1990s
Millennium |
---|
2nd millennium |
Centuries |
Decades |
Years |
|
Categories |
The 1990s (often referred to as the "'90s" or "Nineties") was a
The decade saw greater attention to multiculturalism and advance of alternative media. Public education about safe sex curbed HIV in developed countries. Generation X bonded over musical tastes. Humor in television and film was marked by ironic self-reference mixed with popular culture references. Alternative music movements like grunge, Eurodance, and hip-hop, became popular, aided by the rise in satellite and cable television, and the internet. New music genres such as drum and bass, post-rock, happy hardcore, denpa, and trance emerged. Video game popularity exploded due to the development of CD-ROM supported 3D computer graphics on platforms such as Sony PlayStation, Nintendo 64, and PCs.
The 1990s saw advances in
There was a realignment and consolidation of
Many countries were economically prosperous and spreading
Major wars that began include the
Politics and wars
International wars
- The Congo Wars began in the 1990s.[6]
- The First Congo War (October 24, 1996 – May 16, 1997) resulted in the overthrow of dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, his 32 rule of Zaire, which was then renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- The Second Congo War (August 1998 – July 2003) started in Central Africa and involved multiple nearby nations.
- The Gulf War (August 2, 1990 – February 28, 1991).
- Iraq was left in severe debt after the invaded and conquered Kuwait.
- The UN (United Nations) immediately condemned the action and a coalition force led by the United States was sent to the Persian Gulf. Aerial bombing of Iraq began in January 1991, and one month later, the UN forces drove the Iraqi army from Kuwait in four days.
- Iraq was left in severe debt after the
- Two wars were fought in the region of Chechnya:
- The air support, they were set back by Chechen guerrillas and raids on the flatlands. The resulting widespread demoralization of Russian federal forces, and the universal[citation needed] opposition of the Russian public to the conflict, led Boris Yeltsin's government to declare a ceasefire in 1996 and sign a peace treatya year later.
- The Russian apartment bombings, which were blamed on the Chechens. In this military campaign, Russian forces largely recaptured the separatist region of Chechnya[citation needed] and the outcome of the First Chechen War – in which the region gained de facto independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria – was essentially reversed.
- The
- The Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000) was commenced by the invasion of Ethiopia by Eritrea due to a territorial dispute.[7] The conflict resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides[8] and a peace agreement in December 2000.[9]
- The Army Chief Pervez Musharraf. This conflict remains the only war fought between the two declared nuclear powers.
- The Yugoslav Wars (1991–1995) followed the breakup of Yugoslavia, beginning on June 25, 1991, after the republics of Croatia and Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia. These wars were notorious for war crimes and human rights violations, including ethnic cleansing and genocide, with the overwhelming majority of casualties being Muslim Bosniaks.
- The Ten-Day War (1991) was a brief military conflict between Slovenian TO (Slovenian Territorial Defence) and the Yugoslav People's Army ("JNA") following Slovenia's declaration of independence.
- The Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) was fought in modern-day Croatia between the Croatian government (having declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) and both the Yugoslav People's Army ("JNA") and Serb forces, who established the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina ("RSK") within Croatia.
- The Bosnian War (1992–1995) involved several ethnically-defined factions within Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats, as well as a smaller Bosniak faction led by Fikret Abdić. The Siege of Sarajevo (1992–1995) marked the most violent urban warfare in Europe since World War II at that time, as Serb forces bombarded and attacked Bosnian-controlled and populated areas of the city. War crimes occurred, including ethnic cleansing and the destruction of civilian property.
- The final fighting in the Croatian and Bosnian wars ended in 1995 with the success of Croatian military offensives against Serb forces. This led to the mass exodus of Serbs from Croatia, Serb losses to Croat and Bosniak forces, and the signing of the Dayton Agreement, which internally partitioned Bosnia and Herzegovina into a Republika Srpska and a Bosniak-Croat Federation.
- The Kosovo War (1998–1999) was a war between Albanian separatists and Yugoslav military and Serb paramilitary forces in Kosovo. That conflict began in 1996 and escalated in 1998, with increasing reports of atrocities.
- In 1999, the Yugoslavia (then composed of only Serbia and Montenegro) to pressure the Yugoslav government to end its military operations against Albanian separatists in Kosovo. The intervention lacked UN approval yet was justified by NATO based on accusations of war crimes committed by Yugoslav military forces working alongside nationalist Serb paramilitary groups. Finally, after months of bombing, Yugoslavia conceded to NATO's demands, and NATO forces (later UN peacekeeping forces) occupied Kosovo.
- In 1999, the
- The South African Border War (1990) was a border war between Zambia, Angola, and Namibia that began in 1966 and ended in 1990.
Civil wars and guerrilla wars
- The First Liberian Civil War occurred from 1989 until 1997 and led to the death of around 200,000 people.
- The Ethiopian Civil War (1991) was an internal conflict that had been raging for over twenty years. Its end coincided with the establishment of a coalition government of various factions.
- The Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) was caused by a group of high-ranking army officers canceling the first multi-party elections in Algeria.[10]
- The Somali Civil War (1991–present) included the Battle of Mogadishu.
- The Tutsis and Hutu political moderates were killed by the Hutu-dominated government under the Hutu Power ideology. For approximately 100 days between 500,000[11] and 1,000,000[12]people were killed. The United Nations and major states came under criticism for failing to stop the genocide.
- political deadlock between Russian President Boris Yeltsin and the Supreme Soviet(Russia's parliament at this time) resulting in Yeltsin ordering the controversial shelling of the Russian parliament building by tanks.
- The Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) occurred when the Tajikistan government was pitted against the United Tajik Opposition, resulting in the death of between 50,000 and 100,000 people.
- The NAFTA. The uprising lasted 12 days, bringing worldwide attention to the Zapatistas, and continued through the rest of the 1990s.
- The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001) was formed at the end of the Afghan Civil War, when the Taliban seized control of Afghanistan in 1996. They ruled during the later Afghan Civil War until their ousting 2001.
- The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1998) involved 30 years of conflict that ended on 10 April 1998, when the Good Friday Agreement was signed.
- 1999 East Timorese crisis.
Coups
Terrorist attacks
- The international terrorismas a potential threat.
- Markale market massacres in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1994) – soldiers of the Army of Republika Srpska deliberately targeted Bosniak (then known as "Bosnian Muslims") civilians.
- Argentina's Jewish community planted a car bomb in the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina headquarters in Buenos Aires, killing 85 people and injuring hundreds, making it the first ethnically targeted bombing and deadliest bombing in Argentine history.
- Srebrenica genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995) – soldiers of the Army of Republika Srpska and members of Serbia's Scorpions paramilitary group committed mass murder of Bosniak civilians.[citation needed]
- Oklahoma City bombing (1995) in the United States – the bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma killed 168 people, becoming the deadliest terrorist attack in the United States at that time. Suspect Timothy McVeigh claimed he bombed the building in retaliation for the 1992 Ruby Ridge standoff and the Waco siege a year later.[13]
- The 1996 Manchester bombing (1996) – on 15 June 1996, the IRA set off a bomb in Manchester, England. The bomb, placed in a van on Corporation Street in the city center, targeted the city's infrastructure and economy and caused widespread damage, estimated by insurers at £700 million (£1 billion as of 2011[update]). Two hundred and twelve people were injured, but there were no fatalities.
- The 1998 United States embassy bombings – Al-Qaeda militants carried out bomb attacks on United States embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. In retaliation, U.S. naval military forces launched cruise missile attacks against Al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan.
- The Omagh bombing in Northern Ireland (1998) – a bombing in Omagh, County Tyrone, that killed 29 civilians and injured hundreds more.
- LAX bombing plot (1999) – Ahmed Ressam, an Islamist militant associated with Al-Qaeda, was arrested when attempting to cross from Canada into the United States at the Canada-U.S. border on 14 December 1999. It was later discovered that he intended to bomb Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) during millennium celebrations. This was the first major attempted terrorist attack by Al-Qaeda on United States soil since the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and marked the beginning of a series of attempted terrorist attacks by Al-Qaeda against the United States that would continue into the 21st century.
Decolonization and independence
- Independence of Namibia (1990) – the Republic of Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990. Walvis Bay, initially retained by South Africa, joined Namibia in 1994.
- Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia.
- .
- Slovak Republic adopts the Declaration of Independence from the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (Czechoslovakia).
- Independence of Palau (1994) – Palau gained independence from the United Nations Trusteeship Council.
- People's Republic of Chinaon 1 July 1997.
- Independence of East Timorese (1999) – East Timor broke away from Indonesian occupation, only a year after the fall of Suharto from power, ending a 24-year guerrilla war and genocide with more than 200,000 casualties. The UN deployed a peacekeeping force spearheaded by Australia's armed forces. The United States deployed police officers to serve with the Interpol element to help train and equip an East Timorese police force.
- Handover of Macau (1999) – Portugal handed sovereignty of Macau (Portuguese Macau) to the People's Republic of China on 20 December 1999.
- USSR.
- Armenia – the Armenian SSR became the Republic of Armenia following the Declaration of Independence of Armenia.
- Azerbaijan – the Azerbaijan SSR became the Republic of Azerbaijan.
- Declaration of State Sovereignty.
- Estonia – Estonian SSR became the Republic of Estonia.
- Georgia – The Georgian SSR became the Republic of Georgia.
- Kazakhstan – the Kazakh SSR became the Republic of Kazakhstan.
- Kyrgyzstan – the Kirghiz SSR became the Republic of Kyrgyzstan.
- Latvia – the Latvian SSR became the Republic of Latvia.
- Lithuania – the Lithuanian SSR became the Republic of Lithuania
- Moldova – the Moldavian SSR became the Republic of Moldova.
- Tajikistan – the Tajik SSR became the Republic of Tajikistan.
- Turkmenistan – the Turkmen SSR became the Republic of Turkmenistan.
- Ukraine – the Ukrainian SSR became the Republic of Ukraine
- Uzbekistan – the Uzbek SSR became the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Political trends
- The 1990s saw an increased spread of capitalism and third way policies.[14] The former countries of the Warsaw Pact moved from single-party socialist states to multi-party states with private sector economies.[14] The same wave of political liberalization occurred in the capitalist and newly industrialized countries (including First and Third World countries), such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand. Market reforms made incredible changes to the economies of Second World socialist countries such as China and Vietnam.
- Ethnic tensions and violence in former Yugoslavia during the 1990s created a greater sense of ethnic identity among nations in newly independent countries and a marked increase in the popularity of nationalism.
Prominent political events
Africa
- apartheid and white-minority rule in South Africa. Apartheid ended in South Africa in 1994.[15]
- Nelson Mandela was elected President of South Africa in 1994, becoming the first democratically elected president in South African history, and ending a long legacy of apartheid white rule in the country.[15]
Americas
- The establishment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on January 1, 1994, created a North American free-trade zone consisting of Canada, Mexico, and the United States.
- Canadian politics was radically altered in the New Democratic Party collapsed as well, with their sets declining from 44 to 9. The Liberal Party of Canada was the only genuinely 'national' political party left standing. Regionally-based parties, such as the Quebec-based Bloc Québécois and the almost entirely Western Canada-based Reform Party of Canada, rose from political insignificance to being major political parties.
- After the collapse of the Francophone Québécoisnationalists, who sought for Quebec to become an independent country and forced a referendum on the question of independence in 1995.
- The Anglophonecountry. If accepted, Quebec would have become an independent country with an economic association with Canada. Quebec's voters narrowly rejected the proposal.
- The
- Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a former Haitian priest, became the first democratically elected President of Haiti in 1990. A proponent of liberation theology, Aristide was appointed to a Roman Catholic parish in Port-au-Prince in 1982 after completing his studies to become a priest of the Salesian order. Aristide was later forced into exile in the Central African Republic and South Africa and returned to Haiti after several years.
- Ernesto Zedillo was elected President of Mexico in the 1994 presidential election, making him the last of an uninterrupted 72-year-long succession of Mexican presidents from the dominant Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The original PRI candidate, Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta, was assassinated several months prior.
- Due to internal conflict and an economic crisis, Alberto Fujimori rose to power in Peru and remained in office for eleven years. His administration was marked by economic development but also by numerous human rights violations (La Cantuta massacre, Barrios Altos massacre) and a rampant corruption network set up by Vladimiro Montesinos.
- The sluggish Carlos Saúl Menem (Argentina), President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (Chile), President Ernesto Zedillo (Mexico), and President Fernando Henrique Cardoso(Brazil), in their best shape by the late 1990s.
- United States President Bill Clinton was a dominant political figure in international affairs during the 1990s, known primarily for his attempts to negotiate peace in the Middle East and end the ongoing wars occurring in the former Yugoslavia, his promotion of international action to decrease human-created climate change, and his endorsement of advancing free trade in the Americas.
- After a failed coup attempt in 1992, Hugo Chávez, politician and former member of the Venezuelan military, is elected President of Venezuelain 1998.
- Kenneth Starr, the Senate acquitted Clinton of all charges on February 12, 1999. He served out the remainder of his second term.
- California voters passed Proposition 215 in 1996, which legalized cannabisfor medicinal purposes.
Asia
- In 1990, the Lebanese Civil War came to a close and a return to political normalcy in Lebanon began. With peace among all factions in Lebanon, the rebuilding of the country and its capital, Beirut, began.
- 1990 Nepalese revolution, a multiparty movement against the one-party Panchayat rule in Nepal. It led to the end of absolute monarchy in Nepal and the restoration of democracy.
- Palestinian Prime Minister Yasser Arafat agree to the Israeli–Palestinian peace process at the culmination of the Oslo Accords, negotiated by the United States President, Bill Clinton, on 13 September 1993.
- By signing the Oslo accords, the Palestine Liberation Organization recognized Israel's right to exist. At the same time, Israel permitted the creation of an autonomous Palestinian National Authority consisting of the Gaza Strip and West Bank, which was implemented in 1994.
- Israeli military forces withdrew from these Palestinian territories in compliance with the accord, which marked the end of the First Intifada (a period of violence between Palestinian Arab militants and Israeli armed forces from 1987 to 1993).
- The Palestinian National Authority was created in 1994 following the Oslo Accords, giving Palestinian Arab people official autonomy over the Gaza Strip and West Bank, though not official independence from Israel.
- On 4 November 1995, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a right-wing extremist who opposed the signing of the Oslo Accords.
- North Yemen and South Yemen merged to form Yemen in 1991.
- Lee Kuan Yew resigned as the Prime Minister of Singapore on 28 November 1990, a position he had held since 1959, to Goh Chok Tong. Lee remained in the cabinet as Senior Minister.
- In July 1994, North Korean leader Kim Il Sung died, having ruled the country since its founding in 1948. His son Kim Jong Il, who succeeded him, took over a nation on the brink of complete economic collapse. Famine had caused a significant number of deaths in the late 1990s, and North Korea gained a reputation for being an important hub of money laundering, counterfeiting, and weapons proliferation. The country's ability to produce and sell nuclear weapons became a prominent concern in the international community.
- In 1990, Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy in Burma won a majority of seats in the first free election conducted in 30 years. But the SPDC refused to relinquish power, beginning a peaceful[citation needed] struggle that began in the 1990s and continued for several decades, primarily fueled by Aung San Suu Kyi and her supporters to demand the end of military rule.
- Indonesian President Suharto resigned after ruling the country for 32 years (1966–1998), following the riots on several cities in Indonesia. His resignation marked the beginning of the Reform era.
- In India, the former prime minister Tamil Tigers, beginning a period of economic liberalization led by new Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao.
- After democratic reforms and steady economic growth in the four Asia-Pacific MNNAs by the United States and Canada, after the Revolutions of 1989.
- In the Philippines, following the People Power Revolution of 1986 under the Corazon Aquino presidency until 1992, democratic reforms and economic policies implemented by two Presidents were elected by Fidel V. Ramos in 1992, and Joseph Estrada in 1998.
- South Korea and Taiwan became developed countries, and two of the Four Asian Tigers in the 1990s. Following democratic reforms in 1988, neoliberal policies were implemented by President Kim Young-sam (South Korea) and President Lee Teng-hui (Taiwan), both who led their countries during the 1997 Asian financial crisis.
- Japan saw eight different prime ministers serve during the 1990s in what was at first called the "Lost Decade" but later became referred to as the "Lost Decades of the Heisei Era". These included Morihiro Hosokawa, who won the 1993 Japanese general election and formed an opposition coalition until 1996.
Europe
- The improvement in relations between NATO countries and the former members of the Warsaw Pact led to the end of the Cold War, both in Europe and other parts of the world.
- German reunification – on 3 October 1990, East and West Germany reunified as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of the Berlin Wall. After reintegrating their economic structure and provincial governments, Germany focused on the modernization of the formerly communist East. People brought up in socialist East Germany became integrated with those living in capitalist West Germany.
- Margaret Thatcher, who had been the United Kingdom's Prime Minister since 1979, resigned as Prime Minister on 22 November 1990 after being challenged for leadership of the Conservative Party by Michael Heseltine. This was because of widespread opposition to the introduction of the controversial Community Charge, and the fact that her key allies such as Nigel Lawson and Geoffrey Howe resigned over the deeply sensitive issues of the Maastricht Treaty and Margaret Thatcher's resistance to Britain joining the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. Less than two years later, on the infamous Black Wednesday of September 1992, the pound sterling crashed out of the system after the pound fell below the agreed exchange rate with the Deutsche Mark.
- John Major replaced Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister in 1990.
- The coup attempt by communist hardliners attempted to revert the effects of Gorbachev's policies. Yeltsin's counter-revolution was victorious, and on 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned from the presidency, which led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Yeltsin became president of the Soviet Union's successor, the Russian Federation, and presided over a period of political unrest, economic crisis, and social anarchy. On 31 December 1999, Yeltsin resigned, leaving Vladimir Putinas acting president.
- The European Union was formed in 1992 under the Maastricht Treaty.
- The Good Friday Agreement,[18] was key to producing a positive change of attitude by the Republicans towards a negotiated settlement. The joint declaration also pledged the governments to seek a peaceful constitutional settlement and promised that parties linked with paramilitaries (such as Sinn Féin) could take part in the talks so long as they abandoned violence.[19]
- The IRA agreed to a truce in 1994. This marked the beginning of the end of 25 years of violence between the IRA and the United Kingdom and the start of political negotiations.
- Tony Blair became Prime Minister in 1997 following a general election.
- The Belfast Agreement (a.k.a. the Good Friday Agreement) was signed by the U.K. and Irish politicians on 10 April 1998, declaring a joint commitment to a peaceful resolution of the territorial dispute between Ireland and the United Kingdom over Northern Ireland. The 1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum was held on 22 May 1998, with majority approval.[20]
- The National Assembly for Wales was established following the 1997 Welsh devolution referendum, in which a majority of voters approved the creation of the National Assembly for Wales.[21]
- In September 1997, the 1997 Scottish devolution referendum was put to the Scottish electorate and secured a majority in favor of the establishment of a new Scottish Parliament.[22][23]
Assassinations and attempts
Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:
Date | Description |
---|---|
September 9, 1990 | Samuel Doe, 21st President of Liberia, was captured by rebels, tortured and murdered. His torture was controversially videotaped and seen on news reports around the world.[24] |
May 21, 1991 | Rajiv Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India, is assassinated in Sriperumbudur.[25] |
August 7, 1991 | Shapour Bakhtiar, former Prime Minister of Iran, is assassinated by Islamic Republic agents.[26] |
June 29, 1992 | Mohamed Boudiaf, President of Algeria, is assassinated by a bodyguard.[27] |
April 13, 1993 | George H. W. Bush, former President of the United States, is alleged to be the target of an assassination by Iraq per a report from the Kuwaiti government during a visit to the country.[28] |
May 1, 1993 | Ranasinghe Premadasa, 3rd President of Sri Lanka, is killed by a suicide bombing.[29] |
October 21, 1993 | coup.[30]
|
December 2, 1993 | Pablo Escobar, leader of the Medellín drug cartel, is killed by special operations units of the National Police of Colombia.[31] |
March 23, 1994 | Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta, the Institutional Revolutionary Party candidate in the 1994 Mexican general election, was assassinated at a campaign rally in Tijuana. |
April 6, 1994 | Juvénal Habyarimana, 2nd President of Rwanda, and Cyprien Ntaryamira, 5th President of Burundi, are both killed when their jet is shot down in what is considered the prelude to the Rwandan genocide and the First Congo War.[32] |
November 4, 1995 | Yitzhak Rabin, 5th Prime Minister of Israel, is assassinated at a rally in Tel Aviv by a radical ultranationalist who opposed the Oslo Accords.[33] |
April 21, 1996 | Dzhokhar Dudayev, 1st President of Chechnya, is killed by two laser-guided missiles after his location was detected by a Russian reconnaissance aircraft.[34] |
October 2, 1996 | Andrey Lukanov, former Prime Minister of Bulgaria, is shot outside his apartment in Sofia.[35] |
March 23, 1999 | Luis María Argaña, Vice President of Paraguay, is assassinated by gunmen outside his home.[36] |
April 9, 1999 | Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, 5th President of Niger, is assassinated by members of his protective staff in Niamey.[37] |
Disasters
Natural disasters
The 1990s saw a trend in frequent and more devastating natural disasters, breaking many previous records. Although the 1990s was designated by the United Nations as an International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction as part of its program to prevent losses due to disasters, disasters would go on to cause a record-breaking US$608 billion worth of damage—more than the past four decades combined.[38]
- The most prominent natural disasters of the decade include: Chi-Chi earthquakein Taiwan.
- A magnitude 7.8 earthquake hit the Philippines on 16 July 1990 and killed around 1000 people in Baguio.
- After 600 years of inactivity, Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted and devastated Zambales and Pampanga in June 1991.
- July 1995 – Midwestern United States heat wave – An unprecedented heat wave strikes the Midwestern United States for most of the month. Temperatures peak at 106 °F (41 °C), and remain above 94 °F (34 °C) in the afternoon for 5 straight days. At least 739 people died in Chicago alone.
- St. Kitts and Nevis, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, the United States and Puerto Rico, a Commonwealth of the United States) – more than any other hurricane since Hurricane Inezof the 1966 season. The total estimated costs were $60 billion (about $110 billion in 2022).
- September 1996 – Hurricane Fran made landfall in North Carolina, causing significant damage throughout the entire state.
- Hurricane Iniki hit the island of Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands on 11 September 1992, making it one of the costliest hurricanes on record in the eastern Pacific.
- A flood hits the Red River Valley in 1997 becoming the most severe flood since 1826.
- In December 1999, torrential rains and flash floods killed tens of thousands of Venezuelans living in the state of Vargas in a natural disaster known as the Vargas tragedy.
Non-natural disasters
- Gulf War oil spill: Resulting from actions taken during the Gulf War in 1991 by the Iraq military, the oil spill caused considerable damage to wildlife in the Persian Gulf, especially in areas surrounding Kuwait and Iraq.
- July 11, 1991: A Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing 261 people.
- December 15, 1991: The Salem Express sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450 people.
- October 4, 1992: Bijlmerneighbourhood of Amsterdam while attempting to return to the airport. A total of 43 people were killed, including the plane's crew of three and a "non-revenue passenger." Several others were injured.
- July 26, 1993: Haenam, South Korea, killing 68 people.
- April 26, 1994: China Airlines Flight 140, an Airbus A300, crashed just as it was about to land at Nagoya Airfield, Japan, killing 264 and leaving only seven survivors.
- September 8, 1994: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, killing 132 people.
- September 28, 1994: The car ferry MS Estonia sinks in the Baltic Sea, killing 852 people.
- June 29, 1995: The Sampoong Department Store collapses in Seoul, South Korea, killing 502 people.
- December 20, 1995: American Airlines Flight 965, a Boeing 757, hit a mountain in Colombia at night, killing 159 people.
- July 17, 1996: Trans World Airlines Flight 800, a Boeing 747-131 exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, killing 230.
- November 12, 1996: A collided over the town of Charkhi Dadri, outside New Delhi, India, killing 349.
- August 6, 1997: Korean Air Flight 801, a Boeing 747-300, crashed into a hill on the island of Guam, killing 228 people.
- September 26, 1997: Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 crashed in bad weather, killing 234.
- September 2, 1998: Swissair Flight 111, a McDonnell Douglas MD-11, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off Nova Scotia near the towns of Peggy's Cove and Bayswater, killing 229.
- October 31, 1999: Nantucket, Massachusetts, killing 217.
Economics
Many countries, institutions, companies, and organizations were prosperous during the 1990s. High-income countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and Western Europe experienced steady economic growth for much of the decade during the Great Moderation. However, in the former Soviet Union, GDP decreased as their economies restructured to produce goods they needed, and some capital flight occurred.
- In 1993, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was updated to include the creation of the World Trade Organization, with the 76 existing GATT members and European Communities becoming the founding members of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995. Opposition by anti-globalization activists showed up in nearly every GATT summit, like the demonstrations in Seattle in December 1999.
- The anti-globalization protests in the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 in Seattle began on 30 November 1999. This marked the beginning of a steady increase in anti-globalization protests in the first decade of the 21st century and increasing hostility to neoliberalism.
- U.S. inflation moderated, beginning in 1990 at 5.39%, falling to a low of 1.55% in 1998 and rising slightly to 2.19% in 1999.[39]
- The G20 or Group of Twenty formed on the 26 September 1999.
North America
- The decade is seen as a time of great prosperity in the United States and Canada, largely because of the unexpected advent of the Internet and the explosion of technology industries. The U.S. and Canadian economies experienced their longest period of peacetime economic expansion, beginning in 1991. Personal incomes doubled from the recession in 1990, and there was higher productivity overall. The New York Stock Exchange stayed over the 10,500 mark from 1999 to 2001.
- After the 1992 boom of the US overvaluationof assets and the stock market generally.
- The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which phases out the trade barriers between the United States, Mexico, and Canada, was signed into law by President Bill Clinton.
Asia
- In the People's Republic of China, the government announced the major privatization of state-owned industries in September 1997. China entered the 1990s in a turbulent period due to the aftermath of both the Tiananmen Square Massacre and hardline politicians' efforts to rein in private enterprise and attempt to revive old-fashioned propaganda campaigns. Relations with the United States deteriorated sharply, and the Chinese leadership was further embarrassed by the disintegration of communism in Europe. In 1992 Deng Xiaoping travelled to southern China in his last major public appearance to revitalize faith in market economics and stop the country's slide back into Maoism. Afterward, China recovered and would experience explosive economic growth during the rest of the decade. Despite this, dissent continued to be suppressed, and Communist Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin launched a brutal crackdown against the Falun Gong religious sect in 1999. Deng Xiaoping died in 1997 at the age of 93. Relations with the US deteriorated again in 1999 after the bombing of the Chinese embassy during the bombing of Serbia by NATO forces, which caused three deaths, and allegations of Chinese espionage at the Los Alamos Nuclear Facility.
- Financial crisis hits East and Southeast Asian countries between 1997 and 1998 after a long period of phenomenal economic development, which continues into 1999. This crisis begins to be felt by the end of the decade.
- In Japan, after three decades of economic growth put them in second place in the world's economies, the county experienced an economic downturn after 1993. The recession went on into the early first decade of the 21st century, ending the seemingly unlimited prosperity that the country had previously enjoyed.
- Less affluent nations such as India, Malaysia, and Vietnam also saw tremendous improvements in economic prosperity and quality of life during the 1990s. Restructuring following the end of the Cold War was beginning. However, there was also the continuation of terrorism in Third World regions that were once the "frontlines" for American and Soviet foreign politics, particularly in Asia.
Europe
- By 1990, Soviet leader heart and alcohol troubles, Yeltsin stepped down from office on the last day of 1999, handing power to Vladimir Putin.
- Russian financial crisis in the 1990s resulted in mass hyperinflation and prompted economic intervention from the International Monetary Fund and western countries to help Russia's economy recover.
- The first McDonald's restaurant opened in Moscow in 1990 with then-President of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR and future Russian President Boris Yeltsin attending, symbolizing Russia's transition towards a capitalist free market economy and a move towards adopting elements of Western culture.
- Oil and gas were discovered in many countries in the former Soviet bloc, leading to economic growth and broader adoption of trade between nations. These trends were also fueled by inexpensive fossil energy, with low petroleum prices caused by increased oil production. Political stability and decreased militarization due to the winding down of the Cold War led to economic development and higher living standards for many citizens.
- Most of Europe enjoyed growing prosperity during the 1990s. However, problems including the massive 1995 general strikes in France following a recession and the difficulties associated with German reunification led to sluggish growth in these countries. However, the French and German economies improved in the latter half of the decade. Meanwhile, the economies of Spain, Scandinavia and former Eastern Bloc countries accelerated at rapid speed during the decade. Unemployment rates were low due to many having experienced a deep recession at the start of the decade.
- After the early 1990s recession, the United Kingdom and Ireland experienced rapid economic growth and falling unemployment that continued throughout the decade. Economic growth would continue until the Great Recession, marking the longest uninterrupted period of economic growth in history.
- Some Eastern European economies struggled after the fall of communism, but Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania saw economic growth in the late 1990s.
- With the creation of the 1992 and 1995 free trade agreements.
South America
- A Latin American common market, Mercosur, was established in 1991. Mercosur's origins are linked to the discussions for the constitution of a regional economic market for Latin America, which go back to the treaty that established the Latin American Free Trade Association in 1960, which was succeeded by the Latin American Integration Association in the 1980s.
Science and technology
Technology
The 1990s were a revolutionary decade for digital technology. Between 1990 and 1997, household PC ownership in the US rose from 15% to 35%.[42] Cell phones of the early-1990s and earlier ones were very large, lacked extra features, and were used by only a few percent of the population of even the advanced nations. Only a few million people used online services in 1990, and the World Wide Web, which would have a significant impact on technology for many decades, had only just been invented. The first web browser went online in 1993.[43] By 2001, more than 50% of some Western countries had Internet access, and more than 25% had cell phone access.
Electronics and communications
- On 6 August 1991, CERN, a pan-European organization for particle research, publicized the new World Wide Web project.[44] Although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for almost two decades, the network did not gain a public face until the 1990s.
- Driven by mass adoption, consumer of RAM by 2000.
- Y2K spread fear throughout the United States and eventually the world in the last half of the decade, particularly in 1999, about possible massive computer malfunctions on 1 January 2000. As a result, many people stocked up on supplies for fear of a worldwide disaster. After significant effort to upgrade systems on the part of software engineers, no failures occurred when the clocks rolled over into 2000.
- Advancements in computer modems, ISDN, cable modems, and DSL led to faster connections to the Internet.
- The first Pentium microprocessor is introduced and developed by the Intel Corporation.
- Email becomes popular; as a result, Microsoft acquires the popular Hotmail webmail service.
- AIM and ICQare two early protocols.
- Businesses start to build grow rapidly.
- The introduction of affordable, smaller satellite dishes and the DVB-S standard in the mid-1990s expanded satellite television services that carried up to 500 television channels.
- The first MP3 player, the MPMan, is released in the late spring of 1998. It came with 32 MB of flash memory expandable to 64 MB. By the mid-2000s, the MP3 player would overtake the CD player in popularity.
- The first GSM network is launched in Finland in 1991.
- Digital single-lens reflex cameras and regular digital cameras become commercially available. They would replace film cameras by the mid-2000s.
- IBM introduces the 1-inch (25 mm) wide Microdrive hard drive in 170 MB and 340 MB capacities.
- Apple Computer in 1998 introduces the iMac all-in-one computer, initiating a trend in computer design towards translucent plastics and multicolour case design, discontinuing many legacy technologies like serial ports, and beginning a resurgence in the company's fortunes that continues to this day.
- CD burner drives are introduced.
- The CD-ROM drive became standard for most personal computers during the decade.
- The DVD media format is developed and popularized along with a plethora of Flash memory card standards in 1994.
- Pagers are initially popular but ultimately are replaced by mobile phones by the early-2000s.
- Hand-held satellite phones are introduced towards the end of the decade.
- The Desert Shield. Though CNN had been running 24-hour newscasts since 1980, it was not until the Gulf War that the general public took notice, and others imitated CNN's non-stop news approach.[47]
- Portable CD players, introduced during the late 1980s, became very popular and profoundly impacted the music industry and youth culture during the 1990s.
- In 1992, Fujitsu introduced the world's first 21-inch (53 cm) full-color display plasma display television set.
-
A typical early 1990s personal computer.
-
An early portable CD player, a Sony Discman model D121.
-
Mobile phones gained massive popularity worldwide during the decade.
-
Pagers became widely popular.
Software
- Microsoft Windows operating systems become virtually ubiquitous on IBM PC compatibles.
- Microsoft introduces Windows 3.1, Windows 95, and Windows 98 to the market, which gain immediate popularity.
- Macintosh System 7 was released in 1991. For much of the decade, Apple would struggle to develop a next-generation graphical operating system, starting with Copland and culminating in its December 1996 buyout of NeXT and the 1999 release of Mac OS X Server 1.0.
- The development of web browsers such as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer makes surfing the World Wide Web easier and more user-friendly.
- The Java programming language is developed by Sun Microsystems (later acquired by Oracle in 2009–2010).
- In 1991, development of the free Linux kernel is started by 21-year-old Linus Torvalds in Finland.
- SolidWorks computer-aided design software for Windows released in 1995.
- Macromedia Shockwave Player for multimedia in browsers released in 1995.
- Winamp media player first released 1997.
- QuickTime media player created 1991.
Rail transportation
The opening of the Channel Tunnel between France and the United Kingdom saw the commencement by the three national railway companies of Belgium, France, and the United Kingdom, respectively SNCB/NMBS, SNCF and British Rail of the joint Eurostar service.
On 14 November 1994 Eurostar services began between Waterloo International station in London, Gare du Nord in Paris and Brussels South in Brussels.[48][49][50] In 1995 Eurostar was achieving an average end-to-end speed of 171.5 km/h (106.6 mph) between London and Paris.[51] On 8 January 1996 Eurostar launched services from a second railway station in the UK when Ashford International was opened.[52] Journey times between London and Brussels were reduced by the opening of the High Speed 1 line on 14 December 1997.
Automobiles
The 1990s began with a recession that dampened car sales. General Motors suffered huge losses because of an inefficient structure, stale designs, and poor quality. Sales improved with the economy by the mid-1990s, but GM's US market share gradually declined to less than 40% (from a peak of 50% in the 1970s). While the new Saturn division fared well, Oldsmobile fell sharply, and attempts to remake the division as a European-style luxury car were unsuccessful.
Cars in the 1990s had a rounder, more streamlined shape than those from the 1970s and 1980s; this style would continue early into the 2000s and to a lesser extent later on.
Japanese cars continued to be highly successful during the decade. The
Science
- Physicists develop M-theory.
- Detection of extrasolar planets orbiting starsother than the Sun.
- In the United Kingdom, the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep was confirmed by the Roslin Institute, and was reported by global media on 26 February 1997. Dolly would trigger a raging controversy on cloning, and bioethical concerns regarding possible human cloning continue to this day.[53]
- Human Genome Project begins under the leadership of Francis Collins.
- DNA identification of individuals finds wide application in criminal law. Brazil, United States, United Kingdom, Russia and The Netherlands established their own national DNA database.
- Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 and revolutionized astronomy. Unfortunately, a flaw in its main mirror caused it to produce fuzzy, distorted images. This was corrected by a Space Shuttle repair mission in 1993.
- HAARTtherapy against HIV; drastically reduces AIDS mortality.
- NASA's spacecraft Pathfinder lands on Mars and deploys a small roving vehicle, Sojourner, which analyzes the planet's geology and atmosphere.
- The Hale–Bopp comet swings past the Sun for the first time in 4,200 years in April 1997.
- Development of biodegradable products, replacing products made from polystyrene foam; advances in methods for recycling of waste products (such as paper, glass, and aluminum).
- Genetically engineered crops are developed for commercial use.
- Discovery of dark matter, dark energy, brown dwarfs, and first confirmation of black holes.
- The Galileo probe orbits Jupiter, studying the planet and its moons extensively.
- Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (formally designated D/1993 F2, nicknamed String of Pearls for its appearance) was a comet that broke apart and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects.
- The Global Positioning System (GPS) becomes fully operational.
- Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is discovered by Andrew Wiles.
- Construction started in 1998 on the International Space Station.
Society
The 1990s represented continuing social liberalization in most countries, coupled with an increase in the influence of capitalism, which would continue until the Great Recession of the late 2000s/early 2010s.
- extreme sportsand outdoor activities that combined embracing athletics with the appreciation of nature.
- In 1990 the World Health Organization removed homosexuality from its list of diseases.[54] Increasing acceptance of openly homosexual people occurred in the western world, slowly starting in the early 1990s,[55] Biphobia towards bisexual men became somewhat fashionable amongst heterosexual women and gay men, while lesbians and bisexual women complained of being commodified by publishing and film industries to cater to heterosexual men.
- Following the murder of actress Rebecca Schaeffer by a stalker, America's first anti-stalking laws, including California Penal Code 646.9 were passed in 1990. California also passed the first cyberstalking law in 1999 (§646.9 of the California Penal Code).
- Transdisciplinarity in academia. The 1st World Congress of Transdisciplinarity, Convento da Arrabida, was in Portugal, November 1994.
- Child abduction warnings on emergency broadcasting systems, such as Amber Alertsbecame standard in such cases.
- Midlife crisis is a major concern in domestic violence, social implications and suicides for middle-aged adults in the 1990s.
- Aggressive marketing tactics for psychoactive drugs and used to treat ADHD, inappropriate prescribing by doctors.
Environment
At the beginning of the decade,
The prevention of the destruction of the
The
The 1989 EPA total ban on asbestos was overturned in 1991.[58]
In 1996, (Anderson, et al. v. Pacific Gas & Electric, file BCV 00300) alleged contamination of drinking water with hexavalent chromium and the case was settled for (US) $333 million, a new record for a direct-action lawsuit.
Third-wave feminism
- Anita Hill and other women testify before the United States Congress on being sexually harassed by Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. Thomas was narrowly confirmed by the United States Senate, but Hill's testimony, and the testimony of other harassed women, begins a national debate on the issue.
- Record numbers of women are elected to high office in the United States in 1992, the "Year of the Woman."
- Violence against women takes centre stage as an essential issue internationally. The Violence Against Women Act was passed in the United States, which greatly affected the world community through the United Nations. The law's author, Joe Biden, UN Ambassador and Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, and Hillary Clinton (see below) have become vocal advocates of action against violence against women.
- Women reach great heights of power in the United States government. Hillary Clinton, leading policy proposals, traveling abroad as a State Department representative to 82 nations, advising her husband, and being elected a Air Force, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg joins Sandra Day O'Connor as the second woman on the U.S. Supreme Court.
- More nations than ever before are led by elected women Presidents and Prime Ministers. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's 1988 victory in Pakistan makes great strides for women leaders in Muslim states. In Turkey, Tansu Çiller became the first female prime minister in 1993.
- In popular culture, British pop group the Girl Power!", while country music superstar Shania Twain declared female supremacy in her 1995 hit song "Any Man of Mine."
Baby boomers
Marketing campaigns aimed at young adults in wealthy English-Speaking Countries were informed by unscientific theories about selling to so-called Generation X and Baby boomers. Few people embraced the labels Generation X and Baby Boomer as self-descriptors. Films with characters depicting the Generation X stereotype included Slacker, The Brady Bunch Movie and Austin Powers.
Substance abuse
- In Western countries, Fashion and Music magazines embrace heroin chic.
- Peak in numbers of heroin overdose deaths.
- An estimated fifty percent of deaths of 15-54 in post-Soviet Russia are blamed on alcohol abuse.[59]
- More restrictions on tobacco advertising in some countries.
Slavery and human trafficking
See: History of slavery, Global Slavery Index, Slavery in contemporary Africa, Slavery in Asia, Debt bondage in India, Child labour in Pakistan, Sex trafficking in China, Nike sweatshops
- Pakistan
Pakistan's government passed laws to end caste based slavery: - 1992 Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act. - 1995 Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Rules.
Civil rights
- Saudi Arabia: Women to drive movement. 6 November 1990, 47 Saudi women in Riyadh protested Saudi government's ban on women drivers.
- United States: 1992 Rosa Parks: My Story, the autobiography of Rosa Parks is published.
Additional significant events
- Worldwide New Year's Eve celebrations on December 31, 1999, welcoming the year 2000.
Europe
- 1991 – January Events (Lithuania) – Soviet Union military troops attack Lithuanian independence supporters in Vilnius, killing 14 people and wounding 1000.
- In Paris, Dodi Al-Fayed, were killed in a car accident in August 1997, when their chauffeured, hired Mercedes-Benz S-Class crashed in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel. The chauffeur, Henri Paul, died at the scene, as did Al-Fayed. Diana and an Al-Fayed bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, survived the accident. The Princess of Wales died at a Paris hospital hours later. The bodyguard, Rees-Jones, is the sole survivor of the now infamous accident.[60]
- Mother Teresa, the Roman Catholic nun who won the Nobel Peace Prize, dies at age 87.[61]
- The birth of the "Second Republic" in Italy, with the Mani Puliteinvestigations of 1994.
- The Channel Tunnel across the English Channel opens in 1994, connecting France and England. As of 2022[update] it is the third-longest rail tunnel in the world, but with the undersea section of 37.9 km (23.5 mi) being the longest undersea tunnel in the world.
- The resignation of President Boris Yeltsin on 31 December 1999 resulted in Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's succession to the position.
North America
- Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold kill 13 people and then themselves during the Columbine High School shooting in April 1999, which would inspire a number of future school shooters to commit similar offenses.
- Ronald Goldman.
- With help from clinical septupletsin 1997. There followed a media frenzy and widespread support for the family.
- Lauren Bessette are killed when Kennedy's private plane crashes off the coast of Martha's Vineyardin July 1999.
- Debate on assisted suicide, highly publicized by Michigan doctor Jack Kevorkian, surfaces when Kevorkian is charged with multiple counts of homicide of his terminally ill patients through the decade.
- Beer keg registration becomes a popular public policy in the United States.
- The 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' purported discovery of the Americas in 1992 was popularly observed in the United States, despite controversy and protests against the victimization of Native Americans by Columbus' expeditions. The holiday was labeled by some as racist, in view of Native American experiences of colonialism, slavery, genocide, and cultural destruction.
- gay. This sparks intense national and international media attention and outrage. Shepard becomes a major symbol in the LGBT rights movement and the fight against homophobia. Claims of crystal methamphetamine related "meth rage" as a contributing factor in the crime surfaced in 2013.[62]
- Toni Lawrence. According to Loveless, she was jealous of her former partner Amanda Heavrin's relationship with Sharer Sharer.[citation needed]
- Kristen French. Karla told the investigators that she reluctantly did what Paul told her to do because he was abusive, and was given a plea deal. She was sentenced to 12 years in prison (10 years for Mahaffy and French, and two years for Tammy). Later, investigators discovered the crime videotapes, proving that Karla was a willing participant. But by that time the deal had already been made. In 1995, Paul was sentenced to life in prison. Karla was released from prison in 2005.
- Polly Klaas (January 3, 1981 – October 1993) was kidnapped by Richard Allen Davisfrom her home during a slumber party. She was later strangled to death. After her death, her father, Marc Klaas, established the KlaasKids Foundation.
- Jonbenet Ramsey (August 6, 1990 – December 25, 1996) was a child beauty pageant contestant who was missing and found dead in her Boulder, Colorado, home. The crime terrified the nation and the world. Her parents were initially considered to be suspects in her death but were cleared in 2003 when DNA from her clothes was tested. To this day, her murderer has not been found and brought to justice.
- Lorena Bobbitt was charged with malicious wounding for severing her husband John Bobbitt's penis after she was repeatedly sexually assaulted by Bobbitt, for which he was charged. Both parties were acquitted of their respective crimes. The story was notable because of the use of Microsurgeryto re-attach the man's penis.
- hitmanto kill the mother of her daughter's junior high school cheerleading rival.
- American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor John Denver died in a plane crash in Monterey Bay near Pacific Grove on October 12, 1997.
- Scandal rocked the sport of gold medal.
- all-white jury in a police brutality case involving motorist Rodney King. In 1993, all four officers were convicted in a federal civil rights case.
Asia
- Massive immigration wave of Jews from the Commonwealth of Independent States to Israel – With the end of the Soviet Union, Israel faced a mass influx of Russian Jews, many of whom had high expectations the country was unable to meet. Israel also came under an Iraqi missile attack during the Gulf War but acquiesced to US pressure not to retaliate militarily, which could have disrupted the US-Arab alliance. The US and Netherlands then rushed anti-missile batteries to Israel to defend the country against missile attacks.
- The Spratly Islands issue became one of the most controversial islands in Southeast Asia.
- The closing Mass of the X record gatheringof the Roman Catholic Church.
- The Philippines celebrates the 100th anniversary of Philippine Independence in 1998 with its theme: "Kalayaan: Kayamanan ng Bayan."
Popular culture
-
TheSuper Nintendo and N64 (pictured) were a hit in the 1990s. Video games like Super Mario World and 64, Sonic The Hedgehog, Street Fighter II, Mortal Kombat, Donkey Kong Country, Goldeneye 007, Final Fantasy VII, Tekken 3, Gran Turismo, Crash Bandicoot, Spyro The Dragon, Metal Gear Solid, Half-Life, and Doomwere all popular.
-
The Dreamcast (Sega's final video game console) launched in Japan in 1998, and launched in North America and Europe the following year. The system saw the release of games like Sonic Adventure and Soulcalibur.
-
Popular cartoons of the 1990s included Doug, Rugrats, Ren & Stimpy, Beavis and Butt-Head, Daria, Arthur, Hey Arnold!, Rocko's Modern Life, Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, The Simpsons, Pokémon, Dexter's Laboratory, Johnny Bravo, Batman: The Animated Series, and The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat.
-
TV shows like Seinfeld, Frasier, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Friends, The X-Files, ER, Beverly Hills, 90210, Mr. Bean, Home Improvement, Baywatch, Cops, Wings, and Law & Order were popular in the 1990s.
-
Grunge was a genre of music and subculture popular in the 1990s, as modeled here by Krist Novoselic (left) and Kurt Cobain of the band Nirvana, one of the most influential bands of the decade. Pearl Jam, Soundgarden and Alice in Chains were also popular bands of this genre.
-
Technological advancements like the internet, personal computers, and the World Wide Web were popular in the 1990s. The Y2K bug in the late 1990s affected popular culture. Y2K was a computer bug occurring when computers switched from the years 1999 to 2000, some computers reset to 1900.
-
Crystal Pepsi was a popular drink in the 1990s, which was re-released for a limited run in the summer of 2016. Drinks like Surge released in 1997 and were also popular in the 1990s.
-
In the 1990s videotapes were used for personal home video recordings and recording television airings. VHS tapes could be put in devices such as VCRs, which were popular in the decade.
-
Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow released in the late 1990s, which launched the globally popular Pokémon franchise, pictured above the GameBoy cartridges.
-
Five Olympic Games were held in the 1990s, Albertville and Barcelona in 1992, Lillehammer in 1994, Atlanta in 1996 and Nagano in 1998 (all held in the post-Cold War decade).
-
The "Disney Renaissance" of the 1990s produced critically and commercially successful animated films like the first ever CGI motion picture Toy Story (produced with Pixar), and traditionally animated films such as Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin and The Lion King, later it was adapted into live-action remakes.
-
US President Bill Clinton merged with popular culture in the 1990s. Bill Clinton played saxophone on The Arsenio Hall Show, and the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal made TV headlines in 1998.
-
Shibuya became Tokyo's popular youth hangout in the 1990s, part of the Heisei Power cultural movement during the Lost Decades in Japan.
-
In the 1990s crime and spy comedy films were extremely popular like Wild at Heart, Hana-bi, Pulp Fiction, L.A. Confidential, New Jack City, Boyz n the Hood, Goodfellas, and the Austin Powers film series.
-
The 1990s saw the use of earlier internet search engines, such as Google in its infancy, JumpStation, Ask.com, and AltaVista.
-
In the 1990sThe Spice Girlsgained popularity. These bands are among the highest selling girl groups of all time.
Film
Live-action films
Dogme 95 became an important European artistic motion picture movement by the decade's end. Also in 1998, Titanic by director James Cameron (released in late 1997) became the highest-grossing film of all time, grossing over $1.8 billion worldwide. It would hold this record for over a decade until 2010 when James Cameron's Avatar (released in December 2009), took the title.[64]
Live-action films featuring computer-animated characters became popular, with films such as Casper, James and the Giant Peach, 101 Dalmatians, Men in Black, Small Soldiers and Stuart Little proving financially successful. Live-action/traditional cel animated film featuring traditional characters like Cool World, The Pagemaster and Space Jam were prevalent as well.
Animated films
In 1994, former Disney employee
Meanwhile, films by Pixar's parent company, Disney became popular once more when the studio returned to making family-oriented animated musical films. Disney Animation was navigating the "Disney Renaissance", through both animated theatrical films and animated television series on the Disney Channel (owned by Walt Disney Television). The "Disney Renaissance" began with The Little Mermaid in 1989 and ended with Tarzan in 1999. Films of this era include Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, The Nightmare Before Christmas, The Lion King, Pocahontas, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Hercules, and Mulan.
Japanese anime films remained popular throughout the 1990s with the release of Studio Ghibli films such as Only Yesterday, Porco Rosso, Pom Poko, Whisper of the Heart, Princess Mononoke (which became the highest-grossing anime film at the time) and My Neighbors the Yamadas. Other significant anime films which gained cult status include Roujin Z, Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama, Patlabor 2: The Movie, Ninja Scroll, Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie, Ghost in the Shell, Memories, The End of Evangelion, Perfect Blue, Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade, and the Pokémon film series, which started with Pokémon: The First Movie.
Other significant animated films have also gained cult status, such as
In India,Shah Rukh Khan got rise in his stardom by Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge,Kuch Kuch Hota Hai and Dil To Pagal Hai.
Award winners
Highest-grossing
The 25 highest-grossing films of the decade are:[85]
No. | Title | Year | Box office |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Titanic | 1997 | $1,850,197,130 |
2 | Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace | 1999 | $924,305,084 |
3 | Jurassic Park | 1993 | $912,667,947 |
4 | Independence Day | 1996 | $817,400,891 |
5 | The Lion King | 1994 | $763,455,561 |
6 | Forrest Gump | 1994 | $677,387,716 |
7 | The Sixth Sense | 1999 | $672,806,292 |
8 | The Lost World: Jurassic Park | 1997 | $618,638,999 |
9 | Men in Black | 1997 | $589,390,539 |
10 | Armageddon | 1998 | $553,709,788 |
11 | Terminator 2: Judgment Day | 1991 | $516,950,043 |
12 | Ghost | 1990 | $505,702,588 |
13 | Aladdin | 1992 | $504,050,219 |
14 | Twister | 1996 | $494,471,524 |
15 | Toy Story 2 | 1999 | $487,059,677 |
16 | Saving Private Ryan | 1998 | $481,840,909 |
17 | Home Alone | 1990 | $476,684,675 |
18 | The Matrix | 1999 | $463,517,383 |
19 | Pretty Woman | 1990 | $463,406,268 |
20 | Mission: Impossible | 1996 | $457,696,391 |
21 | Tarzan | 1999 | $448,191,819 |
22 | Mrs. Doubtfire | 1993 | $441,286,195 |
23 | Dances with Wolves | 1990 | $424,208,848 |
24 | The Mummy | 1999 | $415,933,406 |
25 | The Bodyguard | 1992 | $410,945,720 |
Music
Music artists and genres
Music marketing became more segmented in the 1990s, as
Rappers
1994 became a breakthrough year for punk rock in California, with the success of bands like Bad Religion, Social Distortion, Blink-182, Green Day, the Offspring, Rancid and similar groups following. This success would continue to grow over the next decade. The 1990s also became the most important decade for ska punk/reggae rock, with the success of many bands like Smash Mouth, Buck-O-Nine, Goldfinger, Less Than Jake, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Murphy's Law, No Doubt, Reel Big Fish, Save Ferris, Sublime and Sugar Ray.
The
The rise of
and others experienced popularity throughout the decade.Country music
In the 1990s, country music became a worldwide phenomenon thanks to
Other artists that experienced success during this time included
Music from around the world
In the United Kingdom, the alternative rock
In Japan, the
Contemporary
.The Tibetan Freedom Concert, organized by Beastie Boys and the Milarepa Fund, brought 120,000 people together in the interest of increased human rights and autonomy for Tibet from China.
Controversies
Controversy surrounded the Prodigy with the release of the track "Smack My Bitch Up". The National Organization for Women (NOW) claimed that the track was "advocating violence against women" due to the song's lyrics, which are themselves sampled from Ultramagnetic MCss' Give the Drummer Some. The music video (directed by Jonas Åkerlund) featured a first-person POV of someone going clubbing, indulging in drugs and alcohol, getting into fist fights, abusing women and picking up a prostitute. At the end of the video, the camera pans over to a mirror, revealing the subject to be a woman.
Deaths of artists
Freddie Mercury, Kurt Cobain, Selena, Eazy-E, Tupac Shakur and the Notorious B.I.G. were the most publicized music-related deaths of the decade, in 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 respectively. Richey Edwards of Manic Street Preachers was publicized in the media in 1991 following an incident involving Steve Lamacq backstage after a live show, in which Edwards carved '4 Real' into his arm. Edwards' disappearance in 1995 was highly publicized. He is still missing but was presumed dead in 2008.
Television
in 1989, became a commercial success and cultural phenomenon by 1993.TV shows, mostly
These sitcoms, along with
Furthermore,
Drama shows
1993 saw the debut of the
Medical dramas started to come into television in the 1990s. In 1994, ER, which originally starred Anthony Edwards, Noah Wyle and George Clooney, was a domestic and international success, lasting until 2009 and spawned similar series such as Grey's Anatomy (2005–present). It made NBC the most-watched channel in the United States. This show launched the career of George Clooney. That same year, Chicago Hope, that starred Héctor Elizondo, Mandy Patinkin and Adam Arkin, was also a popular series for CBS, lasting between 1994 and 2000.
Crime drama and police detective shows returned to the spotlight after soap operas died down. After the successful debuts of Law & Order, NYPD Blue, Homicide: Life on the Street, Fox debuted New York Undercover, which starred Malik Yoba and Micheal DeLorenzo, is notable for featuring two people of color in the main roles. Nash Bridges, a comeback vehicle for Don Johnson, lasting six seasons (1996–2001), dealt with escapist entertainment instead of tackling social issues.[107]
Beverly Hills, 90210 ran on Fox from 1990 to 2000. It established the teen soap genre, paving the way for Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Party of Five, and other shows airing later in the decade. The show was then remade and renamed simply 90210 and premiered in 2008. Beverly Hills, 90210, and its spin-off Melrose Place also became a popular TV show throughout the 1990s. Baywatch became the most-watched TV show in history [citation needed] and influenced pop culture.
Sex and the City's portrayal of relationships and sexuality caused controversy and acclaim, leading to a new generation of sexually progressive television shows in the 2000s.
Other television shows and genres
Fantasy and science fiction shows were popular on television, with NBC airing .
In 1993, one of the last
Reality television was not an entirely new concept (An American Family aired on PBS in 1973) but proliferated for Generation X audiences with titles such as Judge Judy, Eco-Challenge, and Cops.
The 1990s saw the debut of live-action children's programs such as the educational Bill Nye the Science Guy and Blue's Clues as well as the superhero show Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, the latter becoming a pop culture phenomenon along with a line of action figures and other toys by Japanese toy manufacturer Bandai. This can also be said for the British pre-school series Teletubbies, which was a massive hit loved by very young children. It also saw long time running shows such as Barney & Friends and the continuation of Sesame Street, both of which would continue in the following decades and so.
During the mid-1990s, two of the biggest professional wrestling companies:
The late 1990s also saw the evolution of a new TV genre: primetime game shows, popularized by the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, hosted originally by Chris Tarrant on ITV and Regis Philbin on ABC, as well as other first-run game shows aired in prime time on the newly launched Game Show Network.
Animated shows
An animated sitcom, The Simpsons, premiered on Fox in December 1989 and became a domestic and international success in the 1990s. The show has since aired more than 600 episodes and has become an institution of pop culture. In addition, it has spawned the adult-oriented animated sitcom genre, inspiring more adult-oriented animated shows such as Beavis and Butt-Head (1993–1997), Daria (1997–2001), along with South Park and Family Guy, the latter two of which began in 1997 and 1999, respectively, and continue to air new episodes through the 2000s and into the 2020s.
Cartoons produced in the 1990s are sometimes referred to as the "Renaissance Age of Animation" for cartoons in general, particularly for American animated children's programs. Disney Channel, Nickelodeon (owned by Viacom, now Paramount Global) and Cartoon Network (owned by Warner Bros. Discovery) would dominate the animated television industry. These three channels are considered the "Big Three", of children's entertainment, even today, but especially during the 1990s.
Other channels such as Warner Bros. Animation would create shows like Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, and the start of the DC Animated Universe with shows such as Batman: The Animated Series, and Superman: The Animated Series, as well as syndicated shows like Phantom 2040. Nickelodeon's first three animated series (Doug, Rugrats, The Ren & Stimpy Show) all premiered in 1991 along with shows such as Hey Arnold!, CatDog, The Wild Thornberrys, and in 1999 saw the debut of Nickelodeon's well known animated comedy series SpongeBob SquarePants. Cartoon Network would create shows like Dexter's Laboratory, The Powerpuff Girls, Ed, Edd n Eddy, Johnny Bravo, and Courage the Cowardly Dog. Disney Channel would made shows like Recess, Pepper Ann, Darkwing Duck, TaleSpin, and Gargoyles.
Japanese
Fashion and body modification
Significant fashion trends of the 1990s include:
- Earth and jewel tones, as well as an array of minimalist style and design influences, characterize the 1990s, a stark contrast to the camp and bombast seen in the brightly colored fashion and design trends of the 1980s.
- The Rachel, Jennifer Aniston's hairstyle on the hit TV show Friends, became a cultural phenomenon, with millions of women copying it worldwide.
- The African-Americansin the early 1990s.
- The Curtained Haircut increased in popularity in fashion and culture among teenage boys and young men in the 1990s, mainly after it was popularized in the film Terminator 2: Judgment Day by the actor Edward Furlong.
- The model 1300 Wonderbra style has a resurgence of popularity in Europe in 1992, which kicks off an international media sensation, the 1994 return of "The Wonderbra" brand, and a spike in the push-up, plunge bras around the world.
- Additional fashion trends of the 1990s include the Pogs and Dr. Martensshoes.
- Bleached-blond hair became very popular in the late 1990s, as were men with short hair with the bangs "flipped up."
- The 1990s also saw the return of the 1970s teenage female fashion with long, straight hair and denim hot pants.
- Beverly Hills, 90210 sideburns also became popular in the early and mid-1990s.
- Slap bracelets were a popular fad among children, preteens, and teenagers in the early 1990s and were available in a wide variety of patterns and colors. Also popular among children were light-up sneakers, jelly shoes, and shoelace hair clips.
- The Grunge hype at the beginning of the decade popularized flannel shirts among both genders during the 1990s.
- Heroin chic appeared sporadically across film, fashion models and grunge music, but gave way by end of the US recession and the emergence of internet "geek" culture (a sassy tech-literate style centered on web searching and drinking coffee).
- Grunge- and hip-hop-inspired anti-fashion saw an expansion of the slouchy, casual styles of past decades, mostly seen in baggy and distressed jeans, cargo shorts and pants, baseball caps (often worn backward), chunky sneakers, oversized sweatshirts, and loose-fitting tees with grandiloquent graphics and logos.
- Svelte fashion was also popular from the beginning of the 1990s and into the 2000s, as the new millennium began. The rivalry of sloppy grunge fashion versus more expensive clothing made for fitter bodies was a repeat of the rock versus disco rivalry of a decade ago. Nineties fashion became darker, slinkier, and more futuristic-looking clothing in the late 1990s, with Keanu Reeves in The Matrix as a style icon.
- Tattoos and piercings became part of the mainstream aesthetic. American model Christy Turlington revealed her belly button piercing at a fashion show in London in 1993. In the late 1990s, some females got lower back tattoos and men opted for tribal style arm bands or back pieces.
-
Tamagotchi and Furby were popular iconic toys among children around the world in the 1990s, also in the 2000s
-
Pogswas a popular street game among children around the world during the decade
-
Grunge-style fashion became a trend in the 1990s, modeled here by teen actor Jonathan Brandis
-
Boots like Timberlands and Dr. Martens became popular. Hiking, motorcyclist and safety boots were all part of the general trend towards grunge fashion in footwear
-
Will Smith donning a Hi-top fade in 1993, a popular hairstyle of the early decade
-
Paula Abdul modeling a semi-transparent black dress, curled hair and smoky eye makeup at the 62nd Academy Awards in 1990
-
Jane Leeves sporting a slip dress in 1995
-
Example of late 1990sgoth fashion
Video games
Video game consoles
The
Arcade games rapidly decreased in popularity, mainly due to the dominance of handheld and home consoles.[108]
Video games
Mario as Nintendo's mascot finds a rival in Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog with the release of Sonic the Hedgehog on the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis in 1991. Sonic the Hedgehog would go on to become one of the most successful video game franchises of the decade and of all time.
Notable video games of the 1990s include:
Sony's PlayStation becomes the top-selling video game console and changes the standard media storage type from cartridges to compact discs (CDs) in home consoles. Crash Bandicoot is released on September 9, 1996, becoming one of the most successful platforming series for the Sony PlayStation. Spyro The Dragon, released on September 9, 1998, also became a successful platforming series. Tomb Raider's Lara Croft became a video game sex symbol, becoming one of the most recognizable figures in the entertainment industry throughout the late 1990s.
Resident Evil is released in 1996 and Resident Evil 2. Both games became the most highly acclaimed survival-horror series on the PlayStation at the time it was released. It is credited with defining the survival horror genre and with returning zombies to popular culture, leading to a renewed interest in zombie films by the 2000s.
Video game genres
3D graphics become the standard by the decade's end. Although FPS games had long since seen the transition to full 3D, other genres began to copy this trend by the end of the decade. The most notable first shooter games in the 1990s are GoldenEye 007 and Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six.
The violent nature of fighting games like
The real-time strategy (RTS) genre is introduced in 1992 with the release of Dune II. Warcraft: Orcs & Humans (1994) popularizing the genre, and Command & Conquer and Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness in 1995, setting up the first major real-time strategy competition and popularizing multiplayer capabilities in RTS games. StarCraft in 1998 becomes the second best-selling computer game of all time. It remains among the most popular multiplayer RTS games today, especially in South Korea. [citation needed] Homeworld in 1999 becomes the first successful 3D RTS game. The rise of the RTS genre is often credited with the fall of the turn-based strategy (TBS) genre, popularized with Civilization in 1991. Final Fantasy was introduced (in North America) in 1990 for the NES and remains among the most popular video game franchises, with many new titles to date and more in development, plus numerous spin-offs, sequels, films and related titles. Final Fantasy VII, released in 1997, especially popularized the series.
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) see their entrance with Ultima Online in 1997. However, they do not gain widespread popularity until EverQuest and Asheron's Call in 1999. MMORPGs become among the most popular video game genres until the 2010s.
The best-selling games of the 1990s are listed below (note that some sources disagree on particular years):
- 1990: Super Mario World[109]
- 1991: Sonic the Hedgehog[109]
- 1992: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins[109]
- 1993: Super Mario All-Stars[109]
- 1994: Donkey Kong Country[109]
- 1995:
- 1996:
- 1997: Gran Turismo[109] or Mario Kart 64[110]
- 1998:
- 1999: Pokémon Gold and Silver[109] or Donkey Kong 64[110]
-
Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) released in 1990 and is the successor to the Nintendo Entertainment System
-
The European PAL version of the Mega Drive launched in 1990, later becoming the highest-selling fourth-gen console in Europe.
-
Nintendo's Game Boy was a popular handheld game console during the 1990s.
-
The Atari Jaguar released in 1993, becoming part Fifth-gen of video game consoles.
-
The Nintendo 64 was released in 1996. Super Mario 64 was the best-selling game of the decade.
-
Thebest-selling gaming consoleof its time.
-
The game Tomb Raider, launched in 1996, became particularly popular during the decade and as a result Lara Croft's character eventually became a cultural icon in the video game industry
-
PrivateLAN partieswere at the peak of their popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s when broadband Internet access was unavailable or too expensive for most people
Internet
Prominent
Architecture
- The tallest man-made structuresever built after they officially opened on August 31, 1999.
Sports
- In college football, the Inaugural 1992 SEC Championship Game occurred at Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. The Alabama Crimson Tide football team, under then-Coach Gene Stallings, went 11-0 and defeated the Florida Gators under then-Coach Steve Spurrier. The Tide would later finish 13–0 to win the National Championship and beat the Miami Hurricanes in the 1993 Sugar Bowl. However, Spurrier and the Gators would later win Four SEC Championships from 1993 to 1996. They went on to win their first National Championship in the 1997 Nokia Sugar Bowl by defeating the Florida State Seminoles.
- The 1992 Summer Olympics are held in Barcelona, Spain and the 1996 Summer Olympics are held in Atlanta, United States.
- The 1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team, nicknamed the "Dream Team", was the first American Olympic team to feature active professional players from the National Basketball Association. Described as the "greatest team ever assembled", its roster included the likes of Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, and Magic Johnson.[111][112]
- Major League Baseball players went on strike on August 12, 1994, thus ending the season and canceling the World Series for the first time in 90 years. The players' strike ended on March 29, 1995, when players and team owners agreed.
- The 1991 World Series pitted the Atlanta Braves and the Minnesota Twins, two teams who finished last place in their respective divisions, the previous season. The series would go all seven games won by the home teams, concluding dramatically with the Minnesota Twins claiming their second World Series title.
- American NBA basketball player Michael Jordan became a major sports and pop culture icon, idolized by millions worldwide. He revolutionized sports marketing through deals with companies such as Gatorade, Hanes, McDonald's and Nike. His Chicago Bulls team won six NBA titles during the decade (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997 and 1998). He was also notable outside of basketball thanks to his self-portrayal in the film Space Jam with the Looney Tunes characters.
- The Phoenix Coyotes, the Quebec Nordiques moved to Denver and became the Colorado Avalanche, the Hartford Whalers moved to Raleigh, North Carolina and became the Carolina Hurricanes, and the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas and became the Dallas Stars.
- The NHL's 1990s expansion saw new teams in cities that previously never had NHL hockey: Tampa (Tampa Bay Lightning). The NHL also returned to Atlanta with the expansion Atlanta Thrashers.
- Two of the NHL's Original Six teams, the New York Rangers and the Detroit Red Wings, would end long Stanley Cup championship droughts; the Rangers in 1994 after 54 years, and the Red Wings would win back-to-back Cups in 1997 and 1998 after 42 years.
- Canadian hockey star Mario Lemieux led the Pittsburgh Penguins, one of the original NHL expansion teams, to back-to-back Stanley Cup championships in 1991 and 1992.
- In addition to the Pittsburgh Penguins, three other NHL expansion teams went on to earn their first Stanley Cup championships: the New Jersey Devils in 1995, the Colorado Avalanche in 1996, and the Dallas Stars in 1999.
- Canadian hockey star Wayne Gretzky announced his retirement from the NHL in 1999. Upon his final game on April 18, he held 40 regular-season records, 15 playoff records, and six All-Star records. He is the leading point-scorer in NHL history and the only NHL player to total over 200 points in one season – a feat he accomplished four times. In addition, he tallied over 100 points in 16 professional seasons, 14 of them consecutive. He played for four teams during his NHL career: the Edmonton Oilers, the Los Angeles Kings, the St. Louis Blues, and the New York Rangers.
- The NHL's 1990s expansion saw new teams in cities that previously never had NHL hockey:
- American cyclist Lance Armstrong won his first Tour de France in 1999, less than two years after battling testicular cancer. Armstrong would later become embattled in a major doping investigation, stripping him of this and all of his major cycling titles.
- In WCW to later spawn the WWF's Attitude Era, home to some of the biggest names in wrestling history such as Stone Cold Steve Austin, The Rock, and Triple H. Meanwhile, the highly popular nWo stable, along with Sting and Goldberg, brought WCW major success.
- The Champions League after defeating Bayern Munich2–1 in May 1999.
- The United States hosted the 15th staging of the 1994 FIFA World Cup. It holds the record for the largest attendance per game during the World Cup finals (even after the tournament's expansion to 32 teams and 64 matches). Additionally, this led to the creation of the MLS.
- In motor racing, triple Indy Car racing delves into an organizational "Split".
- In the Washington Redskins showed promise of continuing their '80s glory by each team winning another Super Bowl at the beginning of the decade. However, it was the Dallas Cowboys who made a gradual return to dynasty status, winning three Super Bowls (1992, 1993 and 1995) in four years after a 14-year NFL championship drought. The Denver Broncos also won their first two Super Bowls after having lost four, winning consecutive championships of the 1997 and 1998seasons.
- Florida State, 1987–2000 – At the height of Bobby Bowden's dominance, the Florida State Seminoles went 152–19–1, won nine ACC championships (1992–2000), two national championships (1993 and 1999), played for three more national championships (1996, 1998, and 2000), were ranked #1 in the preseason AP poll five times (1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, and 1999), never lost the #1 AP ranking during 1999, produced 20 1st round NFL draft picks (including the 1997 offensive and defensive rookies of the year), won at least ten games every year, and never finished a season ranked lower than fourth in the AP poll. Quarterbacks Charlie Ward and Chris Weinke won Heisman Trophies.[113]
- The Nebraska Cornhuskers led by head coach Tom Osborne won three national championships in college football in four years (1994, 1995, 1997)
- Led by head coach Jim Tressel, The Youngstown State Penguins claimed to be the "team of the '90s" by winning four national championships (1991, 1993, 1994, 1997) in division I-AA college football[114]
- The Mixed Martial Arts.
- Major League Baseball added four teams, Miami Marlins (as Florida Marlins), Colorado Rockies, Tampa Bay Rays (as Tampa Bay Devil Rays), and the Arizona Diamondbacks, and moved one (Milwaukee Brewers) into the National League. The Florida Marlins would win the World Series in 1997 and 2003; the Arizona Diamondbacks would win the World Series in 2001, becoming the fastest expansion team to win a major championship for any major sport; the Colorado Rockies and Tampa Bay Rays would appear in the World Series in 2007 and 2008 respectively.
- In 1998, Canada wins gold medals for the first time in Disc ultimate at the WFDF World Ultimate Championship in Open, Mixed, and Masters.
- In the 1996 Summer Olympics, the Women's Gymnastics team won the first team gold medal for the US in Olympic Gymnastics history.
- In 1997, eight Australian Rugby League Premiership clubs defect to the News Corporation-backed Super League, before a resolution sees the two parties form the National Rugby League in 1998. The British competition is bought out by News Corporation, and renamed Super League, which it is still currently named (although it was sold by News Corporation).
Literature
- Leading talk show host Oprah Winfrey became an important book influencer in 1996 when she launched the highly successful Oprah's Book Club.
- The hugely successful Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling was introduced in 1997. The series, with seven main novels, would go on to become the best-selling book series in world history and adapted into a film series in 2001.
- John Grisham was the bestselling author in the United States in the 1990s, with over 60 million copies sold of novels such as The Pelican Brief, The Client, and The Firm.[115]
- Other successful authors of the 1990s include Stephen King, Natsuo Kirino, Danielle Steel, Michael Crichton, James Redfield, Haruki Murakami, Keigo Higashino and Tom Clancy.[115]
- Goosebumps by R. L. Stine, the second highest-grossing book series in the world, was introduced in 1992 and remained a dominant player in children's literature throughout and after the decade. A television series released on Fox Kids alongside a film version that released in 2015.
- The decline of diverse study options in university humanities schools due to economic rationalism, leading to a boom in purple prose heavily influenced by 20th century European social theory and cultural studies. In 1996 in what is known as the Sokal affair, a mathematician pranked a cultural studies by tricking them into publishing his nonsensical essay "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" on the basis that the journal wasn't peer-reviewed and would publish anything that seemed fashionably left-wing. In 1996 the Postmodernism Generator used a recursive transition network to imitate the postmodernist style of humanities writing.
- 1990s saw the rise of independent literature and notable self-help books, included Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus by John Gray and Who Moved My Cheese? by Spencer Johnson.
- Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria (1994) by Richard Ofshe and Ethan Watters was critical of the repressed memory therapy that was gaining some traction in psychotherapy.
People
Actors and directors
- Ben Affleck
- Jason Alexander
- Tim Allen
- María Conchita Alonso
- Benyamin Sueb
- Gillian Anderson
- Pamela Anderson
- Jennifer Aniston
- Christina Applegate
- Rosanna Arquette
- Rowan Atkinson
- Kevin Bacon
- Alec Baldwin
- Antonio Banderas
- Christopher Daniel Barnes
- Roseanne Barr
- Drew Barrymore
- Kim Basinger
- Angela Bassett
- Sean Bean
- Daniel Beretta
- Elizabeth Berkley
- Sandra Bernhard
- Halle Berry
- Kathryn Bigelow
- Powers Boothe
- Ernest Borgnine
- Avery Brooks
- Pierce Brosnan
- Clancy Brown
- Sandra Bullock
- Rodger Bumpass
- Tim Burton
- Brett Butler
- Yancy Butler
- Gabriel Byrne
- James Caan
- Nicolas Cage
- Dean Cain
- Chen Kaige
- James Cameron
- Neve Campbell
- Drew Carey
- George Carlin
- Jim Carrey
- Dana Carvey
- Jackie Chan
- Dave Chappelle
- George Clooney
- Tim Conway
- Coen brothers
- Sean Connery
- Kevin Costner
- Courteney Cox
- Marcia Cross
- Tom Cruise
- Billy Crystal
- Macaulay Culkin
- Vondie Curtis-Hall
- Willem Dafoe
- Matt Damon
- Frank Darabont
- Richard Darbois
- Robert Davi
- Ellen DeGeneres
- Robert De Niro
- Johnny Depp
- Danny DeVito
- Leonardo DiCaprio
- Shannen Doherty
- Alain Dorval
- Kirk Douglas
- Brad Dourif
- Fran Drescher
- Léa Drucker
- David Duchovny
- Kirsten Dunst
- Charles S. Dutton
- Clint Eastwood
- Anthony Edwards
- Peter Falk
- Chris Farley
- William Fagerbakke
- David Faustino
- Abel Ferrara
- Will Ferrell
- Laurence Fishburne
- Calista Flockhart
- Harrison Ford
- Jodie Foster
- Dennis Franz
- Brendan Fraser
- Morgan Freeman
- Edward Furlong
- Eva Gabor
- James Gandolfini
- Janeane Garofalo
- Jennie Garth
- Sarah Michelle Gellar
- Mel Gibson
- Peri Gilpin
- Danny Glover
- Whoopi Goldberg
- Jeff Goldblum
- Trevor Goddard
- John Goodman
- Joseph Gordon-Levitt
- Mark-Paul Gosselaar
- Kelsey Grammer
- Brian Austin Green
- Graham Greene
- Thomas Ian Griffith
- Arsenio Hall
- Linda Hamilton
- Tom Hanks
- Curtis Hanson
- Phil Hartman
- Woody Harrelson
- Ed Harris
- Teri Hatcher
- Rutger Hauer
- Ethan Hawke
- Mitch Hedberg
- Lance Henriksen
- Bill Hicks
- Agnieszka Holland
- Anthony Hopkins
- Dennis Hopper
- Helen Hunt
- Jeremy Irons
- Samuel L. Jackson
- Jennifer Jason Leigh
- Angelina Jolie
- Tommy Lee Jones
- Shekhar Kapur
- Tchéky Karyo
- Michael Keaton
- Harvey Keitel
- Tom Kenny
- Nicole Kidman
- Krzysztof Kieślowski
- Val Kilmer
- Greg Kinnear
- Lisa Kudrow
- Eriq La Salle
- Carolyn Lawrence
- Doug Lawrence
- Martin Lawrence
- Matt LeBlanc
- Ang Lee
- Spike Lee
- Jane Leeves
- Valérie Lemercier
- Jay Leno
- Jared Leto
- David Letterman
- Ted Levine
- Jet Li
- Rachael Lillis
- Delroy Lindo
- John Lithgow
- Heather Locklear
- Mario Lopez
- Julia Louis-Dreyfus
- Dolph Lundgren
- Michael Madsen
- Bill Maher
- John Mahoney
- Julianna Margulies
- Steve Martin
- John McTiernan
- Demi Moore
- Julianne Moore
- Joe Morton
- Kate Mulgrew
- Eddie Murphy
- Mike Myers
- Hideo Nakata
- Liam Neeson
- Craig T. Nelson
- Bob Newhart
- Aaron Norris
- Chuck Norris
- Bill Nunn
- Conan O'Brien
- Ed O'Neill
- Gary Oldman
- Jerry Orbach
- Gwyneth Paltrow
- Robert Patrick
- Alexandra Paul
- Chris Penn
- Sean Penn
- Ron Perlman
- Luke Perry
- Matthew Perry
- Joe Pesci
- Michelle Pfeiffer
- River Phoenix
- David Hyde Pierce
- Brad Pitt
- Kevin Pollak
- Jason Priestley
- Alex Proyas
- Dennis Quaid
- Randy Quaid
- Keanu Reeves
- Paul Reiser
- Michael Richards
- Alan Rickman
- Tim Robbins
- Eric Roberts
- Julia Roberts
- Chris Rock
- Michael Rooker
- Mickey Rourke
- Tim Roth
- RuPaul
- Kurt Russell
- Daniel Russo
- Rene Russo
- Meg Ryan
- Winona Ryder
- Katey Sagal
- Bob Saget
- Adam Sandler
- Susan Sarandon
- Arnold Schwarzenegger
- David Schwimmer
- Steven Seagal
- Jerry Seinfeld
- Garry Shandling
- Charlie Sheen
- Elisabeth Shue
- Sarah Silverman
- Tony Sirico
- Christian Slater
- Will Smith
- Jimmy Smits
- Wesley Snipes
- David Spade
- Tori Spelling
- Steven Spielberg
- Sage Stallone
- Sylvester Stallone
- John Stamos
- Jon Stewart
- Patrick Stewart
- Sharon Stone
- Meryl Streep
- Patrick Swayze
- Ice-T
- Jeffrey Tambor
- Quentin Tarantino
- Veronica Taylor
- Tiffani-Amber Thiessen
- Uma Thurman
- Jennifer Tilly
- Tony Todd
- Danny Trejo
- John Travolta
- Robin Tunney
- Jean-Claude Van Damme
- Dick Van Dyke
- Gus Van Sant
- Arnold Vosloo
- Christopher Walken
- Fred Ward
- Denzel Washington
- Sam Waterston
- Sigourney Weaver
- Hugo Weaving
- Vernon Wells
- Forest Whitaker
- Michael Jai White
- Robin Williams
- Bruce Willis
- Rita Wilson
- Oprah Winfrey
- Michael Winterbottom
- John Woo
- James Woods
- Noah Wyle
- Robert Zemeckis
- Ian Ziering
Athletes
- Andre Agassi
- Troy Aikman
- Lance Armstrong
- Steve Austin
- Roberto Baggio
- Charles Barkley
- Barry Bonds
- Martin Brodeur
- Roger Clemens
- David Douillet
- Dale Earnhardt
- John Elway
- Patrick Ewing
- Brett Favre
- Tom Glavine
- Bill Goldberg
- Graham Gooch
- Jeff Gordon
- Steffi Graf
- Wayne Gretzky
- Ken Griffey Jr.
- Tony Hawk
- Grant Hill
- Evander Holyfield
- Michael Irvin
- Jaromír Jágr
- Derek Jeter
- Randy Johnson
- Chipper Jones
- Michael Jordan
- Jim Kelly
- Jürgen Klinsmann
- Michelle Kwan
- Brian Lara
- Mario Lemieux
- Greg LeMond
- Greg Maddux
- Karl Malone
- Mark Messier
- Reggie Miller
- Tommy Morrison
- Alonzo Mourning
- Hakeem Olajuwon
- Shaquille O'Neal
- Gary Payton
- Scottie Pippen
- Jerry Rice
- Cal Ripken Jr.
- David Robinson
- Dennis Rodman
- Romário
- Ronaldo
- Patrick Roy
- Arvydas Sabonis
- Joe Sakic
- Pete Sampras
- Barry Sanders
- Deion Sanders
- Peter Schmeichel
- Michael Schumacher
- Ayrton Senna
- Alan Shearer
- Brendan Shanahan
- Kelly Slater
- Michael Slater
- Emmitt Smith
- John Smoltz
- John Stockton
- Sachin Tendulkar
- Mike Tyson
- Jacques Villeneuve
- Tiger Woods
- Steve Yzerman
- Zinedine Zidane
- Mika Häkkinen
Musicians
Musical trends of the 1990s decade are identifiable by its top selling pop songs as well as continuing the heyday for established genres such as gangsta rap, grunge, industrial rock and deep house. Alternative hip hop became visible at the start of the decade. The pulblic was sympathetic to independent music as a solution to the problem of payola in commercial radio stations.
- A
- Aaliyah
- Aaron Carter
- Aaron Kwok
- Abby Travis
- Abrar-ul-Haq
- AC/DC
- Ace of Bass
- Adamski
- Adina Howard
- Adorable
- Aerosmith
- The Afghan Whigs
- A Guy Called Gerald
- Alanis Morissette
- Alan Jackson
- Alejandro Fernández
- Alex Party
- Alfred Schnittke
- Alice Cooper
- Alice Deejay
- Alice In Chains
- A Lighter Shade of Brown
- Alisha Chinai
- Alison Krauss
- Alka Yagnik
- All-4-One
- Altern-8
- Agalloch
- Amber
- Amelina
- American Football
- Amr Diab
- Amy Grant
- Ana Bárbara
- Anand–Milind
- Ana Voog
- Andrea Bocelli
- Andy Lau
- ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead
- Andy Prieboy
- An Emotional Fish
- Angélique Kidjo
- Angie Stone
- Ani Difranco
- Annie Lennox
- Another Bad Creation
- Anthony Braxton
- Anthony Pappa
- Anthrax
- Antiloop
- Anuradha Paudwal
- Anuradha Sriram
- Anything Box
- Apache Indian
- Aphex Twin
- April March
- Aqua
- Archers of Loaf
- Archie Roach
- Arena Hash
- Armand van Helden
- Arrested Development
- Artifacts aka Brick City Kids
- ATB
- Autechre
- Army of Lovers
- Athena Cage
- The Atomic Fireballs
- A Tribe Called Quest
- Awilo Longomba
- Az Yet
- Azzido Da Bass
- Babacar
- Babasónicos
- Babes in Toyland
- Baby Animals
- Babylon Zoo
- Bachelor Girl
- Backstreet Boys
- Bailter Space
- Bali Brahmbhatt
- Bally Sagoo
- Balwinder Safri
- Barbara Tucker
- Barenaked Ladies
- Barry Adamson
- B.B.E.
- B.B. King
- Beastie Boys
- Beasts of Bourbon
- Beats International
- Beaumont Hannant
- Beck
- Belle and Sebastian
- Bellini
- Belly
- Ben Folds Five
- Ben Harper
- The Beta Band
- Beth Orton
- Better Than Ezra
- Beverley Knight
- Beyond
- Bhavatharini
- Bhitali Das
- Big Bad Voodoo Daddy
- Bigod 20
- Big Pig
- Big Pun
- Bikini Kill
- Bill Callahan (Smog)
- Bill Dixon
- Billie Piper
- Billy Bragg
- Billy Ray Cyrus
- Bim Sherman
- Binary Finary
- Biohazard
- Biosphere
- Birdland
- Bizarre Inc
- Bjork
- The Black Crowes
- Black Francis
- Black Grape
- Black Moon
- Blaque
- The Blacks
- Black Star
- Blackstreet
- Blair
- Blessid Union of Souls
- Blind Melon
- Blink-182
- Blonde Redhead
- Bloodhound Gang
- Blue Boy
- Blues Traveler
- Blumfeld
- Blur
- Boards of Canada
- Bob Sinclar
- Body Count
- Bombay Vikings
- Bomb the Bass
- Bone Thugs-n-Harmony
- Bongwater
- Bonnie Raitt
- The Boo Radleys
- Bootsy Collins
- Boredoms
- Boris
- Boss
- Boss Hog
- Bounty Killer
- Boyz II Men
- Boyzone
- Brand New Heavies
- Brand Nubian
- Brandon Ross
- Brandy
- The Breeders
- The Brian Jonestown Massacre
- The Brian Setzer Orchestra
- Brise-Glace
- Britney Spears
- Bronco
- Bryan Adams
- Bryan Adams, Rod Stewart, and Sting
- Buckethead
- Buckshot LeFonque
- Buena Vista Social Club
- Bugge Wesseltoft
- Burkhard Dallwitz
- Bush
- Busta Rhymes
- Butthole Surfers
- Byron Stingily
- Café Quijano
- Café Tacvba
- Cake
- Caifanes
- Candlebox
- Candyman
- Capleton
- Cap'n Jazz
- Cappella
- Captain Hollywood Project
- Cari Lekebusch
- Carl Cox
- Carl Craig
- Carlene Carter
- Carlos Vives
- Caroline's Spine
- Carter Burwell
- The Cardigans
- Cássia Eller
- Cast
- Catatonia
- Catherine Wheel
- Cathy Dennis
- Cat Power
- Cause & Effect
- C-Block
- C+C Music Factory
- CeCe Peniston
- Celine Dion
- Cesária Évora
- Ceybil Jefferies
- Chaka Demus & Pliers
- Chapterhouse
- Charles & Eddie
- Charles Gayle
- Charly Lownoise and Mental Theo
- Chayanne
- Cheba Zahouania
- Cheb Hasni
- Cheb Mami
- Cheb Nasro
- Cheer-Accident
- Che Fu
- The Chemical Brothers
- Cher
- Cherry Poppin' Daddies
- Chicane
- The Chills
- Chris Connelly
- Chris Knox
- Chris Korda
- Christian Falk
- Chuck Berry
- Chumbawamba
- The Church
- Chyi Chin
- C. J. Bolland
- Claw Hammer
- Clay Walker
- Clint Black
- The Clouds
- Clutch
- Coco Lee
- Cocteau Twins
- CoH
- Coil
- Collin Raye
- Collapsed Lung
- Collective Soul
- Color Me Badd
- Coaltar of the Deepers
- Company Flow
- Concrete Blonde
- Confederate Railroad
- The Connells
- Controlled Bleeding
- Coolio
- Cop Shoot Cop
- Cornelius
- Cornershop
- Corona
- The Corrs
- Cosmic Gate
- Counting Crows
- Cows
- Cracker
- Cradle of Filth
- The Cranberries
- Crash Test Dummies
- Creed
- Crime and the City Solution
- Critical Mass
- Crooklyn Dodgers
- The Crystal Method
- Crystal Waters
- The Cruel Sea
- Crush (British group)
- Culture Beat
- The Cure
- Current 93
- Curtis Stigers
- Curve
- Cycle Sluts from Hell
- Cypress Hill
- Dada
- Daft Punk
- Da Hool
- Daler Mehndi
- Dam Native
- Dana Lyons
- Dandy Warhols
- Daniel Johnston
- Danny Breaks
- Danzig
- Dario G
- Darkthrone
- Darren Styles
- Dave Clarke (DJ)
- Dave Graney and the Coral Snakes
- Dave Matthews
- Dave Weckl
- David Lee Murphy
- David Sanborn
- Davina
- Days of the New
- The Dead C
- Deadeye Dick
- Deadly Venoms
- Deana Carter
- Deconstruction
- Death Cab for Cutie
- Death in Vegas
- Deee-Lite
- Deep Forest
- Deep Blue Something
- Deep Dish
- Def FX
- Def Rhymz
- Def Squad
- Deftones
- De La Soul
- Depeche Mode
- Destiny's Child
- Des'ree
- Devang Patel
- Devin Townsend
- Diamanda Galas
- Diana Haddad
- Diana King
- Diana Krall
- Diana Ross
- Diane Warren
- Dido
- Digable Planets
- Digital Underground
- Dim Stars
- Dimitri from Paris
- Dinosaur Jr.
- Dionne Farris
- Dionne Warwick
- Dirty Three
- The Divine Comedy
- Divinyls
- Dishwalla
- The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy
- Distorted Pony
- Dixie Chicks
- DJ BoBo
- DJ Class
- DJ Freak
- DJ Hell
- DJ Hype
- DJ Jubilee
- DJ Muggs
- DJ Shadow
- DJ Spooky
- DMX
- Dodgy
- Dom & Roland
- Don Henley and Patty Smyth
- Donna Lewis
- The Donnas
- Donell Jones
- Dopplereffekt
- Doolally
- Dope
- Dot Allison
- Double 99
- Doug Stone
- Dr. Alban
- Dr. Dre
- Dread Zeppelin
- Dream Theater
- Dreem Teem
- Dressy Bessy
- Drexciya
- Drive Like Jehu
- Drop Nineteens
- Dru Hill
- Dub Syndicate
- Duncan Sheik
- Dune
- Dwight Yoakam
- Eagle Eye Cherry
- East Flatbush Project
- East 17
- Eazy-E
- Ebi-Zen
- EC8OR
- Ednaswap
- Edwyn Collins
- Echobelly
- Eels
- Ehab Tawfik
- Eiffel 65
- El-B
- El Chombo
- Electro Assassin
- Electronic
- El General
- Elliott Smith
- Ellis Dee
- Elton John
- El Vez
- Elvis Crespo
- EMF
- Eminem
- Emmanuel Top
- Energy 52
- Enigma
- Enrique Iglesias
- Entombed
- En Vogue
- Ephraim Lewis
- EPMD
- Erasure
- Eric Benét
- Eric Person
- Erykah Badu
- Essential Chrome (Trance musician)
- Eternal
- E-Type
- Eureka!
- Europe (Superstition records artist)
- Everclear
- Everlast
- Everything but the Girl
- Exodus
- Extreme
- Failure
- Faith Evans
- Faith Hill
- Faithless
- Falling Joys
- The Family Cat
- The Farm
- Fastball
- Fatboy Slim
- The Fatima Mansions
- The Fauves
- Fear Factory
- Feeder
- Feedtime
- Felix
- Felix da Housecat
- Ferry Corsten
- Fey
- Filter
- Finitribe
- Finley Quaye
- Fishbone
- Fishmans
- Fiocco
- Fiona Apple
- Fits of Gloom
- Five
- Flat Duo Jets
- Floater
- Fluke
- Flybaby
- The Flying Neutrinos
- The Folk Implosion
- Foo Fighters
- 4 Non Blondes
- Fourplay
- Fountains of Wayne
- Fragma
- Frank De Wulf
- Frankie Knuckles
- Frank Ski
- Freddie Hubbard
- Free Force
- Free Kitten
- Frente!
- Fridge
- Fuel
- Fugazi
- Fugees
- Fulanito
- Funki Porcini
- Fun Lovin' Criminals
- The Future Sound of London
- Fuzzy
- Gabrielle
- Gala
- Galliano
- Gallon Drunk
- Gang Starr
- Garbage
- Garth Brooks
- Gary Allan
- Gary Moore
- The Gathering
- General Noise
- The Gentle People
- Gerardo
- George Harrison
- George Lamond
- George Ramogi
- George Straight
- Geraldine Fibbers
- The Getaway People
- Geto Boys
- Gianfranco Bortolotti
- Gianluca Grignani
- Gilette
- Gin Blossoms
- Gina G
- Ginuwine
- Gloria Estefan
- Goa Gil
- Godflesh
- God Is My Co-Pilot
- God Lives Underwater
- Godsmack
- Godspeed You! Black Emperor
- Goldfinger
- Goldie
- Goodie Mob
- Goo Goo Dolls
- Gouryella
- Grace
- Graeme Revell
- Gravitar
- Green Day
- Green Jellÿ
- Green Velvet
- Groove Armada
- Groove Theory
- Grupo Bryndis
- Grupo Manía
- Gruntruck
- Guano Apes
- Guce
- Gumball
- Guns N' Roses
- Gusto
- Gusto Widget
- Gwar
- Haddaway
- The Hafler Trio
- The Hacker
- Hal Willner
- Hallucinogen
- Hamid Al Shaeri
- Hamid Drake
- Happy Mondays
- Hardfloor
- Harini
- Harmon Eyes
- Harry Connick Jr.
- Harry Dennis
- Harvey Danger
- Headless Chickens
- The Heights
- Helen Rogers
- Helios Creed
- Helmet
- Hema Sardesai
- Henry Kaiser
- Henryk Górecki
- Herbie Crichlow
- Herbie Hancock
- Héroes del Silencio
- Higher Intelligence Agency
- Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson
- Hisham Abbas
- Hole
- Hootie and the Blowfish
- Hoschi
- The House of Love
- House of Pain
- Howard Shore
- Huffamoose
- Hum
- Human Nature
- Human Waste Project
- Hux Flux
- Ian Eccles-Smith
- Ian Lex
- Ian Moore
- Ice Cube
- Ice MC
- I-F
- Iggy Pop
- Ila Arun
- Incubus
- Indigo Girls
- Infectious Grooves
- Information Society
- Ini Kamoze
- Inkuyo
- Inner Circle
- Inner City
- Insane Clown Posse
- Inspiral Carpets
- Insurge
- Inva Mula
- INXS
- Itamar Assumpção
- Iwan Fals
- Jack off Jill
- Jacky Cheung
- Jackyl
- Jagged Edge
- Jagjit Singh
- Jam & Spoon aka Tokyo Ghetto Pussy
- James
- James Horner
- Jamiroquai
- Jane's Addiction
- Janet Jackson
- Jarabe de Palo
- Jarboe
- Jasmin Wagner
- Jason Nevins
- Jawbreaker
- Jaydee
- Jay-Z
- J.B. Mpiana
- J.D.S. (Happy hardcore group)
- Jebediah
- Jeff Buckley
- Jeff Mills
- Jellyfish
- Jennifer Lopez
- Jennifer Paige
- Jerry Goldsmith
- Jesus Jones
- The Jesus Lizard
- Jill Sobule
- Jimmy Cliff
- Jimmy Eat World
- Jimmy Nail
- Jimmy Ray
- Joan Osborne
- Jocelyn Enriquez
- Jodeci
- Joe Arroyo
- Joe Diffie
- Joe Vasconcellos
- Joey Beltram
- John Adams
- John Butler
- John Delafose
- John Michael Montgomery
- Johnny Hallyday
- John Williams
- Joi Cardwell
- Jomanda
- Jonathan Wolff
- Jon B.
- Jon Bon Jovi
- Jonny Lang
- Jon Secada
- Jon Spencer Blues Explosion
- José Carreras and Sarah Brightman
- Joshua Redman
- Josh Wink
- Juan Luis Guerra
- Juliana Hatfield
- June Panic
- Junior Brown
- Junior Kimbrough
- Jurassic 5
- Kabah
- Kai Tracid
- Kamaya Painters
- Kanda Bongo Man
- Kataklysm
- K-Ci & JoJo
- k.d. lang
- Keb' Mo'
- Keep the Dog
- Keith Murray
- Keith Sweat
- Kelis
- Kenny Chesney
- Kenny Dope (The Bucketheads)
- Kenny G
- Kenny Larkin
- Kenny Wayne Shepherd
- Kentish Man
- Kelly Chen
- Kerri Chandler
- Kev Carmody
- Khaled
- Kicks Like a Mule
- Kid Loco
- Kim Appleby
- King Missile
- King Sunny Adé
- Killing Heidi
- Kirk Franklin
- Kirsty MacColl
- The KLF
- K.M.C. Kru
- KMD
- KMFDM
- Knife N Fork
- Koffi Olomide
- Kool Keith
- Korn
- K-Otix
- Kris Kross
- Kristian Hoffman
- Kristin Hersh
- KRS-One
- Kruder & Dorfmeister
- K-Swift
- Kula Shaker
- Kumar Sanu
- KWS
- Kylie Minogue
- Kym Sims
- La Bouche
- Lacuna Coil
- Laibach
- Laila France
- La Ley
- Lamb
- La Mosca Tsé - Tsé
- Lange
- Lard
- Larry Heard
- Larry Levan
- The La's
- L.A. Style
- LaTour
- Laughing Hyenas
- Laura Pausini
- Laurent Garnier
- Lauryn Hill
- LeAnn Rimes
- Lee Kernaghan
- Leila K
- Leftfield
- The Lemonheads
- Len
- Lenny Dee, Ralphy Dee
- Lenny Kravitz
- Leon Lai
- Leslie Cheung
- Letters to Cleo
- Lil' Keke
- Lil Kim
- Lil Louis
- Lil Suzy
- Limbomaniacs
- Limp Biskit
- Lisa Lashes
- Lisa Loeb
- Lit
- Little Annie
- Live
- The Living End
- Livin' Joy
- Lizband
- Liz Phair
- Local H
- Lo Fidelity Allstars
- Lo'Jo
- Londonbeat
- Lonnie Gordon
- Lords of Acid
- Lordz of Brooklyn
- Loreena McKennitt
- Lorrie Morgan
- Los Brujos
- Los Del Rio
- Los Pericos
- Los Prisioneros
- Los Rodríguez
- Lost Witness
- Lou Reed and John Cale
- Love Battery
- The Lox
- L7
- LTJ Bukem
- Lucinda Williams
- Lucky Ali
- Lucky Dube
- Luka Bloom
- Lungfish
- Lunachicks
- Luniz
- Luscious Jackson
- Lush
- Luther Vandross
- Lost Tribe
- Lycia
- Lydia Lunch and Rowland S. Howard
- Lyle Lovett
- Macy Gray
- Mad Caddies
- Mad Season
- Madison Avenue
- Madonna
- Madredeus
- Magic Affair
- Magic Dirt
- Main Source
- Majesty Crush
- Maldita Vecindad
- Mandy Moore
- M.A.N.I.C.
- Manic Street Preachers
- Mariah Carey
- Marc Anthony
- Marc Cohn
- Marco Antonio Solís
- Marcy Playground
- Mario Più
- Mark Chesnutt
- Mark Collie
- Mark Morrison
- Marko Albrecht
- Mark Snow
- Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch
- Marilyn Manson
- Marmoset
- Marta Sánchez
- Martha Wash
- Martina McBride
- The Martinis
- Mary Chapin Carpenter
- Mary J. Blige
- Mase
- Massive Attack
- Masterboy
- Masters at Work
- Matchbox Twenty
- Matmos
- Matthew Sweet
- The Mavis's
- Maxi Priest
- Max Sharam
- Mazzy Star
- M'bilia Bel
- MC Hammer
- MC Lyte
- MC Solaar
- Meat Beat Manifesto
- Meat Loaf
- Meat Puppets
- Medeski Martin & Wood
- Megadeath
- Megaherz
- Melissa Etheridge
- Melissa Tkautz
- Melt-Banana
- Melvin Gibbs
- Melvins
- Members of Mayday
- Mercury Rev
- Meredith Brooks
- Merril Bainbridge
- Merzbow
- Meshell Ndegeocello
- Messiah
- Metallica
- MF Doom
- Michael Bolton
- Michael Brecker
- Michael Franti
- Michael Jackson
- Michael Kilkie (DJ)
- Michael Nyman
- Michael Watford
- Midnight Oil
- The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
- Mike Post
- Miki González
- Mindy McCready
- Mint Royale
- Miracle Legion
- Miss Kittin
- Missy Elliot
- Mixmaster Morris
- M. M. Keeravani
- MJ Cole
- Moby
- Modest Mouse
- Mo-Do
- Mogwai
- Moist
- Moloko
- Mona Lisa
- Monica
- Monie Love
- Monifah
- Mono
- Monster Magnet
- Montell Jordan
- Moodymann
- Moonshake
- Mop Top
- M People
- Morbid Angel
- Morcheeba
- Morphine
- Morrissey
- Mos Def
- Motiv8
- Mouse on Mars
- Mousse T
- Moustafa Amar
- Mr Bungle
- Mr President
- Mr. Vegas
- Mr Velcro Fastener
- Mule
- Muse
- Muslimgauze
- My Bloody Valentine
- My Friend the Chocolate Cake
- My Life With The Thrill Kill Kult
- My Sister's Machine
- Mystic
- Mystikal
- Nada Surf
- Nadeem–Shravan
- Najwa Karam
- Naked City
- Nalin & Kane
- Nana
- Nando Boom
- Nas
- Natalie Imbruglia
- Natalie Merchant
- Naughty by Nature
- Nawal Al Zoghbi
- The Necks
- Ned's Atomic Dustbin
- Ned Sublette
- Neko Case
- Neneh Cherry
- New Fast Automatic Daffodils
- New Radicals
- Next
- Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds
- Nicolai Vorkapich
- Niels van Gogh
- Nigel Kennedy
- Nightcrawlers
- Nightmares on Wax
- Nike Ardilla
- Nine Inch Nails
- Nitocris
- Nitzer Ebb
- Nirvana
- N-Joi
- No Doubt
- Noël Akchoté
- Noir Désir
- Nokko
- No Mercy
- Nonchalant
- North Atlantic (breakbeat artist)
- Northside
- The Notorious B.I.G.
- The Notwist
- Novy vs Eniac
- NSYNC
- N-Tyce
- Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
- Oasis
- The Ocean Blue
- Ocean Color Scene
- Oceanic
- Of Cabbages and Kings
- The Offspring
- Okatch Biggy
- Ol' Dirty Bastard
- Old 97's
- Oleta Adams
- Olive
- Olu Dara
- OMC
- One Dove
- Onyeka Onwenu
- Onyx
- Opeth
- Opus III
- Orange 9mm
- Orange Sector
- The Orb
- Orbital
- Origin Unknown (Ram Records artist)
- Ornette Coleman
- Oro Solido
- Our Lady Peace
- The Outhere Brothers
- Outkast
- Oval
- OV7
- Oxbow
- Paddee & A.S.I.O.
- Pain Teens
- Pam Tillis
- Pan Sonic
- Pansy Division
- Pantera
- Papa Wemba
- Party Animals
- Patty Loveless
- Paula Cole
- Paul Elstack
- Paul Hardcastle
- Paul Holden
- Paulina Rubio
- Paul Kelly
- Paul Mac
- Paul McCartney
- Paul Schütze
- Paul 'Trouble' Anderson
- Paul van Dyk
- Pavement
- Pearl Jam
- Peligrosos Gorriones
- Perplexer
- Peter Andre
- Pet Shop Boys
- The Pharcyde
- Pharoahe Monch
- Philip Glass
- Phish
- Phunk Junkeez
- Pigeonhed
- Pigface
- Pink Elln
- Pixies
- Placebo
- Pleasure Game
- PM Dawn
- Polly Jean Harvey
- Polvo
- Pooh-Man
- Pop Will Eat Itself
- Porcupine Tree
- Porno for Pyros
- Portishead
- The Posies
- Positive K
- Powerman 5000
- Powerule
- Powderfinger
- Pram
- Pras
- The Presidents of the United States of America
- Prince
- Primal Scream
- Primus
- Princesses Nubiennes
- Princess Jully
- The Prodigy
- Prong
- Propellerheads
- Proyecto Uno
- Public Enemy
- Pulp
- Puretone feat. Amiel Daemion
- Push
- Q-Tip
- Quadrophonia
- Queen Latifah
- Queens of the Stone Age
- Quentin Dupieux
- Quicksand
- Rachels Basement
- Rachid Taha
- Radiohead
- Radney Foster
- Rage Against the Machine
- Ragheb Alama
- Raihan
- Ralph Tresvant
- Ram Krishna Dhakal
- Ramleh
- Rammstein
- Rancid
- Rank 1
- Rappin' 4-Tay
- Ratcat
- Reality or Nothing (Housewerks Records artist)
- Real McCoy
- Reba McEntire
- Recoil
- Red Devils
- Redd Kross
- Red Hot Chili Peppers
- Rednex
- Red Red Meat
- Reel Big Fish
- Reel 2 Real
- Regurgitator
- R.E.M.
- Remember Shakti
- Remy and Sven
- R. Kelly
- The Rembrandts
- Renegade Soundwave
- Rennie Pilgrem
- The Replacements
- Republica
- Reunification
- Revolting Cocks
- Rekha Bhardwaj
- Rhett Akins
- Ricardo Lemvo
- Ricardo Villalobos
- Richie Hawtin
- Ricky Martin
- Ride
- Right Said Fred
- Rivermaya
- Rockell
- Robert Cray
- Robert Miles
- Robbie Nevil
- Robbie Williams
- Robin S.
- Rob'n'Raz
- Robyn
- Robyn Miller
- Rockers Hi-Fi
- Roger Sanchez
- Rollergirl
- Rollins Band
- Romanthony
- Ronald Shannon Jackson
- Ronan Keating
- Roni Size & Reprazent
- Rosetta Stone
- Röyksopp
- Rozalla
- Rufus Wainwright
- Russ Gabriel
- Rusted Root
- Ryan Adams
- Ryoji Ikeda
- Sabrina Johnston
- Sa-Deuce
- Saint Etienne
- St Germain
- Sally Ann Marsh
- Salt-N-Pepa
- Sam Phillips
- Santana
- Sarah McLachlan
- Sash!
- Sasha & John Digweed
- Satoshi Tomiie
- Savage Garden
- Sawyer Brown
- Scapa Flow
- Scarface
- Scarlet
- Scatman John
- Scatterbrain
- Scoop
- Scooter
- Screaming Jets
- Screaming Trees
- Screamin' Jay Hawkins
- Seal
- Sean Combs
- Seatbelts
- Sebadoh
- Second Phase
- Seefeel
- Selena
- Semisonic
- Sepultura
- Seven Mary Three
- 702
- 7 Year Bitch
- Shaggy
- Shakespears Sister
- Shakira
- The Shamen
- Shania Twain
- Shanice
- Shawn Colvin
- Shawn Mullins
- Shekhar Ravjiani
- Shelby Lynne
- Sheryl Crow
- Shibani Kashyap
- Shortie No Mass
- Shpongle
- Shreya Ghoshal
- Shweta Shetty
- Sigur Rós
- Silk
- Silverchair
- Simon Shackleton
- Sinéad O'Connor
- Single Gun Theory
- Siouxsie and the Banshees
- Sir Mix-a-Lot
- Sisqó
- Sissy Bar
- The Sisters of Mercy
- 6 Bells All (a.k.a. Olav Basoski)
- Sixpence None the Richer
- 16 Horsepower
- Skank
- Skinny Puppy
- Skullflower
- Skunk Anansie
- Skunkhour
- Sleater-Kinney
- Sleep
- Sleeper
- Slint
- Slipknot
- Slowdive
- Smashing Pumpkins
- Smash Mouth
- Smoke City
- Snap!
- Sneaker Pimps
- Snog
- Snoop Dogg
- Snow
- Snowdome (Trance musician)
- Soda Stereo
- Soho
- Something for Kate
- Sonia
- Sonic Youth
- Sonique
- Sonny Sharrock
- Sons of the Desert
- Sonu Nigam
- Son Volt
- Sophie B. Hawkins
- Sophie Ellis-Bextor
- So Plush
- Soul Asylum
- Soul Coughing
- Soundgarden
- The Soup Dragons
- The Source Experience
- South Street Player (Strictly Rhythm artist)
- Space
- Spacehog
- Spacemen 3
- Spdfgh
- Spect-R (Timothy Farber and Mark Pfurtscheller)
- Speed
- Spice (Breakbeat musician)
- Spice Girls
- Spiderbait
- Spiller
- Spin Doctors
- Spiral Tribe
- Sponge
- Spooky (Progressive house duo)
- Spoon
- Squirrel Nut Zippers
- Staind
- Stakka Bo
- Stardust
- Starsailor
- Stephanie Lai Ming-sze
- Stereolab
- Stereo MC's
- Steroid Maximus
- Steven Jude
- Steve Roden
- Steve Vai
- Steve Roach
- Stevie B
- Stevie B-Zet
- Stevie Hyper D
- Stone Temple Pilots
- Straightjacket Fits
- Strapping Young Lad
- Strawpeople
- Stressman
- Stroke 9
- Styl-Plus
- Sub Sub
- Sublime
- Sudirman
- Suede
- Sugar Ray
- The Sunclub
- Suneeta Rao
- Sunny Day Real Estate
- Super Cat
- Superchunk
- Superdrag
- Super Furry Animals
- Supergrass
- Supergroove
- The Superjesus
- Surgery
- Suzanne Vega
- Swans
- Sweet Pussy Pauline
- Sweet Sensation
- Swervedriver
- SWV
- Sybil
- Sy-Kick
- System of a Down
- System 7
- Tad
- Tag Team
- Take That
- Tal Bachman
- Talk Talk
- Talvin Singh
- Tamia
- The Tamperer featuring Maya
- Tango and Ratty
- Tanya Tucker
- Tar
- Tarsame Singh Saini
- Tasmin Archer
- Tattle Tale
- Technohead
- Teenage Fanclub
- Temple of the Dog
- Terminal Cheesecake
- Terri Clark
- Testament
- Tetsuya Komuro
- Tevin Campbell
- Texas
- Texas Tornados
- That Dog
- Thea Austin
- Theatre of Tragedy
- The Pretenders
- Therapy?
- These Immortal Souls
- Thinking Fellers Union Local 282
- Third Eye Blind
- This Mortal Coil
- Thomas Ades
- Thomas Kukula
- Thomas Mapfumo
- Thomas Newman
- 311
- 3 Steps Ahead
- Thrust
- Tiesto
- Tim McGraw
- Tina Arena
- Thunderpuss
- Timbaland
- TISM
- Titãs
- TLC
- Toadies
- Toad the Wet Sprocket
- Todd Edwards
- Todd Terry
- Todd Terry ft. Shannon
- Toby Keith
- Together
- Tommy Guerrero
- Tom Waits
- Toni Braxton
- Tonic
- Toni Childs
- T99
- Tony Tetuila
- Too Fast For Mellow
- Tool
- Too Short
- Toploader
- Toshikhiko Mori
- Tori Amos
- Tortoise
- Total
- Total Eclipse
- Trace Adkins
- Tracy Bonham
- The Tragically Hip
- Tranceporter
- Trashcan Sinatras
- Travis
- Travis Tritt
- Treble Charger
- Tricky
- Tripping Daisy
- Trisha Yearwood
- Tuff Jam
- Tupac Shakur
- 24 Hour Experience
- 2 in a Room
- 2 Unlimited
- Type O Negative
- Ugly Kid Joe
- UGK
- The Ultimate Life Experience
- Ultra Naté
- Ultra-Sonic
- Uncle Luke
- Uncle Tupelo
- Underground Resistance
- Underworld
- U96
- Unsane
- Upper Hutt Posse
- Urban Cookie Collective
- Urban Dance Squad
- Urge Overkill
- Usher
- U.S. Maple
- Us3
- U.S.U.R.A.
- Ute Lemper
- U2
- Vana Imago
- Vanilla Ice
- Vein Melter
- Velocity Girl
- Vengaboys
- Vernon Reid
- Vertical Horizon
- The Verve
- Very Very Circus
- Vitamin C
- Veruca Salt
- Victoria Williams
- Vilma Palma e Vampiros
- Vinod Rathod
- Virtuality
- Vitalic
- Vonda Shepard
- Wade Hayes
- The Waifs
- The Wallflowers
- Wang Leehom
- The Wannadies
- Warren G
- The Wedding Present
- Ween
- Weezer
- Wet Wet Wet
- Whigfield
- Whiskeytown
- White Town
- White Zombie
- The Whitlams
- Whitney Houston
- Wilco
- William Orbit
- William Parker
- Wilson Phillips
- Wolfgang Heisig
- The Wolfgang Press
- Wonderstuff
- Woob
- Wreckx-N-Effect
- Wu-Tang Clan
- Wynonna Judd
- Xscape
- Xuxa Meneghel
- Xzibit
- Yakari
- Yoko Kanno
- Yoko Shimomura
- Yoko Takahashi
- Yo La Tengo
- Yothu Yindi
- You Am I
- The Young Gods
- Youssou N'Dour
- Yo-Yo Ma
- Zebrahead
- Zen feat. H28
- Zhané
- Zoo
See also
- 1990s in music
- 1990s in fashion
- 1990s in television
- 1990s in science and technology
- 1990s in video gaming
- 1990s in literature
- Generation X (when the majority of that demographic had matured).
Timeline
The following articles contain timelines that list the most prominent events of the decade:
1990 • 1991 • 1992 • 1993 • 1994 • 1995 • 1996 • 1997 • 1998 • 1999
References
- ^ The Nineties, A Book by Chuck Klosterman, pg. 132
- ^ Lovell, Julia (15 October 2022). "The 1980s Are Buried but Not Dead in China". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
- ^ "World Population Growth Rate 1950-2022".
- ^ https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/wealth-management/nasdaq/%7CCorporate[permanent dead link] Finance Institute
- ISBN 978-0-393-32618-5.
- ISBN 978-1-55339-101-2.
- ^ "International commission: Eritrea triggered the border war with Ethiopia". BBC News. 21 December 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
- ^ Tens of thousands Eritrea: Final deal with Ethiopia Archived 24 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine BBC 4 December 2000
- Eritrea orders Westerners in UN mission out in 10 days Archived 19 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine, International Herald Tribune, 7 December 2005
- ^ "Horn peace deal: Full text". 11 December 2000. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ^ Noh, Yuree (October 2018). "Politics and education in post-war Algeria". Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-56432-171-8. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
- ^ See, e.g. Rwanda: How the genocide happened Archived 21 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 1 April 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide Archived 25 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of every 10 Tutsis were killed.
- History. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-963-9116-71-9.
- ^ hdl:11427/10475. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^
Peatling, Gary (2004). The failure of the Northern Ireland peace process. Irish Academic Press, p. 58. ISBN 0-7165-3336-7
- ISBN 0-7190-7115-1
- ISBN 0-312-22595-4
- ^ Cox & Guelke, pp. 487–488
- ^ ARK: Northern Ireland Elections, The 1998 Referendums Archived 9 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Politics 97 Archived 25 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Joshua Rozenberg: BBC website. Retrieved 9 July 2006.
- ^ "Past Referendums – Scotland 1997". The Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 7 December 2006.
- ^ Morgan, Bryn (8 October 1999). "House of Commons Research Paper – Scottish Parliament Elections: 6 May 1999" (PDF). House of Commons Library. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
- ^ "Liberia : Samuel Doe, death washed down with a Budweiser". 10 November 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "1991: Bomb kills India's former leader Rajiv Gandhi". 21 May 1991. Archived from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "Ali Vakili Rad: The perfect murder and an imperfect getaway". 18 May 2010. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "The killing of Algeria's Mohamed Boudiaf: A 'parricide' on live television". 9 November 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ Hersh, Seymour M (1 November 1993). "A Case Not Closed". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 14 October 2002. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
- ^ "SRI LANKA: A NATION 'DIVIDED' - the Washington Post". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ISBN 9780292714861.
- ^ "Biography of Pablo Escobar, Colombian Drug Kingpin". Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Dassault Falcon 50 9XR-NN Kigali Airport (KGL)". Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "570: The Night in Question". 14 December 2017. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "BBC News | Europe | 'Dual attack' killed president". Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- Independent.co.uk. 3 October 1996. Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "Arrested gunman implactes Oviedo, Cubas in Argaña". Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "1999: President of Niger 'killed in ambush'". 9 April 1999. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- .
- ^ "Inflation in the 1990s". InflationData.com. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
- ^ Boschker, Karen; Sieberson, Eric (2007). "The Euro: Money Changes Everything" (PDF). University of Washington. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ "U.S. Music Revenue Database". RIAA. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ^ "Computer Ownership Up Sharply in the 1990s" (PDF).
- ^ "Did 1993 Change Everything? -- New York Magazine". nymag.com.
- ^ Grossman, Lev (31 March 2003). "How the Web Was Spun". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
Berners-Lee's computer faithfully logged the exact second the site was launched: 2:56:20 pm, 6 August 1991.
- ^ InfoWorld Jan 8 1990. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. 8 January 1990.
- ^ "Blast from the Past: Buying a Computer in 1995". 27 December 2011. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
- ^ "This truly is our story". Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^ "Our history". Eurotunnel. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
- ^ "Official Waterloo 'Goodbye' video, useful statistics and numbers shown". YouTube.com. 20 December 2007. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
- ^ "Waterloo International: 1994–2007". The Guardian. London. 13 November 2007.
- ^ Takagi, Ryo (March 2005). "High-speed Railways:The last ten years" (PDF). Japan Railway & Transport Review (40): 4–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2009.
- ^ "Eurostar celebrates 10 years at Ashford International" (Press release). Eurostar. 9 January 2006. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012.
- ^ Callaway, Ewen (30 June 2016). "Dolly at 20: The Inside Story on the World's Most Famous Sheep". Scientific American. Nature. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ "Stop discrimination against homosexual men and women". The WHO Regional Office for Europe. 17 May 2011. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ^ Dish, The Daily (7 July 2009). "What Happened In 1990?". The Atlantic.
- ISBN 9782806279200.
- S2CID 144578117. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ "EPA proposes rule to 'finally' ban asbestos". PBS NewsHour. 5 April 2022. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
- ^ "Alcohol blamed for half of '90s Russian deaths". NBC News. 25 June 2009.
- ^ Dahlburg, John-Thor (20 September 1997). "Survivor Can't Recall Paris Crash". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ Dahlburg, John-Thor (6 September 1997). "Mother Teresa, 87, Dies; Devoted Her Life to Poor". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ "Titanic - Box Office Mojo". 27 October 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ "Titanic (1997)". Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
- ^ "1991". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "1992". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "1993". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "1994". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "1995". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "1996". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "1997". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "1998". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "1999". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "2000". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ Maslin, Janet (22 May 1990). "David Lynch Film Takes the Top Prize at Cannes Festival". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ Canby, Vincent (21 May 1991). "'Barton Fink' Wins the Top Prize And 2 Others at Cannes Festival". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ Maslin, Janet (19 May 1992). "Swedish Film Is No. 1 at Cannes; Tim Robbins Wins Acting Prize". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ Canby, Vincent (25 May 1993). "Top Prize at Cannes Is Shared". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ Maslin, Janet (24 May 1994). "A Dark Comedy Wins at Cannes". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ Maslin, Janet (29 May 1995). "2 Films on Strife in Balkans Win Top Prizes at Cannes". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ Maslin, Janet (21 May 1996). "Secrets and Lies' Wins the Top Prize at Cannes". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ Maslin, Janet (19 May 1997). "Pensiveness, Not Glitz, Gets The Gold at Cannes Festival". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ Maslin, Janet (25 May 1998). "Greek Director Wins Top Prize at Cannes Festival". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ Maslin, Janet (24 May 1998). "A Belgian Film Wins Top Prize at the Cannes Festival". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "Worldwide Box Office". Box Office Mojo. pp. 1990–1994, 1996–1999. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ Leopold, Todd (22 August 2002). "'Like, Omigod!' It's the return of the '80s". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013.
- ^ Leopold, Todd (21 July 2005). "Return of the '90s". Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
- ^ DeCurtis, Anthony (5 October 1999). "The Ball Drops on the Music Industry". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
- ^ Leeds, Jeff (13 February 2005). "We Hate the 80s". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
- ^ Eddy, Chuch (10 November 2009). "MYTH No. 2: Nirvana Killed Hair Metal". Spin. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ Pareles, Jon (14 June 1992). "POP VIEW; Nirvana-bes Awaiting Fame's Call". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
- ^ "Music Genres". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- ^ Wilson, Carl (4 August 2011). "My So Called Adulthood". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ McGee, Allan (3 January 2008). "The missing link of hip-hop's golden age". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ Caramanica, Jon (9 November 2009). "MYTH No. 4: Biggie & Tupac Are Hip-Hop's Pillars". Spin. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ Batey, Angus (7 October 2010). "The hip-hop heritage society". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ Martinez, Michael (9 February 2011). "The music dies for once popular 'Guitar Hero' video game". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011.
- ^ "Country is No. 1 musical style". Reading Eagle. 19 August 1992. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Country music reflects the time". Herald-Journal. 27 September 1992. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ Hurst, Jack (25 November 1993). "Country music is making waves across the seas". The Star. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "RIAA.com". RIAA.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ^ "BBC - Press Office - New Spice Girls documentary on BBC One". www.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "1998: Ginger leaves the Spice Girls". BBC News. 31 May 1998. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
- ^ "Teen Pop Music: A Guide". Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
- ^ "Teen Pop". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
- ^ Ashthana, Anushka (25 May 2008). "They don't live for work ... they work to live". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ McCABE, HEATHER (25 April 1996). "With a New Beat and Attitude, the 'Vice' Man Cometh". Los Angeles Times.
- OCLC 154776597. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
The decline of arcade video games would come back in the 1990s, despite attempts to redefine the arcade experience and attract players back to the arcade.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Welch, Hanuman (23 April 2013). "The Best Selling Video Game Of Every Year Since 1977". Complex. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Webb, Kevin (12 September 2019). "The best-selling video game of every year, from 1995 to 2018". Business Insider. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
- ISBN 9780345520494. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ "This Day in Sports: The Dream Team Takes Gold in Barcelona". ESPN. August 8, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
- ^ "College Football's 12 Greatest Dynasties". Sports Illustrated. 25 December 2005. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
At the height of Bobby Bowden's dominance, the Florida State Seminoles won two national championships (1993 and 1999), played for three others (1996, 1998 and 2000) and never finished outside the AP top four. Quarterbacks Charlie Ward and Chris Weinke won Heisman Trophies.
- ^ "Football Traditions".
- ^ a b "Grisham ranks as top-selling author of decade". CNN. 31 December 1999. Archived from the original on 20 February 2003. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
- ^ "Top Actors – Actresses of the 90's". imdb.com. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "The 90 Best TV Shows of the 1990s". Paste Magazine. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
Further reading
- Ash, Timothy Garton. History of the Present: Essays, Sketches, and Dispatches from Europe in the 1990s (2009) excerpts
- Bender, Thomas. "'Venturesome and Cautious': American History in the 1990s." Journal of American History (1994): 992–1003. in JSTOR
- Bentley, Nick, ed. British Fiction of the 1990s (Routledge, 2007).
- Berman, Milton. The Nineties in America (2009).
- Brügger, Niels, ed, Web25: Histories from the first 25 years of the World Wide Web (Peter Lang, 2017).
- Cornia, Giovanni Andrea, Ralph van der Hoeven, and Thandika Mkandawire. Africa's recovery in the 1990s: from stagnation and adjustment to human development (St. Martin's Press, 1992)
- Harrison, Thomas (2011). Music of the 1990s. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313379437.
- O'Neill, William. A Bubble in Time: America During the Interwar Years, 1989-2001 (2009) Excerpt, popular history
- Parratt, Catriona M. "About Turns: Reflecting on Sport History in the 1990s." Sport History Review (1998) 29#1 pp: 4–17.
- Rubin, Robert, and Jacob Weisberg. In an uncertain world: tough choices from Wall Street to Washington (2015), economic history.
- Sierz, Aleks. Modern British Playwriting: The 1990s: Voices, Documents, New Interpretations (A&C Black, 2012)
- Stiglitz, Joseph E. The roaring nineties: A new history of the world's most prosperous decade (Norton, 2004), economic history
- Turner, Alwyn. A Classless Society: Britain in the 1990s Aurum Press(2013)
- van der Hoeven, Arno. "Remembering the popular music of the 1990s: dance music and the cultural meanings of decade-based nostalgia." International Journal of heritage studies (2014) 20#3 pp: 316–330.
- Yoda, Tomiko, and Harry Harootunian, eds. Japan After Japan: Social and Cultural Life from the Recessionary 1990s to the Present (2006)
External links
- Media related to 1990s at Wikimedia Commons
- The 90s: Tonight Tonight - A Pop Culture Tribute on YouTube