Collor
Lula
Brizola Covas Maluf Afif Ulysses Other candidates
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
Acre 49,862 38.95% 22,954 17.93% 8,582 6.70% 3,716 2.90% 12,882 10.06% 7,149 5.58% 14,580 11.39% 8,285 6.47%
Alagoas 554,612 64.38% 76,227 8.85% 63,071 7.32% 67,240 7.81% 9,253 1.07% 26,869 3.12% 9,138 1.06% 55,060 6.39%
Amapá 42,255 48.42% 21,026 24.09% 4,935 5.65% 3,695 4.23% 1,960 2.25% 4,323 4.95% 3,883 4.45% 5,194 5.95%
Amazonas 300,848 50.49% 125,406 21.05% 26,129 4.39% 36,380 6.11% 24,832 4.17% 36,544 6.13% 17,303 2.90% 28,427 4.77%
Bahia 1,408,614 34.77% 1,050,444 25.93% 229,186 5.66% 248,803 6.14% 72,200 1.78% 100,970 2.49% 638,007 15.75% 302,851 7.48%
Ceará 861,030 33.09% 321,526 12.36% 505,440 19.43% 477,286 18.34% 108,877 4.18% 60,228 2.31% 85,406 3.28% 182,063 7.00%
Espírito Santo 468,910 39.62% 264,983 22.39% 105,093 8.88% 118,048 9.97% 32,221 2.72% 45,644 3.86% 71,408 6.03% 77,263 6.53%
Federal District 172,818 22.75% 220,720 29.06% 71,719 9.44% 135,227 17.81% 31,364 4.13% 48,068 6.33% 26,167 3.45% 53,397 7.03%
Goiás 803,199 45.39% 298,261 16.86% 70,146 3.96% 101,514 5.74% 80,376 4.54% 111,808 6.32% 157,355 8.89% 146,852 8.30%
Maranhão 609,758 46.93% 255,586 19.67% 116,539 8.97% 44,154 3.40% 35,939 2.77% 54,021 4.16% 72,794 5.60% 110,471 8.50%
Mato Grosso 344,973 46.60% 76,700 10.36% 75,194 10.16% 33,472 4.52% 43,679 5.90% 66,916 9.04% 56,209 7.59% 43,132 5.83%
Mato Grosso do Sul 436,539 53.23% 73,697 8.99% 63,721 7.77% 50,465 6.15% 47,237 5.76% 60,061 7.32% 44,130 5.38% 44.313 5.40%
Minas Gerais 2,801,422 36.12% 1,792,789 23.11% 418,935 5.40% 799,227 10.30% 275,669 3.55% 503,027 6.48% 459,308 5.92% 706,515 9.11%
Pará 793,384 52.01% 294,981 19.34% 52,361 3.43% 101,282 6.64% 62,848 4.12% 65,419 4.29% 66,384 4.35% 88,667 5.81%
Paraíba 457,129 35.16% 313,895 24.14% 186,076 14.31% 94,774 7.29% 33,777 2.60% 25,659 1.97% 97,634 7.51% 91,247 7.02%
Paraná 1,738,216 40.64% 353,907 8.27% 616,170 14.41% 325,652 7.61% 319,932 7.48% 494,608 11.56% 144,687 3.38% 284,052 6.64%
Pernambuco 1,066,986 37.74% 950,189 33.61% 265,548 9.39% 101,093 3.58% 43,518 1.54% 70,093 2.48% 89,991 3.18% 239,410 8.47%
Piauí 383,632 39.75% 219,406 22.73% 93,507 9.69% 48,763 5.05% 38,236 3.96% 36,829 3.82% 61,037 6.32% 83,662 8.67%
Rio de Janeiro 1,189,385 16.07% 904,223 12.22% 3,855,561 52.09% 643,786 8.70% 115,656 1.56% 191,751 2.59% 124,752 1.69% 376,389 5.09%
Rio Grande do Norte 326,878 33.37% 239,010 24.40% 78,259 7.99% 56,768 5.80% 52,546 5.36% 20,846 2.13% 139,093 14.20% 66,084 6.75%
Rio Grande do Sul 480,842 9.23% 350,062 6.72% 3,262,925 62.66% 249,384 4.79% 309,406 5.94% 178,311 3.42% 185,433 3.56% 190,826 3.66%
Rondônia 165,607 42.82% 75,532 19.53% 39,650 10.25% 13,718 3.55% 24,934 6.45% 26,123 6.75% 19,370 5.01% 21,800 5.64%
Roraima 32,130 59.72% 5,417 10.07% 5,092 9.47% 2,944 5.47% 1,377 2.56% 2,252 4.19% 1,589 2.95% 2,996 5.57%
Santa Catarina 566,990 23.52% 255,015 10.58% 632,170 26.22% 177,980 7.38% 236,151 9.79% 206,957 8.58% 242,757 10.07% 93,042 3.86%
São Paulo 4,085,223 24.40% 2,921,970 17.45% 252,651 1.51% 3,802,330 22.71% 3,934,334 23.50% 807,944 4.83% 331,576 1.98% 605,316 3.62%
Sergipe 301,730 50.81% 108,002 18.19% 55,751 9.39% 39,499 6.65% 23,550 3.97% 9,744 1.64% 12,161 2.05% 43,442 7.31%
Tocantins 164,964 57.08% 27,888 9.65% 11,605 4.02% 9,739 3.37% 13,258 4.59% 9,822 3.40% 32,701 11.32% 19,023 6.58%
Abroad 3,094 24.66% 2,505 19.96% 1,649 13.14% 3,442 27.43% 573 4.57% 534 4.26% 143 1.14% 609 4.85%
Source: Superior Electoral Court

Second round

Federative unit
Collor
Lula
Votes % Votes %
Acre 89,103 69.18% 39,695 30.82%
Alagoas 683,920 76.07% 215,177 23.93%
Amapá 53,780 64.25% 29,926 35.75%
Amazonas 397,103 66.79% 197,431 33.21%
Bahia 2,118,307 51.68% 1,980,907 48.32%
Ceará 1,478,288 56.91% 1,119,367 43.09%
Espírito Santo 689,981 59.30% 473,597 40.70%
Federal District 268,963 37.32% 451,780 62.68%
Goiás 1,160,446 68.44% 535,142 31.56%
Maranhão 867,188 62.44% 521,753 37.56%
Mato Grosso 475,046 66.39% 240,486 33.61%
Mato Grosso do Sul 579,064 72.85% 215,859 27.15%
Minas Gerais 4,186,658 55.51% 3,355,125 44.49%
Pará 1,105,646 72.49% 419,643 27.51%
Paraíba 740,208 54.97% 606,446 45.03%
Paraná 2,793,218 67.29% 1,357,754 32.71%
Pernambuco 1,455,747 49.10% 1,509,102 50.90%
Piauí 590,594 58.92% 411,814 41.08%
Rio de Janeiro 1,941,499 27.08% 5,227,886 72.92%
Rio Grande do Norte 535,195 52.59% 482,463 47.41%
Rio Grande do Sul 1,532,824 31.28% 3,366,795 68.72%
Rondônia 234,272 63.25% 136,123 36.75%
Roraima 39,916 76.35% 12,364 23.65%
Santa Catarina 1,167,689 50.32% 1,152,730 49.68%
São Paulo 9,270,501 57.90% 6,739,403 42.10%
Sergipe 403,480 65.89% 208,829 34.11%
Tocantins 227,029 78.39% 62,576 21.61%
Abroad 4,541 44.65% 5,630 55.35%
Source: Superior Electoral Court

Notes

  1. ^ a b Same party as the presidential candidate, unless mentioned in parentheses
  2. ^ a b Exit poll conducted on election day.
  3. Sílvio Santos
    (PMB) with 10%
  4. ^ Sílvio Santos (PMB) with 14%
  5. ^ Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 1%
  6. ^ a b c d e f Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 1%
  7. ^ a b Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 2%
  8. ^ Orestes Quércia (PMDB) with 18%; Jânio Quadros with 4%
  9. ^ On 9 November 1989, the Superior Electoral Court revoked the provisional registry of the Brazilian Municipalist Party, for not having held the minimum number of regional conventions required by law. Armando Corrêa was therefore disqualified for the election, and all votes cast for the candidate were annulled.[22]

References

  1. ^ "Bipartidarismo: Sistema vigorou durante a ditadura militar". educacao.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-01-08. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  2. ^ Globo, Acervo-Jornal O. "Sequestro do empresário Abilio Diniz agitou campanha presidencial em 1989". Acervo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  3. ^ "A guerra ao turbante". Abril. Veja.com. 23 March 1988. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2012. No seu papel de caçador de marajás, o alagoano Fernando Collor de Mello torna-se um dos governadores mais populares do país
  4. from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  5. ^ Coimbra, Marcos (17 May 2013). "Marcos Coimbra: A "síndrome de Collor", engano recorrente". Viomundo. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  6. ^ a b Haroldo Ceravolo, Sereza (2009-11-15). "Relação com a Globo 'ajudou bastante', lembra Collor; senador diz ter pensado, na véspera, que perderia a eleição". Noticias.uol.com.br. UOL. Archived from the original on 2021-01-21.
  7. ^ "Roadmap to Brazil's presidency: win in Minas Gerais". The Brazilian Report. 2018-08-20. Archived from the original on 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  8. ^ "Fernando Collor De Mello | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  9. from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  10. ^ Elizangela (2018-01-21). "Brizola 1989: eleições livres ou golpe?". PDT (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  11. .
  12. ^ "Eleições 2006 – Com votação recorde, Lula chega ao segundo mandato". G1. Grupo Globo. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  13. ^ Jacky Picard, ed. Le Brésil de Lula: Les défis d'un socialisme démocratique à la périphérie du capitalisme. Paris: Khartala, 2003, page 81
  14. from the original on 2021-07-30. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  15. ^ from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  16. ^ "Brazil President Resigns in Wake of Impeachment". Los Angeles Times. 1992-12-30. Archived from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  17. ^ "A eleição de 2018 será como a de 1989? Sim e não, segundo o UBS | EXAME". Archived from the original on 2018-10-28. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  18. ^ "Há 25 anos, Silvio Santos tentou presidência; você votaria?". Terra. Archived from the original on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  19. , page 111
  20. ^ Globo, Acervo-Jornal O. "Sequestro do empresário Abilio Diniz agitou campanha presidencial em 1989". Acervo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  21. ^ Brazil. Presidential Election 1989 Archived 2014-07-07 at the Wayback Machine Electoral Geography
  22. ^ Reis, Alessandra V. "Partido Municipalista Brasileiro (PMB)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 28 November 2023.

External links