1989 Brazilian presidential election
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnout | 88.08% (first round) 85.61% (second round) | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
This article is part of a series on the |
Presidential elections were held in Brazil in 1989, with the first round on November 15 and a second round on December 17. They were the first direct presidential elections since 1960, the first to be held using a two-round system and the first to take place under the 1988 constitution, which followed two decades of authoritarian rule after the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état.
The collapse of the military-imposed two-party system[1] that pitted the right-wing authoritarian National Renewal Alliance (ARENA) against the catch-all Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) resulted in a wide array of new parties seeking to fill the political vacuum. President José Sarney of the PMDB, the MBD's successor, was ineligible to run. Sarney, who was elected Vice President on Tancredo Neves's ticket in the 1985 elections, had taken office due to Neves's death before his scheduled inauguration.[2]
Popular
Following the end of state repression of socialist parties, the Brazilian Left faced a fractured field defined by two primary candidates: Popular labour leader
The general election was marked by negative campaigning, with Collor accusing Lula of supporting divisive
Background
On January 15, 1985, following two decades of a US-backed right-wing
However, Neves was hospitalized of an untreated cancer on the eve of his inauguration, and finally died in 21 April, before taking office.
Nevertheless, as promised by Neves, Sarney led a
Candidates
Candidates in the runoff
Party | Presidential candidate | Running mate[a] | Coalition | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National Reconstruction Party |
Fernando Collor (1987–1989)
Governor of Alagoas |
Itamar Franco Senator from Minas Gerais |
New Brazil:
| |||
Workers' Party |
Lula da Silva Federal Deputy |
José Paulo Bisol (PSB) Senator from Rio Grande do Sul |
Popular Brazil Front:
|
Candidates not advanced to runoff
Party | Presidential candidate | Running mate[a] | Coalition | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazilian Communist Party | Roberto Freire Federal Deputy |
Sérgio Arouca President of Fiocruz (1985–1989) |
— | |||
Brazilian Labour Party |
Affonso Camargo Netto Senator from Paraná |
José Roberto Faria Lima | — | |||
Brazilian Municipalist Party |
Armando Corrêa President of the party |
Agostinho Linhares | — | |||
Brazilian People's Party |
Antônio Pedreira President of the party |
Orestes Ferreira Alves | — | |||
Brazilian Social Democracy Party |
Mário Covas Senator from São Paulo |
Almir Gabriel Senator from Pará |
— | |||
Democratic Labour Party |
Leonel Brizola Governor of Rio de Janeiro (1983–1987) |
Fernando Lyra Federal Deputy |
— | |||
Democratic Social Party |
Paulo Maluf Governor of São Paulo (1979–1982) |
Bonifácio de Andrada Federal Deputy |
— | |||
Green Party |
Fernando Gabeira | Maurício Lobo Abreu | — | |||
Liberal Party |
Guilherme Afif Federal Deputy |
Aluísio Pimenta (PDC) | Christian Liberal Alliance:
| |||
National Communitarian Party |
Zamir José Teixeira | William Pereira da Silva President of the party |
— | |||
Nationalist Party | Lívia Maria | Ardwin Retto Grünewald | — | |||
National Mobilization Party
|
Celso Brant President of the party |
José Natan | — | |||
Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement
|
Ulysses Guimarães Federal Deputy |
Waldir Pires Governor of Bahia (1987–1989) |
— | |||
Party of the Christian Democracy of Brazil | Manoel Horta | Jorge Coelho de Sá | — | |||
Party of the Liberal Front |
Aureliano Chaves Minister of Mines and Energy (1985–1988) |
Cláudio Lembo Secretary of Legal Affairs of São Paulo (1986–1989) |
— | |||
Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order | Enéas Carneiro President of the party |
Lenine Madeira | — | |||
People's Party | Paulo Gontijo President of the party |
Luiz Paulino | — | |||
Progressive Liberal Party | Eudes Mattar | Dante Lazzaroni Júnior | — | |||
Social Democratic Party |
Ronaldo Caiado Leader of the Ruralist Democratic Union |
Camillo Calazans (PDN) | City-Country Union:
| |||
Social Progressive Party |
Marronzinho President of the party |
Reinaldo Valim | — |
Campaign
Most political parties were relatively new but managed to actively mobilise the population,[citation needed] with the election coming five years after massive demonstrations for direct elections in the late 1980s Diretas Já movement had called for the end of the military regime. Sarney was barred by the 1988 constitution from running for immediate reelection in his own right. Twenty-two candidates entered the race, a record number of candidates in a single presidential election. The 1989 elections were the first in which the president and vice-president were jointly elected as running mates.
Among the twenty-two candidates, only
The first round took place on November 15, 1989, the 100th anniversary of the
Both candidates had a reputation as outsiders. Despite being a charismatic leader, Lula failed to attract the majority of votes from poor, unskilled and semiskilled workers – who would, later on, form the basis of the Workers' Party electorate. These voters predominantly favored Collor, who was associated with the traditional economic elites of
Collor argued that Lula's plans of aggressive spending on inequality reduction programs would destroy Brazil's then-fragile economy, harming the poor people he claimed to champion. He also appealed to his young age and distanced himself from the previous military governments, as well as from the newer political elites who had supported the Sarney government and its Plano Cruzado, which had failed to stop hyperinflation.
After Leonel Brizola was defeated in the first round, he supported Lula, with his support being considered crucial to Lula's strong performance in Rio Grande do Sul in the second round.[19]
Ultimately, Collor was elected with a six-point lead. His initial widespread support,[
Debates
First round
Following the first round,
Some[
The kidnapping of wealthy businessman Abilio Diniz on the day of the election by alleged supporters of PT is believed to have harmed Lula, who was legally forbidden from speaking to the press on election day to disavow the crime due to Brazilian election rules.[20]
A 2023 study found that Rede Globo's media coverage on the eve of the election led Lula to lose millions of votes.[15]
1989 Brazilian presidential election debates | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Date | Hosts | Moderators | Participants | ||||||||||
Key: P Present A Absent O Invited to other debate N Not invited |
PRN
|
PT | PDT | PSDB | PDS | PL | PMDB | PCB | PFL | PSD | PTB | |||
Collor | Lula | Brizola | Covas | Maluf | Afif | Ulysses | Freire | Chaves | Caiado | Camargo | ||||
1 | Monday, 17 July 1989 | Rede Bandeirantes | Marília Gabriela | A | P | P | P | P | P | A | P | P | P | P |
2.1 | Monday, 14 August 1989 | Rede Bandeirantes | Marília Gabriela | O | O | P | O | P | P | O | P | P | O | O |
2.2 | Tuesday, 15 August 1989 | A | P | O | P | O | O | P | O | O | P | P | ||
3 | Monday, 16 October 1989 | Rede Bandeirantes | Marília Gabriela | A | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | A | P | N |
4 | Sunday, 5 November 1989 | Rede Bandeirantes | Marília Gabriela | A | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | A | P | N |
5 | Sunday, 12 November 1989 | SBT | Boris Casoy | A | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | A | P | N |
Second round
1989 Brazilian presidential election debates | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Date | Hosts | Moderators | Participants | |
Key: P Present A Absent |
PRN
|
PT | |||
Collor | Lula | ||||
1 | Sunday, 3 December 1989 | Rede Manchete | Alexandre Garcia Boris Casoy Eliakim Araújo Marília Gabriela |
P | P |
2 | Thursday, 14 December 1989 | Rede Bandeirantes | Alexandre Garcia Boris Casoy Eliakim Araújo Marília Gabriela |
P | P |
Opinion polls
First round
Active candidates |
Fernando Collor (PRN) |
Lula (PT) |
Leonel Brizola (PDT) |
Mário Covas (PSDB) |
Paulo Maluf (PDS) |
Afif Domingos (PL) |
Ulysses Guimarães (PMDB) |
Others |
Abstentions/Undecided |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Pollster/client(s) | Date(s) conducted |
Sample size |
PRN
|
Lula
PT |
Brizola PDT |
Covas PSDB |
Maluf PDS |
Afif PL |
Guimarães PMDB |
Others | Abst. Undec. |
Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1989 election | 15 Nov | – | 30.48% | 17.19% | 16.51% | 11.52% | 8.85% | 4.84% | 4.74% | 5.87% | 6.45% | 13.29% |
Datafolha | 15 Nov[b] | 10,645 | 30% | 18% | 14% | 10% | 8% | 4% | 4% | – | 6% | 12% |
Datafolha | 14 Nov | – | 26% | 15% | 14% | 11% | 9% | 5% | 5% | 4% | 11% | 11% |
Datafolha | 10 Nov | – | 27% | 15% | 14% | 11% | 9% | 5% | 4% | 5% | 10% | 12% |
Datafolha | 6–7 Nov | – | 25% | 15% | 14% | 9% | 7% | 4% | 4% | 13%[c] | 9% | 10% |
Datafolha | 1–3 Nov | – | 21% | 14% | 13% | 9% | 7% | 4% | 4% | 17%[d] | 13% | 7% |
Datafolha | 25–26 Oct | 5,251 | 26% | 14% | 15% | 9% | 9% | 5% | 4% | 5%[e] | 13% | 11% |
Datafolha | 18–19 Oct | 5,261 | 26% | 14% | 15% | 8% | 9% | 7% | 3% | 5%[f] | 13% | 11% |
Datafolha | 7–8 Oct | 4,893 | 29% | 10% | 13% | 7% | 8% | 8% | 3% | 4%[f] | 17% | 16% |
Datafolha | 23–24 Sep | 5,057 | 33% | 7% | 15% | 6% | 7% | 7% | 3% | 5%[f] | 17% | 18% |
Datafolha | 2–3 Sep | 4,981 | 40% | 6% | 14% | 5% | 8% | 5% | 2% | 4%[f] | 16% | 26% |
Datafolha | 19–20 Aug | 5,079 | 41% | 5% | 14% | 5% | 7% | 3% | 3% | 4%[f] | 18% | 27% |
Datafolha | 22–23 Jul | 5,156 | 38% | 6% | 12% | 6% | 7% | 2% | 4% | 4%[f] | 21% | 26% |
Datafolha | 1–2 Jul | 10,212 | 40% | 7% | 12% | 6% | 5% | 2% | 5% | 5%[g] | 18% | 28% |
Datafolha | 3–4 Jun | 10,447 | 42% | 7% | 11% | 5% | 4% | 1% | 5% | 4%[g] | 21% | 31% |
Datafolha | 23–24 Apr | 10,421 | 14% | 12% | 13% | 6% | 5% | 1% | – | 24%[h] | 21% | 4% |
Second round
Active candidates |
Fernando Collor (PRN) |
Lula (PT) |
Abstentions/Undecided |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Pollster/client(s) | Date(s) conducted |
Sample size |
PRN
|
Lula
PT |
Abst. Undec. |
Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1989 election | 17 Dec | – | 53.03% | 46.97% | 5.42% | 6.06% |
Datafolha | 17 Dec[b] | 11,995 | 51.5% | 48.5% | – | 3.0% |
Datafolha | 16 Dec | 11,995 | 47% | 44% | 10% | 3% |
Datafolha | 12–13 Dec | 5,250 | 46% | 45% | 9% | 1% |
Datafolha | 8 Dec | 5,250 | 47% | 44% | 9% | 3% |
Datafolha | 4 Dec | 5,250 | 49% | 41% | 10% | 9% |
Datafolha | 30 Nov | 5,250 | 50% | 40% | 10% | 10% |
Datafolha | 22 Nov | 5,716 | 48% | 39% | 13% | 9% |
Results
Candidate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
Party of National Mobilization | 109,903 | 0.16 | ||||
Antônio Pedreira | Brazilian People's Party | 86,107 | 0.13 | |||
Manoel Horta | Party of the Christian Democracy of Brazil | 83,291 | 0.12 | |||
Armando Corrêa[i] | Brazilian Municipalist Party | 0 | 0.00 | |||
Total | 67,625,886 | 100.00 | 66,166,009 | 100.00 | ||
Valid votes | 67,625,886 | 93.55 | 66,166,009 | 94.17 | ||
Invalid/blank votes | 4,664,330 | 6.45 | 4,094,692 | 5.83 | ||
Total votes | 72,290,216 | 100.00 | 70,260,701 | 100.00 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 82,074,718 | 88.08 | 82,074,718 | 85.61 | ||
Source: Superior Electoral Court |
By federative unit
First round
Federative unit | Collor
|
Lula
|
Brizola | Covas | Maluf | Afif | Ulysses | Other candidates | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | |
Acre | 49,862 | 38.95% | 22,954 | 17.93% | 8,582 | 6.70% | 3,716 | 2.90% | 12,882 | 10.06% | 7,149 | 5.58% | 14,580 | 11.39% | 8,285 | 6.47% |
Alagoas | 554,612 | 64.38% | 76,227 | 8.85% | 63,071 | 7.32% | 67,240 | 7.81% | 9,253 | 1.07% | 26,869 | 3.12% | 9,138 | 1.06% | 55,060 | 6.39% |
Amapá | 42,255 | 48.42% | 21,026 | 24.09% | 4,935 | 5.65% | 3,695 | 4.23% | 1,960 | 2.25% | 4,323 | 4.95% | 3,883 | 4.45% | 5,194 | 5.95% |
Amazonas | 300,848 | 50.49% | 125,406 | 21.05% | 26,129 | 4.39% | 36,380 | 6.11% | 24,832 | 4.17% | 36,544 | 6.13% | 17,303 | 2.90% | 28,427 | 4.77% |
Bahia | 1,408,614 | 34.77% | 1,050,444 | 25.93% | 229,186 | 5.66% | 248,803 | 6.14% | 72,200 | 1.78% | 100,970 | 2.49% | 638,007 | 15.75% | 302,851 | 7.48% |
Ceará | 861,030 | 33.09% | 321,526 | 12.36% | 505,440 | 19.43% | 477,286 | 18.34% | 108,877 | 4.18% | 60,228 | 2.31% | 85,406 | 3.28% | 182,063 | 7.00% |
Espírito Santo | 468,910 | 39.62% | 264,983 | 22.39% | 105,093 | 8.88% | 118,048 | 9.97% | 32,221 | 2.72% | 45,644 | 3.86% | 71,408 | 6.03% | 77,263 | 6.53% |
Federal District | 172,818 | 22.75% | 220,720 | 29.06% | 71,719 | 9.44% | 135,227 | 17.81% | 31,364 | 4.13% | 48,068 | 6.33% | 26,167 | 3.45% | 53,397 | 7.03% |
Goiás | 803,199 | 45.39% | 298,261 | 16.86% | 70,146 | 3.96% | 101,514 | 5.74% | 80,376 | 4.54% | 111,808 | 6.32% | 157,355 | 8.89% | 146,852 | 8.30% |
Maranhão | 609,758 | 46.93% | 255,586 | 19.67% | 116,539 | 8.97% | 44,154 | 3.40% | 35,939 | 2.77% | 54,021 | 4.16% | 72,794 | 5.60% | 110,471 | 8.50% |
Mato Grosso | 344,973 | 46.60% | 76,700 | 10.36% | 75,194 | 10.16% | 33,472 | 4.52% | 43,679 | 5.90% | 66,916 | 9.04% | 56,209 | 7.59% | 43,132 | 5.83% |
Mato Grosso do Sul | 436,539 | 53.23% | 73,697 | 8.99% | 63,721 | 7.77% | 50,465 | 6.15% | 47,237 | 5.76% | 60,061 | 7.32% | 44,130 | 5.38% | 44.313 | 5.40% |
Minas Gerais | 2,801,422 | 36.12% | 1,792,789 | 23.11% | 418,935 | 5.40% | 799,227 | 10.30% | 275,669 | 3.55% | 503,027 | 6.48% | 459,308 | 5.92% | 706,515 | 9.11% |
Pará | 793,384 | 52.01% | 294,981 | 19.34% | 52,361 | 3.43% | 101,282 | 6.64% | 62,848 | 4.12% | 65,419 | 4.29% | 66,384 | 4.35% | 88,667 | 5.81% |
Paraíba | 457,129 | 35.16% | 313,895 | 24.14% | 186,076 | 14.31% | 94,774 | 7.29% | 33,777 | 2.60% | 25,659 | 1.97% | 97,634 | 7.51% | 91,247 | 7.02% |
Paraná | 1,738,216 | 40.64% | 353,907 | 8.27% | 616,170 | 14.41% | 325,652 | 7.61% | 319,932 | 7.48% | 494,608 | 11.56% | 144,687 | 3.38% | 284,052 | 6.64% |
Pernambuco | 1,066,986 | 37.74% | 950,189 | 33.61% | 265,548 | 9.39% | 101,093 | 3.58% | 43,518 | 1.54% | 70,093 | 2.48% | 89,991 | 3.18% | 239,410 | 8.47% |
Piauí | 383,632 | 39.75% | 219,406 | 22.73% | 93,507 | 9.69% | 48,763 | 5.05% | 38,236 | 3.96% | 36,829 | 3.82% | 61,037 | 6.32% | 83,662 | 8.67% |
Rio de Janeiro | 1,189,385 | 16.07% | 904,223 | 12.22% | 3,855,561 | 52.09% | 643,786 | 8.70% | 115,656 | 1.56% | 191,751 | 2.59% | 124,752 | 1.69% | 376,389 | 5.09% |
Rio Grande do Norte | 326,878 | 33.37% | 239,010 | 24.40% | 78,259 | 7.99% | 56,768 | 5.80% | 52,546 | 5.36% | 20,846 | 2.13% | 139,093 | 14.20% | 66,084 | 6.75% |
Rio Grande do Sul | 480,842 | 9.23% | 350,062 | 6.72% | 3,262,925 | 62.66% | 249,384 | 4.79% | 309,406 | 5.94% | 178,311 | 3.42% | 185,433 | 3.56% | 190,826 | 3.66% |
Rondônia | 165,607 | 42.82% | 75,532 | 19.53% | 39,650 | 10.25% | 13,718 | 3.55% | 24,934 | 6.45% | 26,123 | 6.75% | 19,370 | 5.01% | 21,800 | 5.64% |
Roraima | 32,130 | 59.72% | 5,417 | 10.07% | 5,092 | 9.47% | 2,944 | 5.47% | 1,377 | 2.56% | 2,252 | 4.19% | 1,589 | 2.95% | 2,996 | 5.57% |
Santa Catarina | 566,990 | 23.52% | 255,015 | 10.58% | 632,170 | 26.22% | 177,980 | 7.38% | 236,151 | 9.79% | 206,957 | 8.58% | 242,757 | 10.07% | 93,042 | 3.86% |
São Paulo | 4,085,223 | 24.40% | 2,921,970 | 17.45% | 252,651 | 1.51% | 3,802,330 | 22.71% | 3,934,334 | 23.50% | 807,944 | 4.83% | 331,576 | 1.98% | 605,316 | 3.62% |
Sergipe | 301,730 | 50.81% | 108,002 | 18.19% | 55,751 | 9.39% | 39,499 | 6.65% | 23,550 | 3.97% | 9,744 | 1.64% | 12,161 | 2.05% | 43,442 | 7.31% |
Tocantins | 164,964 | 57.08% | 27,888 | 9.65% | 11,605 | 4.02% | 9,739 | 3.37% | 13,258 | 4.59% | 9,822 | 3.40% | 32,701 | 11.32% | 19,023 | 6.58% |
Abroad | 3,094 | 24.66% | 2,505 | 19.96% | 1,649 | 13.14% | 3,442 | 27.43% | 573 | 4.57% | 534 | 4.26% | 143 | 1.14% | 609 | 4.85% |
Source: Superior Electoral Court |
Second round
Federative unit | Collor
|
Lula
| ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||||||||||||
Acre | 89,103 | 69.18% | 39,695 | 30.82% | ||||||||||||
Alagoas | 683,920 | 76.07% | 215,177 | 23.93% | ||||||||||||
Amapá | 53,780 | 64.25% | 29,926 | 35.75% | ||||||||||||
Amazonas | 397,103 | 66.79% | 197,431 | 33.21% | ||||||||||||
Bahia | 2,118,307 | 51.68% | 1,980,907 | 48.32% | ||||||||||||
Ceará | 1,478,288 | 56.91% | 1,119,367 | 43.09% | ||||||||||||
Espírito Santo | 689,981 | 59.30% | 473,597 | 40.70% | ||||||||||||
Federal District | 268,963 | 37.32% | 451,780 | 62.68% | ||||||||||||
Goiás | 1,160,446 | 68.44% | 535,142 | 31.56% | ||||||||||||
Maranhão | 867,188 | 62.44% | 521,753 | 37.56% | ||||||||||||
Mato Grosso | 475,046 | 66.39% | 240,486 | 33.61% | ||||||||||||
Mato Grosso do Sul | 579,064 | 72.85% | 215,859 | 27.15% | ||||||||||||
Minas Gerais | 4,186,658 | 55.51% | 3,355,125 | 44.49% | ||||||||||||
Pará | 1,105,646 | 72.49% | 419,643 | 27.51% | ||||||||||||
Paraíba | 740,208 | 54.97% | 606,446 | 45.03% | ||||||||||||
Paraná | 2,793,218 | 67.29% | 1,357,754 | 32.71% | ||||||||||||
Pernambuco | 1,455,747 | 49.10% | 1,509,102 | 50.90% | ||||||||||||
Piauí | 590,594 | 58.92% | 411,814 | 41.08% | ||||||||||||
Rio de Janeiro | 1,941,499 | 27.08% | 5,227,886 | 72.92% | ||||||||||||
Rio Grande do Norte | 535,195 | 52.59% | 482,463 | 47.41% | ||||||||||||
Rio Grande do Sul | 1,532,824 | 31.28% | 3,366,795 | 68.72% | ||||||||||||
Rondônia | 234,272 | 63.25% | 136,123 | 36.75% | ||||||||||||
Roraima | 39,916 | 76.35% | 12,364 | 23.65% | ||||||||||||
Santa Catarina | 1,167,689 | 50.32% | 1,152,730 | 49.68% | ||||||||||||
São Paulo | 9,270,501 | 57.90% | 6,739,403 | 42.10% | ||||||||||||
Sergipe | 403,480 | 65.89% | 208,829 | 34.11% | ||||||||||||
Tocantins | 227,029 | 78.39% | 62,576 | 21.61% | ||||||||||||
Abroad | 4,541 | 44.65% | 5,630 | 55.35% | ||||||||||||
Source: Superior Electoral Court |
Notes
- ^ a b Same party as the presidential candidate, unless mentioned in parentheses
- ^ a b Exit poll conducted on election day.
- Sílvio Santos(PMB) with 10%
- ^ Sílvio Santos (PMB) with 14%
- ^ Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 1%
- ^ a b c d e f Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 1%
- ^ a b Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 2%
- ^ Orestes Quércia (PMDB) with 18%; Jânio Quadros with 4%
- ^ On 9 November 1989, the Superior Electoral Court revoked the provisional registry of the Brazilian Municipalist Party, for not having held the minimum number of regional conventions required by law. Armando Corrêa was therefore disqualified for the election, and all votes cast for the candidate were annulled.[22]
References
- ^ "Bipartidarismo: Sistema vigorou durante a ditadura militar". educacao.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-01-08. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ Globo, Acervo-Jornal O. "Sequestro do empresário Abilio Diniz agitou campanha presidencial em 1989". Acervo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "A guerra ao turbante". Abril. Veja.com. 23 March 1988. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
No seu papel de caçador de marajás, o alagoano Fernando Collor de Mello torna-se um dos governadores mais populares do país
- from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ Coimbra, Marcos (17 May 2013). "Marcos Coimbra: A "síndrome de Collor", engano recorrente". Viomundo. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- ^ a b Haroldo Ceravolo, Sereza (2009-11-15). "Relação com a Globo 'ajudou bastante', lembra Collor; senador diz ter pensado, na véspera, que perderia a eleição". Noticias.uol.com.br. UOL. Archived from the original on 2021-01-21.
- ^ "Roadmap to Brazil's presidency: win in Minas Gerais". The Brazilian Report. 2018-08-20. Archived from the original on 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Fernando Collor De Mello | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ Elizangela (2018-01-21). "Brizola 1989: eleições livres ou golpe?". PDT (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ISBN 978-0520261556.
- ^ "Eleições 2006 – Com votação recorde, Lula chega ao segundo mandato". G1. Grupo Globo. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Jacky Picard, ed. Le Brésil de Lula: Les défis d'un socialisme démocratique à la périphérie du capitalisme. Paris: Khartala, 2003, page 81
- from the original on 2021-07-30. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
- ^ "Brazil President Resigns in Wake of Impeachment". Los Angeles Times. 1992-12-30. Archived from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "A eleição de 2018 será como a de 1989? Sim e não, segundo o UBS | EXAME". Archived from the original on 2018-10-28. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
- ^ "Há 25 anos, Silvio Santos tentou presidência; você votaria?". Terra. Archived from the original on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-521-51455-2, page 111
- ^ Globo, Acervo-Jornal O. "Sequestro do empresário Abilio Diniz agitou campanha presidencial em 1989". Acervo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ Brazil. Presidential Election 1989 Archived 2014-07-07 at the Wayback Machine Electoral Geography
- ^ Reis, Alessandra V. "Partido Municipalista Brasileiro (PMB)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 28 November 2023.