1990 Hungarian parliamentary election
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Turnout | 65.11% (first round) 45.54% (second round) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Results of the election. Proportional list results are displayed in the top left. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Parliamentary elections were held in
MDF leader
Background
Hungary's transition to a Western-style democracy was one of the smoothest among the former Soviet bloc. By late 1988, activists within the party and bureaucracy and Budapest-based intellectuals were increasing pressure for change. Some of these became reformist social democrats, while others began movements which were to develop into parties. Young liberals formed the Federation of Young Democrats (Fidesz); a core from the so-called Democratic Opposition formed the Association of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), and the national opposition established the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF).
Among the organized opposition,
In July 1989, four by-elections took place in Gödöllő, Szeged, Kecskemét and Kiskunfélegyháza to replace members like Antal Apró. In these elections SZDSZ, FKGP and Fidesz supported one single candidate from MDF in each constituency. In first three seats MDF candidates came first.[5]
In October 1989, the ruling Communist
An agreement was reached involving six draft laws that covered an overhaul of the Constitution, establishment of a Constitutional Court, the functioning and management of political parties, multiparty elections for National Assembly deputies, the penal code and the law on penal procedures (the last two changes represented an additional separation of the Party from the state apparatus).[3][6]
The electoral system was a compromise: initially it proposed that 222 deputies would be elected proportionally and 152 deputies by the majoritarian system. Overall, National Assembly would have had 374 deputies, but it was agreed to have 386 deputies (down by one).[7][8]
A weak presidency was also agreed upon, but no consensus was attained on who should elect the president (parliament or the people) and when this election should occur (before or after parliamentary elections). Initially, the opposition was united in wanting the president elected by parliament after new elections to ensure parliamentary supremacy and minimise the MSZMP's power.[9] Then, faced with Communist concessions, the relatively weak opposition split, as at least three moderate groups (including KNDP and MDF) signed the Round Table agreement and implicitly accepted Pozsgay as president while the radicals (notably Fidesz and the SZDSZ) refused to do so. After a burst of negotiations, fully free elections were scheduled for March 1990, in contrast to the semi-free elections held in Poland in June 1989.[10]
Electoral system
Of the 386 seats in the
Results
Party | Proportional | SMCs (first round) | SMCs (second round) | Seats | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | National | Total | |||||
Hungarian Democratic Forum | 1,214,359 | 24.73 | 40 | 1,186,668 | 23.93 | 3 | 1,406,276 | 41.24 | 111 | 10 | 164 | ||||
Alliance of Free Democrats | 1,050,799 | 21.40 | 34 | 1,077,386 | 21.73 | 0 | 1,046,094 | 30.68 | 35 | 23 | 92 | ||||
Independent Smallholders' Party | 576,315 | 11.73 | 16 | 529,270 | 10.67 | 0 | 355,112 | 10.41 | 11 | 17 | 44 | ||||
Hungarian Socialist Party | 535,064 | 10.89 | 14 | 504,909 | 10.18 | 0 | 216,561 | 6.35 | 1 | 18 | 33 | ||||
Fidesz | 439,649 | 8.95 | 8 | 235,558 | 4.75 | 0 | 63,064 | 1.85 | 1 | 12 | 21 | ||||
Christian Democratic People's Party | 317,278 | 6.46 | 8 | 287,578 | 5.80 | 0 | 127,938 | 3.75 | 3 | 10 | 21 | ||||
Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party | 180,964 | 3.68 | 0 | 131,422 | 2.65 | 0 | 8,640 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Social Democratic Party of Hungary | 174,434 | 3.55 | 0 | 104,010 | 2.10 | 0 | 922 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Agrarian Alliance | 154,004 | 3.14 | 0 | 139,240 | 2.81 | 0 | 21,923 | 0.64 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||||
Entrepreneurs' Party | 92,689 | 1.89 | 0 | 83,376 | 1.68 | 0 | 5,292 | 0.16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Patriotic Electoral Coalition | 91,922 | 1.87 | 0 | 156,899 | 3.16 | 0 | 27,789 | 0.82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Hungarian People's Party | 37,047 | 0.75 | 0 | 38,647 | 0.78 | 0 | 1,157 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Green Party of Hungary | 17,951 | 0.37 | 0 | 19,434 | 0.39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
National Smallholders' and Civic Party | 9,944 | 0.20 | 0 | 12,366 | 0.25 | 0 | 734 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Somogy County Christian Coalition | 5,966 | 0.12 | 0 | 5,029 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Hungarian Cooperative and Agrarian Party | 4,945 | 0.10 | 0 | 5,882 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Independent Hungarian Democratic Party | 2,954 | 0.06 | 0 | 4,617 | 0.09 | 0 | 3,248 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Freedom Party | 2,814 | 0.06 | 0 | 4,342 | 0.09 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Hungarian Independence Party | 2,143 | 0.04 | 0 | 2,129 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
SZDSZ–Fidesz | 29,113 | 0.59 | 0 | 29,017 | 0.85 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |||||||
ASZ–SZFV | 12,958 | 0.26 | 0 | 15,394 | 0.45 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||||||
ASZ–HVK | 12,897 | 0.26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Independent Social Democratic Party | 7,564 | 0.15 | 0 | 3,947 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
KDNP–Fidesz–SZDSZ | 6,473 | 0.13 | 0 | 7,856 | 0.23 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||||||
Tedisz–Fédisz | 3,759 | 0.08 | 0 | 2,202 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Alliance for the Village and Countryside | 3,092 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
MSZP–ASZ | 2,255 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Holy Crown Society | 1,906 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Party of Generations, Party of Pensioners and Families | 1,762 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
MSZP–HVK | 1,589 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Alliance for the Protection of Nature and Society | 1,284 | 0.03 | 0 | 206 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Hungarian Workers' Democratic Center Party | 973 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Party for Rural Hungary | 690 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Social Democratic Party of Hungarian Gypsies | 613 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
People of the Orient Party – Christian Democrats | 346 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Independents | 342,544 | 6.91 | 2 | 66,280 | 1.94 | 4 | 0 | 6 | |||||||
Total | 4,911,241 | 100.00 | 120 | 4,958,580 | 100.00 | 5 | 3,409,652 | 100.00 | 171 | 90 | 386 | ||||
Valid votes | 4,911,241 | 96.43 | 4,958,580 | 97.83 | 3,409,652 | 98.55 | |||||||||
Invalid/blank votes | 181,878 | 3.57 | 109,730 | 2.17 | 50,163 | 1.45 | |||||||||
Total votes | 5,093,119 | 100.00 | 5,068,310 | 100.00 | 3,459,815 | 100.00 | |||||||||
Registered voters/turnout | 7,824,110 | 65.10 | 7,798,018 | 64.99 | 7,603,095 | 45.51 | |||||||||
Source: CLEA, Nohlen & Stöver |
Party list results by county
County[12] | MDF | SZDSZ | FKGP | MSZP
|
Fidesz | KDNP | MSZMP
|
MSZDP | Agrarian Alliance | VP | HVK | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bács-Kiskun | 23.23 | 19.87 | 19.17 | 7.89 | 7.36 | 4.66 | 2.80 | 3.33 | 4.82 | 4.34 | 1.34 | 1.18 |
Baranya | 20.18 | 22.22 | 16.29 | 9.23 | 8.34 | 5.26 | 3.67 | 5.70 | 6.64 | - | 2.47 | - |
Békés | 23.85 | 17.63 | 21.88 | 10.21 | 5.80 | - | 5.29 | 4.00 | 6.07 | - | 1.44 | 3.83 |
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén
|
23.55 | 15.92 | 9.92 | 14.14 | 8.22 | 9.32 | 4.49 | 3.57 | 3.92 | 2.09 | 1.47 | 3.38 |
Budapest | 28.40 | 27.15 | 5.09 | 12.91 | 11.53 | 5.75 | 4.15 | 3.54 | - | - | 1.62 | - |
Csongrád
|
38.67 | 13.28 | 13.57 | 7.35 | 6.00 | 4.65 | 3.95 | 3.03 | 4.40 | - | 1.06 | 4.04 |
Fejér | 24.32 | 25.09 | 12.46 | 10.01 | 8.53 | - | 3.56 | 4.90 | 3.53 | 3.54 | 3.14 | 0.92 |
Győr-Moson-Sopron | 20.47 | 25.29 | 11.86 | 8.76 | 10.58 | 9.81 | 2.30 | 3.90 | 2.31 | 1.69 | 1.15 | 1.89 |
Hajdú-Bihar
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21.76 | 19.78 | 17.01 | 14.10 | 6.67 | - | 3.33 | 3.64 | 6.45 | 2.99 | 2.80 | 1.47 |
Heves | 23.09 | 19.80 | 7.54 | 10.25 | 7.99 | 13.34 | 6.10 | 4.72 | - | - | 2.63 | 4.53 |
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok
|
21.32 | 16.46 | 17.70 | 11.42 | 8.40 | - | 5.38 | 4.88 | 5.49 | 3.61 | 2.95 | 2.39 |
Komárom-Esztergom | 22.14 | 25.00 | 8.41 | 8.33 | 8.47 | 7.32 | 3.21 | 4.04 | 3.22 | 6.26 | 1.60 | 2.01 |
Nógrád | 18.34 | 17.41 | 6.27 | 10.97 | 7.29 | 15.51 | 10.21 | 4.38 | 3.10 | 3.03 | 1.97 | 1.52 |
Pest | 26.59 | 22.41 | 12.77 | 9.17 | 9.85 | 8.29 | - | 3.22 | 2.26 | 2.88 | 1.19 | 1.36 |
Somogy | 16.38 | 15.72 | 18.95 | 18.00 | 7.68 | - | 3.13 | 3.35 | 4.73 | 2.76 | 1.54 | 7.75 |
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg
|
22.49 | 14.77 | 14.52 | 10.76 | 8.47 | 9.63 | 5.18 | - | 5.60 | 5.34 | 1.88 | 1.36 |
Tolna | 19.92 | 18.57 | 12.89 | 8.98 | 9.67 | 13.49 | 2.95 | 3.41 | 4.18 | - | 2.28 | 3.65 |
Vas | 23.77 | 30.04 | 9.79 | 7.60 | 7.17 | 11.74 | 2.82 | - | 4.45 | - | 1.48 | 1.15 |
Veszprém | 27.45 | 17.40 | 11.86 | 9.14 | 10.99 | 7.00 | 3.09 | 5.31 | 1.96 | 2.88 | 2.91 | - |
Zala | 25.40 | 20.90 | 10.28 | 9.62 | 7.12 | 11.02 | 2.94 | 2.65 | 3.30 | 2.99 | 3.41 | 0.37 |
Total | 24.73 | 21.40 | 11.73 | 10.89 | 8.95 | 6.46 | 3.68 | 3.55 | 3.14 | 1.89 | 1.87 | 1.71 |
Notes
- ^ Tölgyessy was lead candidate of SZDSZ, but was not party leader.
- ^ Pozsgay was lead candidate of MSZP, but was not party leader.
- ^ Orbán was lead candidate of Fidesz, but was not party leader.
- ^ Including 2 deputies elected as joint Fidesz–SZDSZ candidates and one deputy elected as a joint Fidesz–KDNP–SZDSZ candidate.
References
- ^ Nohlen & Stöver 2010, pp. 899, 924.
- ^ Grzymała-Busse 2002, p. 108.
- ^ a b Heenan & Lamontagne 1999, p. 13.
- ^ Falk 2003, p. 147.
- ^ "Opposition Wins Hungary Parliament Seat in Free Election - los Angeles…". Los Angeles Times. 23 July 1989. Archived from the original on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
- ^ De Nevers 2003, p. 130.
- ^ Elster, Offe & Preuss 1998, p. 66.
- ^ "Osa Archivum Catalog".
- ^ Butler & Ranney 1994, p. 185.
- ^ Grzymała-Busse 2002, p. 109.
- ^ Nohlen & Stöver 2010, p. 935.
- ^ "1990. évi országgyűlési választás 1. forduló – Területi választókerületek listák eredményei".
Sources
- Butler, David; Ranney, Austin (1994), Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy, ISBN 0-8447-3853-0.
- De Nevers, Renée (2003), Comrades No More: The Seeds of Change in Eastern Europe, ISBN 0-262-54129-7.
- Elster, Jon; Offe, Claus; Preuss, Ulrich K (1998), Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies, ISBN 0-521-47931-2.
- Falk, Barbara J (2003), The Dilemmas of Dissidence in East-Central Europe, ISBN 963-9241-39-3.
- Grzymała-Busse, Anna Maria (2002), Redeeming the Communist Past: The Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-00146-3.
- Heenan, Patrick; Lamontagne, Monique (1999), The Central and Eastern Europe Handbook, ISBN 1-57958-089-0
- Nohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip (2010). Elections in Europe: A data handbook. ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7.